Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - 20 17 when is the best time to travel to southeast Yunnan?

20 17 when is the best time to travel to southeast Yunnan?

Southeast Yunnan is a part of Yunnan. In fact, southeast Yunnan is also a trip to Yunnan, but there may not be so many places to go, just a part of Yunnan. But that's enough. It takes a long time to see such a beautiful place.

There are many things in the world that need to be done at once.

Like saying goodbye to places you don't like.

Drive to a distant place with no destination.

For example, choose your favorite lifestyle.

Get up before sunrise

Make a wish late at night

Sometimes when you stop, you will find the words hidden under the eaves of the tile.

Maybe somewhere, meet the rushing spring.

Then, stand nearest to the sky.

Go to the corner where time stops.

Travel is

The world is beautiful, and I happen to be free.

Just like folk food, beautiful things are scattered in unknown encounters.

In the southeast of Yunnan, there is the light of Lijiang Dali in the north and Xishuangbanna in the south. Fortunately, it was bred in the inner room, and no one knew her. Luoping, Puzhehei, Yuanyang, Jianshui, these places are sparsely populated except for the photography team in the peak season. I have a principle when traveling, try to avoid tourists, even if we are tourists.

Although there are no rape blossoms in Luoping in the off-season, the red land embedded in the peak is like an overturned palette;

Although the Dragon Boat Festival is full of tourists, standing on the top of the mountain, mountains, lakes and smoke will give you the illusion of time pause;

If Yuanyangtai 1 1 in June is the mirror of God, it is the hidden texture in the spring scenery in June.

In fact, there are many scattered impressions in southeast Yunnan, often montage fragments: sparkling lakes, ancient French buildings, blue sky and white clouds, bougainvillea covered with walls. If you think about it carefully, you can't tell the order.

On the first day of Luoping's innocence, we drove from Kunming to Yunnan. It was already afternoon 1, and it took four hours. Luoping is a small county town, which is famous mainly for its tens of thousands of acres of rape fields. There are two main rape flowers that Luo Ping often goes to, one is the screw field and the other is the Golden Rooster Peak. Rape flowers are like group gymnastics. A single one looks a little ugly, and more is spectacular. However, there are no rape blossoms in Luoping in June. The first day to Luoping was cloudy, a little cold and foggy. Luoping is located at the junction of three provinces, with changeable climate, little clothes and cold body. When the car drove into the twilight of Luoping, the red land and karst peaks with alternating hills and ridges came into our eyes. The unpretentious face of the earth embraced the small hill, and the whole person immediately merged into this quiet and quiet place.

We stayed at Luoping Huayutang Inn. Because it is the off-season, there are few guests in the inn, which is very quiet. The proprietress said that this was the only quadrangle in Luoping. The proprietress recommended us to take Luoping's route. The next day we got up early, went to Jinji Peak to watch the sunrise, and then went to Doyle River. After coming back from Doyle River, we had a rest in the inn and then went to Jiulong Waterfall.

The next morning, before dawn, we got up early and drove to Jinji Peak. The best scenic spot of Jinji Peak is Daheishan on the left side of National Highway 324. As we had explored the road the night before, we climbed to the top of the mountain easily. The top of the mountain is not high, so we can reach the observation deck in less than 20 minutes. There are no rape blossoms this season, so only we are on the observation deck. Standing on the top of the mountain, you can see the golden rooster peaks, and hundreds of round karst hills are independent of red soil. For me who get up after 9 o'clock every day on weekdays, watching the sun is always a luxury for me. Thanks to Miss Zhou's good luck, Jin Jifeng gave us a sunny day. At about 6: 30, the originally gloomy sky began to appear reddish. The mountains in the distance overlap, and layers of blue are as ethereal as ink painting. Ten minutes later, the sky was bright and the dark blue scenery was changing with faint rosy clouds. There were bursts of Buddhist sounds in the distance, and with the sunshine from the opposite hill, it seemed that there was a warm factor in the cold air and it began to jump. Teacher Zhou took out her mobile phone and sent a circle of friends. I think today is the beginning of our journey.

