Introduction to Saudi Arabia and East and West Poles

Saudi Arabian sugar

Arabs in Saudi Arabia. It accounts for the majority of the country's population and is distributed in two-thirds of the Arabian Peninsula and many coastal islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Belonging to the Mediterranean type of Europa race, some of them are also mixed with the characteristics of black race. Common Arabic, belonging to Semitic language family. Believe in Islam and belong to Sunnis. The official calendar is hijri. Tribal structure and patriarchal clan system remain among nomadic and semi-nomadic people. There are many tribes, large and small, the largest of which is samar, Arnail Zha and others. Mecca and Medina in Han Zhi are holy places of Islam, and a large number of Muslims from all over the world come here for pilgrimage every year. Before World War I, its income mainly came from providing transportation and other services for caravans and pilgrims. Since the exploitation of oil in the 1930s, income has mainly depended on oil. Farmers living in oases use irrigated land to grow wheat, barley, rye, sorghum and date palms, and raise camels, horses, cattle and sheep. Herdsmen mainly graze camels.

Siberia has a vast territory. According to the natural conditions, it can be divided into three main areas: the western Siberian plain, located between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisei River, with low terrain and wide swamps, with an average elevation of120m. The main rivers are ob river and Yenisei River; The central part is the Central Siberian Plateau, which starts from Putolana Mountain in the northwest corner of Yenisei River in the west and reaches the Dalina River basin in the east, with an average elevation of 300-500 meters. The surface of the plateau is broken. Mountain areas in the south and northeast, including Cerschi Mountain, Yangshask Mountain, Baikal Mountain, East-West Sayan Mountain, Altai Mountain (northwest section), etc. Siberia is located in the middle and high latitudes, with a remarkable continental climate, which gradually increases from west to east, with long cold winters and mild and short summers. The annual average temperature is below 0℃. The absolute low temperature in Yakutia in the northeast is -70℃. The temporal and spatial differences of precipitation are obvious. The annual precipitation along the Arctic Ocean is 100 ~ 250 mm, the coniferous forest belt is 500 ~ 600 mm, and the Altai Mountain reaches 1000 ~ 2000 mm. 75% ~ 80% of the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Vegetation includes tundra, forest swamp, coniferous forest, forest grassland and treeless grassland. Siberia is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, gold and diamonds. All kinds of resources are concentrated and there are many large-scale deposits.

Siberia is the habitat of nomadic people. From the second half of16th century, Russia crossed the Urals and expanded to Siberia, where it divided a large area of territory that originally belonged to China. 1895 ~ 1905 after the construction of the trans-Siberian railway, large-scale development began in this area, and a large number of people, mainly Russians, migrated eastward. During the first five-year plan period of the former Soviet Union (1928 ~ 1932), Kuznetsk coalfield and industries along trans-siberian railway developed greatly. Angara-Yenisei River was developed in 1950s. Since the mid-1960s, large oil and gas fields in western Siberia have been developed. In the mid-1970s, the 4275km second trans-siberian railway-North Arab Railway (Taishet-Soviet Port) started construction and was opened to traffic in June1984165438+1October. Siberia is an important energy and raw material base. On this basis, petrochemical, coal chemical, non-ferrous metal mining and metallurgical industries have also been developed. The iron and steel industry has begun to take shape, and the machinery industry has developed, but it is still very weak. Agriculture is more developed in southern Siberia, with wheat and dairy products and meat animal husbandry as the main sectors.

The population is about 40 million. Russians account for more than 80%, Ukrainians and Belarusians account for about 5%, and others include Komi, Yakutia and Tuva. The population is distributed along the railway. The main cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk.

Siberia is a large area of North Asia in Russia. It starts from the Ural Mountains in the west, east to the Pacific Ocean, north to the Arctic Ocean, southwest to the mountainous areas in central and northern Kazakhstan, and south to China, Mongolia and North Korea, covering an area of 6,543,802,760 square kilometers, all of which are in Russian territory except the southwest end. Some people regard the watershed between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean as its eastern boundary (the East is called the Far East). It is about 7,000 kilometers long from east to west and 3,500 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of about 1 10 million square kilometers.

Siberia is not so much a geographical term as an image of a regional scope. East of the Urals and north of the Asian continent, many people, especially foreigners, are usually called Siberia. People who have never been here have a prejudice against this vast area-cities, forests, oceans, rivers, lakes and swamps, and always associate it with snowy areas, cold, emptiness and barbarism.

In fact, Siberia is diverse. According to some conditions, it can be divided into some regions: western and northern Siberia, Altai, Tuwa, Hakka, Sayan and Outer Baikal, Yakutia, and even the northernmost part can be included in Siberia. Siberia is 7000 kilometers from east to west, 3500 kilometers from north to south,100000 square kilometers, almost equivalent to the area of 20 France.