Is the honey production of bees related to the temperature? How to put forward hypothesis, design experimental scheme, collect evidence and test hypothesis?

Temperature mainly affects the honey secretion of flowers collected by bees, thus affecting the honey production of bees. The suitable temperature of honey-producing plants is generally 16-30℃. For example:

Citrus flowers are racemes, mostly white. If the flowering period is cloudy or sunny and the temperature is above 20℃, honey secretion is very strong.

Longan needs higher temperature to blossom, and less flowers will bloom when the temperature is lower than 13℃. The optimum temperature for flowering is 20 ~ 27℃, and the optimum temperature for honey secretion is 24 ~ 26℃. Longan secretes honey at night, which is warm and southerly in sunny nights, and the maximum amount of honey secretion is when the relative humidity is 70 ~ 80%. Bees leave their nests at dawn to collect. When flowering, honey is not secreted when encountering north wind, northwest wind or southwest wind. A single flower secretes honey for 2 ~ 3 days, and it will wither in case of high temperature and drought 1 day.

The suitable temperature for sweet potato honey secretion is 22 ~ 25℃, and the relative temperature is 75% ~ 85%. The soil with deep soil layer and rich organic matter secretes more honey.

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Beekeeping and meteorology

Relationship between meteorological conditions and beekeeping production. Including the influence of meteorological conditions on the growth, nectar secretion, pollen spitting and bee pollination, the growth and development of individual bees, the activities of individual bees and groups, and the yield and quality of bee products. Understanding this relationship is of guiding significance for mastering the law of flowering and honey secretion of honey source plants, thus distinguishing the environmental conditions suitable for bee production and collection, avoiding unfavorable meteorological conditions, raising healthy and strong bee colonies and obtaining high-quality and high-yield bee products.

I bees and meteorology

Bees are social insects, and individuals and groups have different requirements for meteorological conditions. Bee colonies regulate the temperature and humidity of their nests in different ways by consuming food. Beekeepers create conditions suitable for bees to live, reduce the energy consumption of bees and promote the development of bees according to the requirements of bees for meteorological conditions, the requirements of external meteorological conditions and the changes of external meteorological conditions.

1 temperature

Bees are temperature-changing animals, and their body temperature is close to the air temperature, so individuals can't keep the heat, but bees have the ability to adjust the temperature in the hive. When there are bees in the hive and there are no bees, the requirements for temperature are different. The suitable temperature for bee development is 34-35℃. When the temperature is lower than 32℃, the developmental duration is prolonged by 1-3 days. When the temperature is higher than 36℃, the development period of 1-2 days will be shortened. The optimum temperature in a beehive is 14-32℃, and the food consumption is the least when the bee colony is at 20-25℃. When the temperature rises or falls, the consumption of food will increase accordingly. The critical safe temperature of Italian bees is 65438 03℃, and that of China bees is 65438 00℃. The safe collection temperature of bees is 10-40℃ for China bees and 14-38℃ for Italian bees. The suitable temperature for bees to collect and pollinate crops is 20-30℃. When the humidity drops below 14℃, the Italian bee gradually freezes and freezes at 6℃. Died when the temperature was higher than 46℃. But bees are very adaptable. Bees can also overwinter outdoors at -20℃. Bees can feel the temperature change of 0.25℃. When the temperature drops below 6℃, the bee colony will form particles, and the temperature will be raised by colony movement. When the center temperature of overwintering bee colony is 14-25℃ and the outer temperature is 6- 10℃, the food consumption is the least. Therefore, the room temperature should be kept at 0-2℃ when the bee colony overwinters indoors in the wintering season; Outdoor wintering should take corresponding measures according to the change of meteorological conditions. In the summer production season, the nest door should be expanded. The beehive is placed in the shade to reduce the consumption of bees to adjust the temperature in the nest.