It's only 20 kilometers away from Luoping County, but because the second half is mostly a mountain road, we set off at 9 o'clock and arrived at Doyle River at 1 1: 30. In fact, the evaluation of Doyle River on the Internet is not good, but Mr. Zhou said, "Everyone is here." There are several cars parked in the scenic parking lot. The aunt at the ticket office saw us coming and put down her mobile phone and said, "70 yuan." There are two ways to visit the Doyle River scenic spot, the raft and the sightseeing bus. The prices are 10 yuan and 30 yuan respectively. Because the raft can only take a short distance, we chose a sightseeing battery car. The scenic spot is not very big. If you don't take the battery car, you have to walk 6 or 7 kilometers back and forth, and it takes 2-3 hours to play. The battery car in the scenic spot can only stop at three points, 1. Waterwheel, and there are only a few literati landscapes. At this point, it is good to type 10 minutes. 2. Looking at the distant rivers from the observation deck, there are stepped waterfalls, and the waterfalls are not very big, all within one meter. 3. Leigongtan Waterfall should be the waterfall with the highest drop in the scenic spot. Waterfalls are more spectacular.

From the scenic spot, although there are no tourists, there are still many Buyi elderly people selling various tourism products at the door. We had a light meal at the door and then walked back. Jiulong Waterfall is not far from Luoping County, and it can be reached in 30 minutes. But because this season is the irrigation season in Luoping, the ticket inspector told me that all the water in the upper reaches of Jiulong Waterfall is used for irrigation, so there is no water in the waterfall. We choose to refund the ticket.

After dinner, we drove all the way along the 824 national highway to the vicinity of Jinji Peak, along a path, and drove into the field path.

At 22: 34, Luoping starry sky. The cool breeze reveals the coolness in the middle of the night, and the calm mountains seem to fluctuate with the wind. However, all this can't stand the bright starry sky overhead. As for the starry sky, except the childhood memories of Van Gogh's paintings, in fact, all my love for the starry sky comes from the good memories of my childhood. The stars in the sky will blink and count the stars stupidly. Of course, they will fail every time, but at that moment the starry sky planted beautiful seeds in my heart. I like listening to down very much.

ByTheSalley

Gardens ",the original scene in the movie is qingqing grasslands and the calm Shire, but every time the music starts, my mind is full of boundless Milky Way and vast grassland, as if I were infinitely close to the universe, and everything seems so calm. I'm the only one in the world.

Puzhehei Sansheng Sansheng Puzhehei is the landform name of a group of karst lakes, caves and solitary peaks in Qiubei County, Yunnan Province. Most people living in this area are Yi people, and "Puzhehei" is a place where there are many fish and shrimp in Yi language. This landscape looks like Guilin landscape, but there are more transparent lakes and lotus leaves than Guilin landscape.

There is no expressway from Luoping to Puzhehei. We wandered along the provincial road and on the winding mountain road for three and a half hours, and finally arrived at Puzhehei. In recent years, Puzhehei is famous for Where is Dad Going and to the sky kingdom. The village name seems to smell business. From the entrance to the village, houses are being built everywhere. The roads that are not wide are full of sand, and carriages, cars, buses, private cars, tricycles and scooters are crowded and dusty. After staying in the inn, we ate a bowl of rice noodles casually and set off for Qinglong Mountain, the best observation deck in Puzhehei. Our inn is near Puzhehei Bridge, and it only takes about 10 minutes to walk to Qinglong Mountain. From May to July every year, Puzhehei becomes a beautiful lotus sea, and therefore, these two months have become the tourist season of Puzhehei. On the way to Qinglong Mountain, carriages and locals solicit customers at most. Cars don't obey the traffic rules and wander around, making the already crowded path dusty.

Lotus leaves and lakes with alternating light and shade are like freehand brushwork in ink painting. Lotus leaves are like simple lines, the water surface is a large blank space, and a boat is dotted among them, which makes the whole picture lively.

Qinglong Mountain is the best place for Puzhehei to watch the panorama. It's not tall and easy to climb. If you want to watch the sunrise, you must get up at 5 o'clock to climb the mountain. There are two hiking routes, one near Guanyin cave; The other is near Moon Cave. Generally speaking, you go up from one place and get down from another. There are two observation decks above, which should be able to watch the sunrise and sunset at the same time. At the sunset observation deck, you can see the shooting place of to the sky kingdom, where several fake peach blossoms are scattered for people to visit.

