Summary of geography knowledge in senior high school

Summary of geographical knowledge points in college entrance examination

The first part of physical geography

1. The process of human understanding of the universe: the theory of heaven and earth, the theory of earth circle, the geocentric theory, Heliocentrism, and the Big Bang cosmology.

2. The basic characteristics of the universe: it is composed of various forms of matter, constantly moving, developing and changing.

3. Classification of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids and interstellar matter.

4. Causes of celestial bodies system: Celestial bodies attract each other and rotate with each other to form a celestial body system.

5. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: earth-moon system-solar system-galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-total galaxy.

6. Average distance between the sun and the earth: 6.5438+49.6 million kilometers.

7. The positions of the nine planets in the solar system: water, earth, fire (small), earth, sky and sea.

8. Nine planets are classified according to their structural features: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood and earth) and distant planets (sky and sea).

9. Reasons for the emergence and evolution of life on earth: lighting conditions, stable cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

10, the main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium.

1 1, the source of nuclear fusion reaction with solar radiation energy.

12, the influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings, the power to maintain the surface temperature, the water cycle, the atmospheric movement, etc. , is the main energy of mankind.

13, sunspot (symptom) and flare (strongest).

14. Solar energy distribution in China: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (highest) and Sichuan Basin (lowest).

15, the external structure of the sun and its corresponding photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

16, sunspot change period 1 1 year.

17, the influence of solar activity on the earth: ① climate; ② short wave communication; ③ Magnetic storm.

18, moon phase new moon, moth eyebrow moon, first quarter moon, full moon, second quarter moon and waning moon.

19, moon phase change law: upper west (first quarter moon), lower east (second quarter moon)

20. The origin of Zhou: Wang Shuo has two strings and four phases.

2 1, the beginning of space exploration phase 1957 10, the first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet Union was launched.

22, the beginning of the space development stage 198 1 the first space shuttle test was successful.

23. The development history of China's space industry: 1970 Dongfanghong-1 and Shenzhou-6 manned space test spacecraft in 2005.

24. Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources.

25. Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation.

26. The average radius of the earth is 63,765,438+0 km.

27. The equatorial circumference of the earth is 40,000 kilometers.

28. Weft and weft, the division of low weft, middle weft and high weft, connecting the east and west lines. Every 1 latitude is11.1km; 0-30、30-60、60-90。

29. A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.

30. The division of the eastern and western hemispheres: the longitude circle of 20 west longitude160 east longitude.

3 1, the division of the northern and southern hemispheres: the equator is the boundary, the northern hemisphere is the northern hemisphere, and the southern hemisphere is the southern hemisphere.

32. Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle: 23 26' and 66 34' parallels.

33. The prime meridian 0 meridian passes through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

34. The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole as the northernmost and the South Pole as the southernmost.

35. The judgment of the east-west direction is infinite. The direction along the rotation is east and the direction against the rotation is west.

36. The judgment of east-west longitude increases in the direction of rotation and decreases in the direction of west longitude.

37. The judgment of north and south latitudes is increased to north latitude and south latitude.

38. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

39. The sidereal day of the Earth's rotation, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real cycle); Sunny day, 24 hours.

40. The angular velocity of the earth's rotation (per hour 15) and the linear velocity (decreasing from the equator to the poles).

4 1, the orbit of the earth's elliptical orbit. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion).

42. The direction of the revolution of the earth is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.

43. period of revolution's sidereal year (365 days 6: 9: 10 second) and tropic year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds).

44. The revolution speed of the earth is fast at perihelion and slow at apohelion.

45. The angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23 26'.

46. The law of motion of the direct point of the sun. The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer in a year.

47, the terminator line judgment along the direction of rotation, day and night transition to the morning line, day and night transition to the faint line.

48. For every eastward 1 local time, the time will increase by 4 minutes.

49. Find the number of time zones from the known longitude, divide it by 15, and then round it off.

5. The calculation of time zone 0 is increased by 1 hour every time zone eastward.

Beijing time 5 1 (local time 120 E) is the standard time.

