18 16 why is it frozen in June in summer?

In the impression of most people, hot and high temperature is a symbol of summer, but there has been a phenomenon of freezing and snowing in summer in history. 1865438+The eruption of Tambora volcano in Indonesia in April 2005 led to a general drop in temperature in the northern hemisphere. This is the largest volcanic eruption recorded in human history. The material ejected by this volcanic eruption is as high as 65.438+03 billion tons, and the ejected volcanic ash has reached 44 kilometers in the stratosphere, so that the sunset glow caused by volcanic ash can be clearly seen in London, England and new york, USA.

The energy of this volcanic eruption is equivalent to the power of 62,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs. This directly led to the death of more than 92,000 people and the destruction of more than 35,000 houses, but no one realized at that time that the disaster had just begun. The volcanic ash from this volcanic eruption covered the whole atmosphere of the earth, and at the same time, nearly 65.438+million tons to 65.438+200 million tons of sulfur dioxide from Tambora volcano filled the air. These sulfate gases will gradually form dry fog when they are cold, which will seriously affect the sunlight on the earth.

After the volcanic eruption, the temperature in most parts of the Indian Ocean actually dropped, but people at that time didn't notice this problem at the first time. Autumn comes after July, followed by winter. At that time, people generally thought it was time to cool down, so no one realized that long-term climate change had quietly laid the groundwork. Until the summer of 18 16, the whole world suddenly found itself facing a catastrophe. The eruption of Tambora volcano occurred at the end of the Little Ice Age.

The so-called ice age refers to the geological period when the earth's surface was covered by large-scale glaciers. In the history of more than 4 billion years, the earth experienced three major ice ages: the Late Cambrian Ice Age, the Carboniferous/Permian Ice Age and the Quaternary Ice Age. The shortest ice age lasted millions of years. Every major ice age will be accompanied by the extinction of species. In addition to the Great Ice Age, there were also the Little Ice Age: the Little Ice Age usually lasted for one hundred to several hundred years. Obviously, this is much shorter than the Great Ice Age that lasted for millions of years, but the frequency of the Little Ice Age will be higher.

Zhu Kezhen, a meteorologist in our country, thinks that there have been four Little Ice Ages since human beings have a clear historical record. The four Little Ice Ages correspond to the historical period of China: the first Little Ice Age is from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the second from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the early Western Jin Dynasty, the third from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty, and the fourth from the middle Ming Dynasty to the middle Qing Dynasty. The eruption of Tambora volcano in 18 15 coincided with the end of the fourth Little Ice Age. A typical feature of the Little Ice Age was low temperature.

How low is it? According to Jiangnan Tongzhi, during the reign of Xiaozong in Ming Dynasty, there were two cold waves in winter that caused the Qiyang River in Hunan and Yuyao River in eastern Zhejiang to freeze. According to Guangdong Tongzhi, in the winter of Zheng De's fourth year (1506), the snow in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province was one foot thick. This shows that the temperature during the Little Ice Age was relatively low. 18 15 The influence of the eruption of Tambora volcano combined with the Little Ice Age formed a "year without summer" in the world climate history. The so-called "year without summer" is just a year without summer.

The term "year without summer" was invented by Europeans. 18151kloc-0/The protracted war between the European anti-French Coalition forces and France has finally ended. Since 1789 French Revolution, European countries have organized seven anti-French alliances in 27 years. In the state of long-term war, the national economies of European countries give priority to serving the war. At that time, food and other materials were given priority to the army. Finally, after the war, everyone is looking forward to a bumper harvest year. Unexpectedly, it snowed this summer.

18 16 since June, large areas of ice have appeared in major rivers in Europe. The cold weather caused a lot of crops and livestock to freeze to death. This has caused more and more people to be unable to fill their stomachs. Widespread crop failure has caused food riots in almost every country in Europe. This year, almost all crops such as wheat, oats and potatoes in Ireland were frozen to death, so that many families had to go out to beg. A large number of rivers and dams in Swiss mountainous areas are frozen, which leads to the relocation of many villages. The soaring food price caused by the poor harvest in Germany has triggered a series of large-scale unrest in various places.