Our second day in Puzhehei coincided with the Dragon Boat Festival. The day before, there were few tourists in the village. On the Dragon Boat Festival, it suddenly became lively, and the originally crowded road became a bit difficult to move. According to the original plan, we went to Swan Lake today, but when we drove to Swan Lake, the bustling crowd made us back down. I said, "Go where there are few people." . I took out my mobile phone and searched it. There is a place called Bailong Lake more than 20 kilometers away from the core scenic spot of Puzhehei. We decided to go there at once. The more cars get out, the fewer people there are, and the quieter the ears are. Passing a large lotus leaf on the way, we drove into the field path with great interest, took out our small plane and camera, and started the snapshot mode.

About half an hour's drive, we arrived at Bailong Lake, which is known as "Little Qiandao Lake". There are no scenic spots tickets. If you want to go sightseeing by boat, the fare is 1 hour per person in 70 yuan. Bailong Lake is located in the south of Yuezhe Town, 26 kilometers west of Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, with a total storage capacity of 53.7 million cubic meters, a water surface area of 3.6 square kilometers, a maximum water depth of 30 meters and a transparency of 8 meters. Bailong Lake is surrounded by mountains, with water in the mountains and lakes in the water. The lake is fan-shaped, with 8 peninsulas and islands with different shapes and beautiful environment, with a total area of 1.9 square kilometers. The island is densely forested. Bailong Lake, the source of Qingshui River, was built, so it has the reputation of "the source of Qingshui". Suolongba is 30 meters high and 250 meters long. Built in 1958, it is known as "Hongqi Reservoir".

We bought a boat ticket, and there were not many tourists. After boarding the ship, we set sail in a few minutes. The ship floated quietly in the huge reservoir for an hour. The tour guide said that some of the islands here have sika deer, some have pheasants, and several islands are open to campers. Some old people who love fishing live on the island for a month all the year round. Camping by this quiet lake is really a good choice.

The tour guide said that the two big islands in the lake are shaped like Shuanglong with tails, so they are called "Bailong Lake". Moreover, the autumn and winter seasons in Bailong Lake are the most beautiful. At that time, thousands of wild ducks and egrets were paired, and the fish in the lake were hidden from time to time.

After returning from Longhu, the plan is to go to Swan Lake again. The only way to visit Swan Lake is by boat. As it was getting late, I gave up. Change your plan and go to the wild wetland to shoot the sunset. There are more than 300 solitary peaks in Puzhehei Scenic Area, with an average relative height of more than 100 meters, standing in the lake and located on the flat dam. The wisest thing about this trip is to bring a drone. This type of scenery is completely different from the look and feel of the mountain and the 100 meters above it. When the drone rises into the sky, it suddenly becomes clear, showing distant mountains like Dai, colorful lakes, clear water and high sky, and small stone peaks are exquisite and lovely; Throughout the panorama, the mountains are full of dreamy colors.

Teacher Zhou sat quietly on the roof watching the sunset. The sunset in Puzhehei is like a battle over the mountain. This light is the flame of that battle: first it is blood red, then it is goose yellow, and finally it ends in deep purple. After sunset, we returned to the inn and met a traffic jam on the crowded path. Carriages, electric cars and private cars were vying for it. This moment seems to bring us back to reality from the beautiful scenery of the wild wetland just now, telling us that this is all black.

After starting from Puzhehei, the texture of Yuanyang Mountain traveled hundreds of miles along the Red River, all the way to the depths of the Red River, aiming at another geographical landmark in China-Yuanyang Hani Terrace. Yuanyang Hani Terrace is located in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, where the smoke is the "Red River", which is an important river in the southwest of China and the capital of the city. Driving from Puzhehei to Yuanyang is the longest one-way distance, or rather the longest one-way time. As Yuanyang is located at the top of the mountain more than 2000 meters above sea level, we need to go around the mountain road to reach the top. Yuanyang Terrace, located at the southern foot of Ailao Mountain in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province, is a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation by Hani people. Terraces cultivated by Hani people in Yuanyang are adapted to local conditions according to the changes of mountain topography. If the slope is gentle, the farmland will be cultivated, and if the slope is steep, the farmland will be cultivated, even under the ditch. Therefore, there are several acres of terraces, and the small ones are only as big as dustpans, and often there are thousands of acres on a slope.