52. Universal Time: Time based on prime meridian time.

53. The international international date line 180 meridian (theoretically) does not pass through land (practically).

54. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).

55. The judgment of the direct point of the sun is perpendicular to the tangent direction of the point, and the local time is 12.

56. At the vernal equinox (February1March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.

57. During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

58. At the autumnal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian.

59. On the winter solstice (65438+February 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.

60. The concept of summer half year: March 2 1 to September 23.

6 1, winter half year concept: September 23rd to March 2nd1.

62. Interpretation of the side map of the earth: upper north and lower south, left west and right east.

63. Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.

64. Calculation of the length of day and night: based on the length of the solar arc, every 15 degrees is 1 hour.

65, the calculation of sunrise and sunset time; According to the length of a day, it is calculated around the standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and the standard sunset (18 o'clock).

66. Judgment of the length of day and night: The longer the daytime in the north in summer, the longer the daytime in Vietnam in winter.

67, the calculation of noon sun height = 90- (latitude interval between the direct point and the point)

68. Astronomical seasons: The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer.

69. Traditional four seasons in China: beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the four seasons.

70. The traditional four seasons in Europe and America: spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice are the starting points of the four seasons.

7 1, 24 solar terms: Spring rains startle spring, clear valleys, summer mountains are connected with Xia Xia, autumn dew, autumn frost, winter snow and winter cold.

72. Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.

73. The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, the change of seasons, and the division of five zones.

74. The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects biological survival, affects the natural environment of the earth and sustains life activities.

Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air, water vapor and solid impurities.

76. Components of clean air: nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.

77. Oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust; Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain.

78, carbon dioxide pollution of the atmosphere "greenhouse effect", chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer.

Vertical stratification of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere)

80. The main features of the troposphere are: cold in the upper part and hot in the lower part, obvious convection and complicated weather phenomena. Has the closest relationship with human beings.

8 1, the main feature of stratosphere: ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

82. The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2,000-3,000 kilometers above the ground.

83. The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation: solar altitude angle.

84. Weakening effects of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

85. The law of radiation The higher the temperature of the substance, the shorter the wavelength of the strongest part of the radiation; On the contrary, the longer the time.

86. Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere.

87. Atmospheric inverse radiation clouds are warmer at night and sunny and cold at night.

88. Atmospheric heat insulation: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have strong absorption capacity for long-wave radiation on the ground.

89. The average income of the global thermal equilibrium earth for many years is equal to the expenditure.

90. The fundamental cause of atmospheric movement is the uneven heat and cold between latitudes.

9 1, thermal circulating air circulation formed by uneven ground heat and cold.

92, the direct cause of the formation of the horizontal pressure gradient force of wind.

93. Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force. High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force.

94. The direction of geostrophic deflection is right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

95. The influence of friction on the wind direction Due to the influence of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an intersection angle.

96. Steps to judge the wind direction according to the isobar ① High pressure points vertically to low pressure ② Right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere ③ Draw resultant force.

97. Microclimate: urban wind, land wind and valley wind.

98, the sea level isobar and the size of the wind low pressure center and high pressure center. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.

99. The significance of atmospheric circulation in regulating the global distribution of water and heat is an important factor of weather change and climate formation in various places.

100. Distribution of pressure belts and wind belts on the earth: northeast trade winds, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly winds, subtropical low, polar easterly winds and polar high.

10 1. Generally speaking, the seasonal displacement of pressure area and wind area moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

102. In winter, the main pressure centers are on land and sea: Asian high (mainland), Aleutian low (Pacific Ocean) and Icelandic low (Atlantic Ocean).

103. In summer, the main pressure centers are on land and at sea: Asian low (mainland), Hawaiian high (Pacific Ocean) and azores high (Atlantic Ocean).

104, the cause of monsoon ① the difference of thermal properties between land and sea ② the seasonal movement of the position of pressure zone and wind zone.

