What should we pay attention to in abalone culture?

1. Seedling raising conditions

(1) Mature parent abalone: an undamaged healthy individual with a shell length of more than 6 cm; The gonad is extremely full in appearance, covering most of the digestive gland, protruding from the shell edge, and the end becomes pure and round because it is full of sperm cells.

(2) parent abalone temporary culture pond and juvenile abalone culture pond should be covered with plastic sheets in the dark.

(3) collector: it is mainly made of transparent plexiglass, polyethylene plastic algae plate and film.

(4) collection frame: made of steel bars, wrapped with film, or made of fine bamboo.

2. technological process

parent abalone stores jujube, artificially induces and spawns jujube, selects fertilized eggs, collects and cultivates jujube larvae (timely and sparsely cultivates them separately), and cultivates young abalone.

Bait is particularly important for abalone breeding, and it must be prepared in advance. Before collecting larvae, benthic diatoms should be attached to the collectors in advance or soaked in a flat and thin culture pool for several days, and then these collectors with attached diatoms and unicellular algae should be moved into the larvae culture pool to collect the larvae at the later stage of the face plate.

In the process of abalone breeding, it is necessary to continuously strengthen algae culture, besides adding proper nutrition in the larva culture pond, at the same time, strengthen illumination to promote the reproduction speed of benthic diatoms, so as to keep the reproduction quantity of benthic diatoms in balance with the feeding quantity of larvae or young abalone. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously add fertilizers, and if the bait is basically insufficient, supplement the bait or replace the bait plate after changing water to meet the feeding quantity of larvae.

3, disease prevention

Solitary mycosis: Symptoms: the epithelial tissue of abalone foot falls off, and the sick individual is inactive. No response to mechanical stimulation in serious illness. There are active bacteria in the blood, the body fades, the tentacles are weak, the visceral mass shrinks, the feet retract, and the abalone dies permanently from metamorphosis to 1 cm, sometimes with a death peak.

Pathogen: Red abalone is prone to solitary disease when it is young, and the biochemical characteristics of the isolated solitary bacteria are close to those of alginolytic bacteria.

time: it is easy to get sick under general high temperature conditions or excessive oxygenation.

prevention and cure: young abalone should be cultured in a suitable environment, and injured abalone can be soaked with drugs to wash the wound.

treatment: 1) soak with chloramphenicol 25-5ppm seawater solution for .5-1 hour, or soak with compound sulfamethoxazole 1% seawater solution for 5 minutes.

2) Rub the wound with 5% seawater solution made of chloramphenicol or compound sulfamethoxazole.

The above-mentioned drug treatment methods all need to put abalone in the air for 1-15 minutes, so that the liquid medicine can fully penetrate into the focus, and then put it back into the seawater for feeding. In addition, repeat the treatment the next day if necessary.

Third, abalone cultivation techniques

1. Cultivation conditions

The natural conditions in the Pacific oyster cultivation area are closely related to its cultivation.

(1) The flat beach and suitable sediment should be selected for the topographic culture area, which is convenient for the setting of scaffolding and floating rafts. The deep water position of inner bay or reclamation area with appropriate fresh water injection is ideal.

(2) The tidal current in the aquaculture area should be smooth, the seawater exchange conditions should be good, and the wind and waves should be calm or not easily attacked by strong winds and waves.

(3) Water quality The seawater temperature should be within the suitable range of 5-3 degrees for Pacific oyster; The specific gravity of seawater should be around 1.5-1.25.

(4) The bait culture area must be a fertile area, which is convenient for the reproduction of plankton, so as to ensure the rich bait organisms needed for the growth of oysters.

(5) There should be no serious industrial and agricultural pollution in the polluted aquaculture area.

2. Process flow of cultivation production

Selection of cultivation sea area → Determination of cultivation mode → Preparation of cultivation equipment → Setting of cultivation facilities → Stocking of fry → Cultivation management → Harvesting and processing

3. Brief introduction of main cultivation methods

(1) Direct cultivation method

Traditional cultivation methods such as throwing stone cultivation, bridge cultivation, standing pile cultivation and bamboo insertion cultivation. The common feature of these cultivation methods is that the seedling picker doubles as a cultivation device.

(2) Seedling-separated cultivation method

includes many methods such as beach sowing, floating raft or longline hanging cultivation and single cultivation. Compared with direct cultivation, these cultivation methods can artificially control the cultivation density, effectively use the cultivation water area, and have short cultivation cycle and high yield, which is an advanced way of oyster cultivation.

4. mudflat seeding: it is a relatively simple method to cultivate Pacific oyster in mudflat at present. The oyster seedlings are directly sown on mudflats or mudflats with sediment at a certain density for cultivation.

hanging cultivation is divided into:

1) scaffolding: scaffolding is built with bamboo, wood or cement piles in the cultivation area, and seedling-attached equipment is hung on the scaffolding for cultivation.

2) floating raft type: a floating raft is set in shallow sea area, which is made of bamboo, and the seedling attachment device is hung on the raft frame for cultivation.

3) rope-extending type: a floating raft is set in the shallow sea area, and the seedling attachment device is hung on the floating raft for culture.

4) Hanging cage type: Multi-layer net cages for scallop culture in single-layer round cage can be used to hang oysters.

In addition, Pacific oyster can be mixed with prawn and mixed with kelp, Undaria pinnatifida and other algae.

bait: totally depends on the natural bait organisms in the natural sea area, mainly unicellular algae.

Disease prevention and control: In the cultivation and production of Pacific oyster, there are few diseases, among which Carnivora disease is reported abroad, and the main harm of domestic cultivation comes from enemy organisms. One kind is that competitive organisms such as oyster, barnacle, moss worm and lime worm compete with it for attachment, food and oxygen. The other is the cannibalism such as snails, crabs, mussels, scallop fleas, etc., especially the last one is the most harmful, and there is no effective control method at present.

IV. Harvesting and processing of abalone

1. Harvesting method

The harvesting method of abalone in cage culture and factory culture is simple, and it can be directly pulled out from the culture treaty or the culture corrugated board. The harvesting of abalone cultured in natural sea areas is generally arranged in the high water temperature season in summer and autumn, which is convenient for diving operation.

Generally, the standard adopted by abalone is about 9 cm, and every 2 abalone can weigh 1 kg.

2. Processing technology

At present, abalone is mainly exported, that is, it can be cooked after washing, in addition, it can be processed into dried products or canned goods.

Processing of dried products: firstly, remove the shells and viscera of fresh products, add 7-8% salt in a jar, take them out overnight, scrub and remove melanin and mucus around the feet, wash them, add water to cook them in a kettle, take them out and put them on a table to dry.

Canning: In our country, it is commonly used to make boiled cans, and abalone is shelled, its head and internal organs are scrubbed and sealed.