As for Hani terraces, the play is actually very simple. There are mainly four scenic spots: Duoyishu watching the sunrise, Hukou watching the sunset, Bada watching the sunset in the sea of clouds, and Qingkou watching the blue terraces (during the day). So if you only have a whole day, you can make the following arrangements: watch the sunrise at the Duoyi Tree before 6:30, watch the blue terraces eat at Qingkou at 12:00, and watch the sunset at the eight terraces or the tiger's mouth before 16:00. If you are lucky, a day happens to be round. But only if you are lucky. Hani terraces are located in mountainous areas, and the weather changes rapidly. Seeing the sea of clouds also means that a gust of wind blows for a while, and the clouds turn into fog. Once it is foggy, it is difficult to dissipate if the temperature is not hot enough.

It was about 6 pm when we arrived in Yuanyang, and the sunset in Yuanyang this season was about 8 pm. Let's go to Badatai to watch the sunset first. Then go to the hotel to check in.

Xinjie Town (Old County)

Xinjie Town (Old County)

Our hotel is next to the terraced fields in Duoyishu. You can see the panoramic view of Duoyishu directly from the observation deck of the inn, which saves us the trouble of rushing to the observation deck early in the morning. In the evening, we had dinner in the inn. The rice in Yuanyang is Redmi, which is different from the rice we usually eat. It is more glutinous and more fragrant. To this end, I also Baidu. Redmi, Hani Terrace, old variety, red appearance, slightly rough rice quality. It was gradually domesticated from wild rice by Hani ancestors in Yunnan in the process of reclaiming alpine terraces in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties. How long is its planting history? Few people can give the correct answer. However, regardless of its planting history of thousands or hundreds of years, the rice variety that has never changed since the Hani people moved here more than 300 years ago is the original terraced Redmi. Years have changed, mountains and rivers have changed, but they have never deteriorated. However, the local people still retain the most traditional way of keeping seeds: when harvesting every year, they go to the field to find the longest and best ear to keep as seeds, and then sow in the next year and cultivate for generations, which continues to this day.

Open the window at night, because Yuanyang is at the top of the mountain, closer to the sky, and there is no light pollution around, and the stars in the sky are very clear and countless. Teacher Zhou and I suggested that we go to the top of the hotel to take pictures of the stars.

Get up early in the morning. At the junction of the distant mountains and the sky, it just turned white and the earth was foggy. Due to the huge altitude difference, the water vapor in the valley rises with the hot air and is oppressed by the cold air in the mountain area, forming abundant rainfall and fog.

After we boarded the hotel observation deck, the sun came out. Between light and light, I saw clouds flowing into the ravine from the hillside of Duoyishu. The observation deck in Duoyishu is in the clouds, and many people are waiting to shoot the sunrise. When the sun tried to jump out of the clouds, it was already in the air. People are extremely disappointed, and the sun gloats. Obviously, I am facing the sun, and I am very happy that the prank was successful.

Mengzi glanced at the road from Yuanyang to Jianshui, and the road was Mengzi. Mengzi is of course the most famous rice noodle crossing the bridge. When eating rice noodles across the bridge in Kunming, I saw allusions on the wall. According to legend, there was a scholar in Qing Dynasty who often went to Nanhu Island in Mengzi County to study, and his wife delivered meals to her husband every day. Scholars often study hard and forget to eat, and only eat casually when they are cold. Occasionally, inspired by the oil slick of chicken soup, my wife often changes the pattern to heat rice noodles for her husband. In the second year, the scholar was admitted to the top scholar. The story of a good wife has gradually become a beautiful story in the local area. Because the wife wants to cross the bridge to the island, this kind of rice noodle is named "crossing the bridge rice noodle".

We didn't go to mengzi city, but went directly to Bishe Village. Bishe Village is an old railway station, the first railway in China and a stop in the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, which was built by the French. When we arrived, an old man was explaining the history of Yunnan-Vietnam Railway to a group of college students. Said the old man talked about the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, and 19 10 was opened to traffic. For more than 100 years, Yunnan-Vietnam Railway has experienced vicissitudes in the changes of world politics and economy. This ancient railway, with a width of only one meter and no power supply line, winds through the rich mountains and rivers of Yunnan and extends to an invisible distance. This station is still open to traffic. Yunnan Line, the only three-meter gauge train in China, passes through Mengzi and Bishe villages, and there are only two small diesel locomotives a day.