105, East Asian monsoon (northwest, southeast wind) in typical monsoon distribution area; South Asian monsoon (northeast wind and southwest wind).

106, classification of front and cold front, warm front and quasi-static front. Temperature, pressure, weather.

107. Examples of frontal impact on weather in China: summer rainstorm (cold front) and winter cold wave (cold front) in northern China.

108, cyclone pressure, airflow conditions, weather characteristics, low pressure; Updraft; It is raining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is counterclockwise.

109, anticyclone pressure, airflow conditions, weather characteristics, high pressure; Downward flow; The sun is shining. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is clockwise.

1 10, weather behind the front cyclone. One side of the cold air mass is rainy.

1 1 1, climatic factors, temperature, precipitation.

1 12. Climate forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

1 13, comparison between continental climate and maritime climate, annual range, highest temperature month, lowest temperature month.

1 14. Names of world climate types: tropical (four kinds), subtropical (two kinds), temperate (three kinds) and frigid (one kind).

1 15. Steps to judge the climate type ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the hot areas, and ③ judge the rain type.

1 16. Characteristics, causes and distribution of subtropical monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter; Affected by the monsoon; East coast of the mainland 20-35

1 17. Characteristics, causes and distribution of Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Controlled alternately by subtropical high and westerly wind. 30-40 West Bank

1 18. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and low temperature and dry in winter. Monsoon. 40-60 on the east coast of the mainland.

1 19. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate maritime climate. Warm in winter and cool in summer, with even precipitation. The west wind prevails all year round. 40-60 west coast mainland.

120. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate continental climate: severe cold in winter, hot in summer and little rain all year round. Controlled by continental air mass all year round. Temperate inland

12 1, geological period of climate change, historical period, since the end of 19.

122, the characteristics of climate resources are renewable, ubiquitous, numerical and highly variable.

123, climatic resources and agricultural planting system (crop structure, maturity, allocation and planting mode).

124. Climate resources and community building. The street forms an angle of 30-60 with the meridian.

125, Wind and Urban Planning Industrial enterprises are located in the downwind direction of the prevailing wind, and residential areas are located in the upwind direction of the prevailing wind.

126, climate resources and traffic roads, railways, airports (rainstorm, debris flow, wind speed, bridges and culverts, clouds, topography, etc. )

127, typhoon (hurricane) tropical cyclone strongly developed into a large vortex.

128, intensity grade of tropical cyclone: tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm and typhoon.

129. Typhoon monitoring and forecasting. Meteorological satellites are used to determine the center position of typhoons, estimate their intensity and monitor their moving direction and speed.

130, the formation conditions of rainstorm are ① sufficient water vapor ② strong upward movement ③ continuous weather system.

13 1, flood disaster prevention to improve forecast accuracy, and adopt engineering measures and non-engineering measures.

132, the harm of drought has reduced grain production, made drinking water difficult for people and livestock, and affected economic development and social stability.

133, drought resistance, improving ecology, selecting drought-tolerant crops, developing water conservancy construction, improving farming system, etc.

134, cold wave brings severe cold, strong wind and frost. Spring and autumn are the most harmful to crops.

135, cold wave defense, release accurate cold wave news or alarm in advance.

136, global warming trend and its human causes ① burning fossil fuels ② deforestation

137, consequences of global warming ① sea level rise ② changes of precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions.

138. The main reason for the decrease of the total ozone layer in the atmosphere is that HCFCs consume ozone.

139, the harm of total reduction of atmospheric ozone layer ① directly harms human health ② harms ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

140, ozone layer protection ① development of new refrigeration system ② participation in international cooperation.

14 1. The causes of acid rain burn coal, oil and natural gas, and emit acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

142, distribution of acid rain area in China ① Sichuan basin ② Pearl River Delta ③ Yangtze River Delta.

143, the harm of acid rain ① acidification of rivers and lakes, affecting fish ② soil acidification ③ corrosion of buildings ④ endangering human health.