It is estimated that about 200,000 people in Europe starved to death or froze to death this summer. This made Europeans at that time sigh that "summer has disappeared." The United States experienced the "year without summer" a little later than Europe: when Europeans, who were looking forward to spring blossoms, encountered a cold wave in April of 18 16, the average temperature in the United States was 25 degrees Celsius. Americans who watched the fire from the other shore once gloated over the experience of European countries, but only one month later, the United States found that its situation was not much better than that of Europe.

18 16 spring is still beautiful for Americans. Farmers in the United States still start farming for a year as in previous years. But from May, the weather suddenly turned cold: in late spring, it snowed, and farmers' livestock froze to death on the grassland. In June, snowflakes and ice chips began to float all over the United States, and half an inch of ice was frozen in ponds and rivers. Strange red "dry fog" has also appeared in many parts of the eastern United States. At that time, many Americans even thought that the end of the world was coming.

At that time, Edward, an 88-year-old doctor in New Hampshire, wrote in his diary: "17 In the morning of June, the temperature began to drop below zero. July is accompanied by snow and ice, and parts of new york and Pennsylvania are covered with thick snow and ice. In August, almost all the green plants were frozen by the first frost. The weather was extremely cold, the land was frozen hard, and the heavy snow roared all day. In the shadow at noon, the icicles are as long as 12 inch. " Canada, which is adjacent to the United States, has experienced two large-scale snowfalls since June 18 16.

Different from the cold climate in Europe, the temperature in some parts of the United States is sometimes high and sometimes low, and the temperature difference is very large: sometimes the temperature rises to 35 degrees, but it soon drops below 5 degrees. Because the territory of the United States is much larger than that of European countries, the trauma suffered by the United States in a summer-free year is relatively controllable. At that time, the main disasters in the United States were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York and other places in the northeast. Although other areas have also been affected, overall, the losses are not too great.

The disaster also coincidentally brought some benefits to the United States. Because the disaster situation in the United States is generally at a controllable level compared with that in Europe, a large number of middle-and high-income classes in Europe moved their families to the United States under the influence of this natural disaster. At that time, about 654.38 million people immigrated to the United States in Britain alone. During the five years from 18 16 to 182 1, the United States used the manpower, technology and capital brought by these immigrants to build a series of infrastructure such as roads, railways, dams and factories, thus rapidly completing the country's near modernization.

China was affected by this disaster earlier than Europe and America. After all, China in Asia is much closer to Mount Tamborra than Europe and America. It is said in Europe that there was no summer in 18 16, and China was affected by this disaster as early as 18 15. Yunnan Province, located in the southwest border, is the closest area of China to Southeast Asia, so it unfortunately became the earliest area affected by the eruption of Tambora volcano in China. According to Dayao County Records, in the 20th year of Jiaqing (18 15), famine began to appear in Dali, Kunming, Yunzhou and other places in Yunnan.

In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (18 16), what should have been a hot summer strangely turned into a cold winter: continuous rain and snow in many parts of the country. Low temperature caused large-scale death of rice in many areas. The precipice-like decline of grain output in Qing Dynasty caused many people to be forced to migrate and flee. In a sense, it was this disaster that accelerated the decline of Jia Dao, thus opening the historical curtain of poverty, weakness and disasters in modern China. Of course, the closed-door Qing government did not realize that this was a global disaster.

In fact, the subsequent impact of this disaster is not limited to 18 16: since 18 15, there have been snowstorms in Kunming and western Yunnan for three consecutive years. In July of the lunar calendar, there was a severe frost in Heilongjiang in the northeast of China. There are also records of snowfall in June and July of the lunar calendar in Anhui and Jiangxi. Rare frosts were recorded in Hsinchu and Miaoli in Taiwan Province Province. Until 1823, under the influence of extreme climate, a major flood occurred in China: more than 300 counties in Zhili, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other provinces were seriously affected.