Walking along the railway is a very quiet and happy thing. I don't know how far it is or when the future will come. I can only see beauty and shock. One day, one day, I will know what the end of the railway road is, understand the story that happened here, and be moved on a cool morning.

The atmosphere of Jianshui is sloppy, and it is close to sunset from Yuanyang to Jianshui. Jianshui gave me the first impression that the atmosphere was sloppy. The layout of Jianshui four doors is serious, although the sparrow is small and complete. Chaoyang Building, where Ying Hui Gate is located, is almost the same as Tiananmen Square, which was built 28 years earlier. It's especially beautiful near evening. The sunshine is not as weak and tired as noon. The setting sun is rich in colors. The light fell on the stone road outside the city through the doorway, and the dark red was matched with gold, which was beautiful. The square in front of the city gate is full of people playing cards, dancing and singing. Grandparents wrapped in colorful headscarves sat under the gatehouse holding their legs in a daze, as if the distance was farther than the distance.

Jianshui

Jianshui ancient city reminds me of Guozijian Street in Beijing. The shops on the street are obviously newly built, but they must have retained the style of the original building. The pavement made of gray bricks, the painted on the verandah, the swaying book cover and the yellow sign on the black background, I can only imagine the time when I slowly wandered around this street and slowly left.

Jianshui

Besides Chaoyang Tower, the other two most famous scenic spots in Jianshui are Jia Zhu Garden and Confucian Temple. The first trip on the second day of Jianshui was Jia Zhu Garden. The entrance fee for Jia Zhu Garden is 60, and the tour guide fee is 30. I suggest you hire a tour guide, otherwise it's just a cursory tour. According to reports, the gardens in Jia Zhu are divided into ancestral halls, residential houses and gardens, which are relatively large in scale. The layout of the main building is called "vertical four horizontal three" layout, and it is also a typical townhouse complex in Jianshui. The whole courtyard is orderly, and the courtyards are layered like a maze, with a total of 42 courtyards. Each small courtyard has its own system, carved beams and painted buildings, and celebrity calligraphy and painting are all available, which is very decorative. The finely carved lattice door and window sash is antique, and the floor, column base, dam wall under the window, crib and zhaobi are all very distinctive.

Head on is an empty brick round door, and the lintel says "Follow the rules". Walking in, the same position on the back says "Be cautious in words and deeds". At that time, Zhu Guzhu was in charge of family affairs, and the world was cold, so we can have a glimpse. It probably means that people who walk into this yard should obey the rules and not do whatever they want; People who walk out of the courtyard should be careful what they say and do.

Entering the round door, there is a fragrant pavilion, that is, Miss Xiulou. Xiulou is a two-story wooden building with wide three sides and excellent lighting facing south. Palace lanterns are hung under the eaves, doors and windows are beautifully carved, and the walls are covered with calligraphy and painting. They look exquisite and luxurious, and the characteristics of a big family are vividly displayed. The young lady who wants to live here is pampered and charming.

Guitang in Sishui, the architectural style of the quadrangle in the south of the Yangtze River, is also composed of houses in the east, west, north and south, with a patio in the middle. What is different is that there is a unique well in the patio. Not only does the water in the well never run out, but what is more strange is that its water level is always higher than the ground. At that time, the Zhu family regarded it as a "financial source." Because the water level in the well is extremely high, you can touch the water surface without reaching out from the bucket. There is a small hole near the well. When the water level is the highest, the well water will overflow from the small hole and flow to the four corners of the yard. According to the ancient tradition of China, water is wealth, and this scene is of course "wealth rolling".

Zhujiatai, in the heyday of Zhu Jiading, the Zhu family invited the troupe to perform at home. According to reports, the pool in front of the stage has two functions, one is sound reinforcement and the other is dike assassin.

Zhu Guzhu is sitting in this room watching a play.

It is worth mentioning that there are four small courtyards in Mejulanju. The decorations, poems and paintings of these four courtyards are all related to Mei Zhu Lan Ju, which is very emotional.