144, preventing acid rain and reducing the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. Comprehensive utilization of sulfur resources in coal.

145. The atmospheric environment protects the "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer, and acid rain.

146. The ocean is the main heat source and water source of the atmosphere. The water volume of the ocean accounts for 96.53% of the total water volume of the earth, and the ocean accounts for 7 1% of the earth's surface.

147, the vast area between coastal plain and continental shelf.

148, Coastal Zone and Human Activities More than 50% of the world's population lives within 60 kilometers from the coast.

149, the stage of human-coastal interaction ① Less intervention ② Beginning intervention ③ Coastal development ④ Coastal management.

150, income from solar radiation of seawater heat.

15 1.

152, the factors affecting the surface water temperature of the ocean, such as solar radiation, coastal topography, meteorology, ocean currents, etc.

153, the spatial variation law of seawater temperature decreases from equator to poles.

154, the seawater temperature changes vertically, the surface seawater temperature changes greatly, and the deep seawater temperature changes little.

155. The regulation of atmospheric temperature by seawater has a wide ocean area, large water volume and large heat capacity.

156. The main salt substances in seawater are sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.

157, the concept of salinity 1000 grams of the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater.

158, the latitude distribution law of ocean surface salinity decreases from the subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere to the north and south sides respectively.

159. Factors affecting seawater salinity: precipitation, evaporation, ocean current and river fresh water inflow (runoff).

160, the sea area with the highest salinity and the sea area with the lowest salinity: Red Sea (at the junction of Asia and Africa) and Baltic Sea (near Northern Europe)

16 1. The main forms of seawater movement are waves (wind and waves), tides (spring tides and small tides) and ocean currents.

162, the concept of ocean current, seawater flows in a certain direction on a large scale all the year round.

163. The causes of ocean currents are divided into wind current, compensation current (mostly in the north-south direction) and density current (Gibraltar Strait).

164, the reason why the wind is prevalent. The wind blows the sea surface and pushes the sea water to drift with the wind.

165, world ocean current model (mid-low latitude) anticyclone type. It flows clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

166, world ocean current model (middle and high latitudes) The middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere are cyclonic ocean circulation, which flows counterclockwise.

167, distribution law of ocean current in the North Indian Ocean. Ocean currents flow westward in winter and eastward in summer.

168. Distribution of ocean currents in the North Pacific Ocean: North Equatorial Warm Current, Japan Warm Current, North Pacific Warm Current and California Cold Current.

169. Ocean currents in the South Pacific are distributed in the South Equatorial Warm Current, the East Australian Warm Current and the west wind drift and Peru Cold Current.

170. Distribution of ocean currents in the South Indian Ocean: South Equatorial Warm Current, Gullers Warm Current, west wind drift and Western Australia Cold Current.

17 1. Distribution of ocean currents in the North Atlantic: North Equatorial Warm Current, Gulf of Mexico Warm Current, North Pacific Warm Current and Canary Cold Current.

172. The current distribution in the South Atlantic includes the South Equatorial Warm Current, the Brazilian Warm Current, the west wind drift and Benguela Cold Current.

173, interpretation of seawater isotherm ① Judging the northern hemisphere (the colder the north, the northern hemisphere) ② Judging the cold and warm air flow according to the law of height.

174, the influence of ocean currents on geographical environment ① climate ② marine life ③ pollution ④ navigation

Classification of marine resources: chemical resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine energy.

176, development and utilization of various marine resources, marine chemical industry; Reproduction and proliferation; Deep sea manganese nodules; Tides and waves generate electricity.

177. Formation factors of fishery resources: continental shelf, nutrients brought by rivers, compensation current where cold and warm currents meet or rise.

178, China and Japan, major fishing countries in the world.

179. The world fishing grounds are distributed in the North Pacific, Southeast Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic and Southeast Atlantic.

180, seismic wave exploration of offshore oil and gas. Offshore drilling platform, oil loading station, submarine pipeline.