2 Humidity

Bees have strong adaptability to humidity. The optimum relative humidity for bees is 75-85%. In the honey flow period and honey production season, the relative humidity in the hive is required to be 40-65%, which is convenient for evaporating excess water in nectar and improving the concentration of honey. The suitable relative humidity in the nest is 75-90% in the non-honey-flowing period and 75-80% in the wintering period. The air is too dry, honey is dehydrated and crystallized, and bees can't feed.

3 lamps

Bees can only recognize four colors of light: yellow, green, blue and purple. Beekeepers often use this characteristic of bees to paint various colors on the beehives to show their identification, so as to avoid fighting with each other when they get lost in the nest. Bees are color-blind to red light, so when checking bees at night, red light can be used to prevent bees from becoming bright. Bees are sunrising insects with phototaxis. In the collection season, in order to obtain a longer collection time, the beehive door can be turned to the southeast. In order to transport safely, it is best to transport bees at night.

force 4 wind

The weather without wind or breeze is suitable for bees to fly. When the wind speed is 4.2 m/s, bees stop flying spontaneously, and when the wind speed is 6.7 m/s, bees can't fly for a long time. When the storm came, the number of bees flying was greatly reduced. When choosing the address of the bee farm, we should consider the wind, wind direction and wind frequency. In windy places, the site should be chosen in the shelter of the downwind direction of honey source pollen, so that bees can go home with empty stomach and full load.

Second, nectar flowering and nectar secretion of nectar source plants and meteorology

Meteorological conditions are the main factors affecting nectar secretion of nectar-source plants. By studying the relationship between the flowering period and honey secretion of honey plants and meteorological conditions, we can predict the flowering period and honey secretion of honey plants according to meteorological conditions, choose the route of releasing bees in bee farms, and improve the honey yield.

1 temperature

When spring comes early, the temperature is high and stable, and the flowering period of honey plants in spring is 3-5 days earlier, beekeeping production can get a bumper harvest. In case of late spring cold or drought, the flowering period will be delayed and the honey secretion will be reduced. Different nectar plants need different temperatures to bloom. When the temperature is 10-20℃, the flowers of rape and milk vetch can bloom, while the flowers of Vitex negundo and jujube need to bloom at 20-30℃. Temperature also affects nectar secretion. The temperature in Turpan, Xinjiang is high, and the honey secretion of cotton is 1-2 times higher than that in the mainland. The suitable temperature of honey-producing plants is 16-30℃. When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the nectary shrinks, and the honey secretion decreases or even stops. When the temperature is higher than 35℃, water transpiration is excessive and nectar secretion is reduced. Different plants have different temperatures suitable for secreting honey. The greater the temperature difference between day and night, the more it can promote the secretion of plant nectar.

2 moisture

Proper precipitation can promote the normal growth of nectar plants, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and flower bud opening. There is plenty of rain before flowering, and there is light rain or moderate rain every other week during flowering. When the sun is shining after the rain, plants will secrete honey in particular. The autumn rain is even, and the winter honey in the southern mountainous area is expected to be harvested. The wet season from April to May can predict the high yield of Vitex negundo in mountainous areas of North China. If there is too much precipitation, some plants will rot, grow white or lodging. Especially in the flowering period, heavy rain will not only affect the bee collection activities, but also wash away the nectar, make the buds fall off and shorten the flowering period. Robinia pseudoacacia has a short flowering period, and the flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia often fall off in heavy rain. The flowering period of rape, litchi, longan, Chinese milk vetch and citrus in southern China is suitable for rainy season, and the yield is unstable. There are abundant honey resources in summer and autumn in northwest China, but drought is the main factor affecting the yield. The relative humidity of air requires honey source to secrete 70-90% honey and acacia to secrete 40-70% honey. Most nectar plants need a suitable relative humidity of 40-80% when they bloom and secrete honey.

force 3 wind

Warm and humid south wind and breeze can promote flower bud differentiation and increase honey secretion. Strong winds can damage flowers and branches. The north wind (northwest wind) and dry and hot wind will make flowers fall, nectaries shrink, and honey secretion is reduced or not secreted. In autumn and winter, when encountering the north wind, the amount of honey secretion not only decreases, but also the flowering period ends ahead of schedule.