Chinese plum

orchid

A kind of bamboo

chrysanthemum

Zhu Jiazu is a native of Mayang County, Huguang (now Mayang County, Hunan Province). Ming Hongwu moved to Jianshui, Yunnan Province, and lived in Xizhuangba Xigaowu. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, his five rooms moved to Baijiaying village, and Qing (whose real name is unknown) was born, and Qing was born again. He has always been an ordinary civilian, who has been doing tea, silk and other businesses for generations.

According to Zuo's epitaph, Zuo was born in the fourth year of Shunzhi (AD 1647) for only four months, and his father died of "the scourge of bandits". His mother abandoned him in the process of escape. Fortunately, his crying voice was found and brought back by his neighbors, and the mother and son were reunited. "After the chaos, the public is rare and the home is close." This branch of Zhu Yongzheng has been handed down from generation to generation.

From Jia Zhu Garden to the west along Lin 'an Street, you will pass Zheng Xue Kaobong (ticket 40, student ticket 20, later rebuilt, I didn't go in), and then you will arrive at the Confucian Temple.

It was built in 1285, and was renovated and expanded in later dynasties. It is the second largest Confucian temple in Shandong besides Qufu. Tickets for the Confucian Temple are 60 and student tickets are 30. The four-poster and three-door stone archway at the entrance was built in Yongzheng period. When you enter the gate of Confucius Temple, you have to go through it first to reach the main gate of Confucius Temple.

There is a hall, a pavilion, two pavilions, two halls, three shrines and eight squares in the Confucian Temple, and the introductions are very similar. Of course, the most magnificent is Dacheng Hall, where 22 woodcarving screens are carved with various patterns of birds, animals, plants, fruits and vegetables, with different shapes and lifelike. There are three gold-plated characters in front of the temple, each with a length of 1 m and a width of 1.5 m, with vigorous brushwork and extraordinary momentum. There is a tall bronze incense burner in front of the temple, on which Youlong, large and small, is cast, lifelike, lifelike.

The last stop of this trip to Yulong Bay in Kunming is bungee jumping. Regarding bungee jumping in Yulong Bay, there was actually a bungee jumping event in Yulong Bay many years ago, which was also the place of Kunming 1, but it was suspended for a period of time for various reasons. Now, Yulong Bay has reopened the bungee jumping project. Many Kunming talents who like to challenge themselves received news on WeChat, and their WeChat platform in Yulong Bay was broken. They are more excited than the staff in the scenic spot.

Tickets for Yulong Bay Scenic Area are 30, bungee jumping 180, which can be reduced by 30 (that is, bungee jumping 150). After arriving at the bungee jumping tower, I signed a note, then weighed it and measured my blood pressure. After everything was all right, I was taken into the elevator by the coach and slowly rose to the tower. The bungee jumping in Yulong Bay is very different from what I expected, just a very high iron tower with a river below. In fact, before I came, the bungee jumping tower I expected was on the cliff.

Then, the binding began, and the staff warned me of various precautions, which was very vague. Then another person told me what to pay attention to after dancing.

The fear of bungee jumping is the minute I jump on the platform now.

But please rest assured

I haven't waited for you to feel this feeling.

Coach pushed you down.

Don't think that it will fall like a movie for a long time and then you can play back the slow motion of life.

In less than a second, you will feel the tape strangling you.

What the hell?

Finally, it may be a bit difficult to tell the story of 10 day self-driving journey, but the time for three or two cups of coffee is estimated to be no problem. Southeast Yunnan is not only an understatement, but also too thick to melt, leaving room for thinking and aftertaste.

Travel back, back to the magic capital. Sometimes, living in a super metropolis, apart from the cost of time and money, the most annoying thing is the kind of "claustrophobic time" that can't do anything, being locked in an office building, locked in the back seat of a private car, and locked between countless red lights and iron boxes. At that moment, my strength became so small that I couldn't even change the coordinates.

Whenever I drive dozens of kilometers over mountains and mountains to meet my friends in Shanghai, I will miss the scenery that I can't name and I don't know why I passed by on the self-driving road in southeast Yunnan.

Tips {Self-driving}

This trip is by car.

Day 1 day: Shanghai-Kunming

The next day: Kunming-Luoping (Jinjifeng) (the whole journey takes 3 and a half hours; 230 km)