18 1. Characteristics, complexity and particularity of marine space utilization (changeable marine meteorology, harsh deep-sea environment, corrosive seawater, etc. )

182. Ways of using marine space: transportation, production, communication, power transmission, storage, culture and entertainment.

183, famous straits Malacca, Hormuz, Gibraltar, English, Magellan, Bering, Mande, etc.

184, famous canals and ports Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Rotterdam

185, hinterland port service area.

186, marine cargo transport conditions, ports, container ships, radio navigation, global positioning technology, best airline service.

187, Holland, Japan, Macao, typical areas of land reclamation in the world.

188, marine environmental problems, marine pollution and marine ecological destruction.

189. Causes of marine pollution caused by land production processes (waste, cooling water, pesticides, oil leakage)

190, the harm of marine pollution endangers marine life and even human health.

19 1. Causes of marine ecological destruction: coastal engineering construction, reclamation, overfishing and natural environment changes.

192, oil spill cleaning methods include dispersion, settlement, absorption, fencing, laissez-faire and incineration.

193, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1994165438+10/0/6 came into force. The breadth of territorial sea and international seabed resources.

194, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone 12 nautical miles, 200 nautical miles.

195, the scope of the lithosphere The crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere) are composed of rocks, collectively referred to as the lithosphere.

196, the main chemical elements in the earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.

197, the concept of mineral simple substance or natural compound.

198, the concept of rock is a mineral or a collection of several minerals.

199, the concept of minerals Useful minerals are enriched in the crust or on the surface to meet the requirements of industrial and agricultural utilization.

200. Rock-forming minerals should be timely, mica, feldspar and calcite.

20 1. Classification of rock genesis: magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

202, common rocks are basalt, granite; Conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone; Marble and slate.

203, the crustal material circulation law cooling solidification → magmatic rock → external force → sedimentary rock → metamorphic rock → melting → magma.

204, the concept of geological process caused the crust and its surface morphology constantly changing.

205, the classification of geological function, internal force and external force.

206, the main forms of internal force, crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism.

207, two types of crustal movement and its influence on horizontal movement (wrinkled mountain system, rift ocean), ups and downs (land and sea changes).

208, the main points of plate tectonic theory lithosphere is not a whole. Crustal activity at plate boundaries. Plate movements form landforms.

209. Six plate names: Asia-Europe, Africa, America, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Antarctica.

2 10. Geomorphic cracks (rift, ocean) and collisions (trench, island arc chain, coast or folded mountains) formed by relative plate movements.

2 1 1, growth boundary and extinction boundary ridges and faults (mostly on the seabed), trenches and orogenic belts (mostly on the land edge)

2 12, the concept of geological structure, crustal deformation and displacement caused by crustal movement.

2 13, geological structure type fold (anticline, syncline), fault (ascending rock block, sinking rock block)

2 14, the reasons for the formation of anticlinal valley and syncline mountain, the top of anticline was eroded into valleys due to tensility. Synclines receive sediments and become mountains.

2 15, example of fault structure distribution: East African Rift Valley; Huashan, Lushan and Taishan; Weihe plain and Fenhe river basin.

2 16, the influence of geological structure on human production activities anticline (oil storage), syncline (water storage), fault (tunnel, reservoir).

2 17. External forces are mainly weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation diagenesis.

2 18. Geomorphological types shaped by flowing water and wind: loess plateau, waterfall, canyon, alluvial fan and delta; Wind erosion depressions, dunes, etc.

2 19, the concept of water resources, freshwater resources on land.

220, the classification of land water surface water (rivers, lakes, glaciers) and groundwater.

22 1, the basic source of land water is atmospheric precipitation.

222, static water resources glacier ice, inland lake, deep groundwater.

223, dynamic water resources, surface water and shallow groundwater

224. The phreatic groundwater is buried above the first aquifer.

225. Confined water is buried in groundwater under a certain pressure, located between two water-resisting layers.

226. River runoff changes in eastern China. The change of river diameter is consistent with the change of precipitation.

227. The change of river runoff in northwest China is closely related to the change of temperature.

228. Mutual replenishment among rivers, lakes and groundwater. The high water level is replenished to the low water level.

229. The water cycle between land and sea includes evaporation, water vapor transport, precipitation and runoff.

230. The significance of water cycle ① Water balance ② Renewing water resources ③ Connecting four major cycles ④ Material migration ⑤ Energy exchange.

23 1, the influence of climate on biological distribution: light (light-loving plants and shade-loving plants), heat and water (forest, grassland and desert)

232. Indicative impacts of plants on the environment: lotus (aquatic), camel thorn (xerophytic), Petunia (sulfur dioxide) and tree (wind direction).

The significance of photosynthesis Inorganic substances (carbon dioxide and water) are synthesized into organic substances (sugar), and oxygen is released.

234, the role of biological cycle ① material migration ② energy flow ③ the connection between organic and inorganic circles.

235, the original composition of the atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water vapor.

236, the role of biology in the natural environment ① Transform the atmosphere ② Change the soil moisture ③ Promote the formation of soil ④ Create biomass ⑤ Protect the environment.

237, the concept of soil, the land surface has a certain fertility, loose surface can grow plants.

238. The role of soil is the central link between the organic and inorganic worlds.

239. The soil consists of minerals, organic matter, moisture and air.

240, soil fertility characteristics of the supply and regulation of water, nutrients, air and heat needed in the process of plant growth.

24 1, and the ideal volume fraction of soil composition is minerals (45), organic matter (5), moisture (20-30) and air (20-30).

242. The relationship between soil and agricultural production is the most basic natural resource for human beings to engage in agricultural production.

243. The leading role of organisms in soil formation is transformed into soil parent material (accumulation of organic matter and enrichment of nutrient elements).

244, the influence of human activities on soil formation ① improve soil ② cause soil degradation.

245, the relationship between the various elements of the land environment is complete (interrelated, restricted and infiltrated).

246, the world land natural belt distribution tropical, subtropical (evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest), temperate zone, cold zone.

247. The geographical differentiation from the equator to the poles changes regularly along the latitude direction (based on heat).

248. The regional differentiation from coastal to inland changes regularly (based on humidity).

249. The vertical regional differentiation of the mountain is regularly replaced (hydrothermal condition) from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain.

250. The important role of land natural resources in the relationship between man and land ① The development of natural resources ② The production and consumption of products ③ The discharge of waste ④ The transformation of land environment.

25 1. Classification of terrestrial natural resources: mineral resources, land resources, water resources and biological resources.

252. Characteristics and laws of land natural resources ① Limited total amount ② Unlimited potential ③ Distribution law ④ Complete composition.

253, the classification of energy resources, conventional energy, new energy (solar energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy)

254, the importance of land natural resources is the material basis of human civilization and social progress.

255, the great role of energy in the development of human society ① firewood age ② coal age ③ oil age ④ new energy age.

256, the tectonic source of the earthquake, epicenter, epicentral distance, isoseismal line.

257. There are two major seismic belts: the Pacific Rim seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt.

258. Earthquakes with magnitude below 3 are mild earthquakes, and those with magnitude above 5 are destructive earthquakes. With each level increase, the energy is increased by 30 times.

259, the classification of volcanoes, active volcanoes, extinct volcanoes, dormant volcanoes.

260. The cause of the landslide The rock mass or soil mass on the slope slides downward along a certain sliding surface as a whole under the action of gravity.

26 1, the cause of debris flow, a special flood in mountainous areas, full of sediment, stones, gravel, etc.

262. Primary geological disasters induce other disasters. Earthquakes cause landslides, mudslides, fires and tsunamis.

263, human activities induced geological disasters, vegetation destruction induced landslides, mudslides, etc.

264, geological disaster prevention measures ① Establish monitoring and early warning system ② Strengthen management ③ Implement preventive measures ④ Carry out publicity and education.