Regions with similar or obvious differences in geographical location and areas with similar or obvious differences in topography, climate and other natural features

<1>. 1. The formation of climate types

Due to the difference in the combination of heat and moisture, or the different seasonal distribution of moisture, or the existence of huge mountains and plateaus, some There are still certain differences in the internal climate within the same climate zone, and several climate types can be further divided. For example, the atmospheric circulation conditions are different. They are both in the subtropical climate zone. The east coast of the Eurasian continent has a monsoon climate type, and the west coast has a Mediterranean climate type.

2. Main climate types

(1) The equatorial (tropical) rainforest climate is roughly distributed between 10° north and south latitude, with the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, and Asia, The Lesser Sunda Islands are typical examples. Controlled by the equatorial air mass, the climate is high, rainy and humid throughout the year. The annual average temperature is around 26°C, and the annual temperature range is very small. The annual precipitation generally exceeds 2,000 mm and is relatively evenly distributed. The natural vegetation is tropical rainforest.

(2) Tropical monsoon climate is roughly distributed on the east coast of the continent between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer. Typical areas are affected by the southwest monsoon in Asia's Indo-China Peninsula and the Indian Peninsula. Most of my country's Yunnan and the southeastern corner of Tibet also have a tropical monsoon climate. The temperature is relatively high throughout the year, with the annual average temperature exceeding 20°C. Seasonal shifts in prevailing wind direction are significant. In the summer half of the year, controlled by equatorial air masses, precipitation is abundant, forming a rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rainforests; in the winter half of the year, some places are controlled by tropical continental air masses, with precipitation significantly reduced, forming a dry season. The annual precipitation is 1500-2000 mm, with the rainy season precipitation accounting for more than 80-90% of the annual total, and there are two distinct dry and wet seasons. The natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest.

(3) Tropical savanna climate is roughly distributed between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer, and is typical in central Africa, most of Brazil in South America, and the northern and eastern parts of the Australian continent. This type of distribution area is located in an area controlled alternately by the equatorial low pressure belt and the trade wind belt. The temperature is high throughout the year, with the annual average temperature being about 25°C. When the equatorial low pressure belt is controlled, the equatorial air mass prevails and precipitation is concentrated; when the trade wind belt is controlled, the tropical continental air mass is controlled, resulting in drought and less rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700-1000 mm, and there is an obvious and long dry season. The natural vegetation is tropical savanna.

(4) Tropical desert (dry) climate is roughly distributed in the interior of the continent and the west coast under the control of the northern and southern high pressure belts, with northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula in Asia and the desert areas of Australia as typical examples. Under the control of the subtropical high pressure belt or trade wind belt, it is controlled by tropical continental air masses throughout the year, with drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100 mm, and in some places it is only tens of millimeters or less. The sunshine is abundant, the temperature is very high, and the hottest month averages The temperature can reach around 30℃. The contradiction between heat and moisture is prominent. The distribution and formation of the world's great deserts are closely related to the dry tropical climate. The natural vegetation is desert.

(5) Subtropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed on the east coast of the subtropical continent, typically in the eastern part of the Asian continent, such as the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River in my country, the southeastern part of the North American continent, the eastern part of the South American continent and southeastern Australia. The prevailing wind direction changes significantly seasonally. In winter, affected by polar continental air masses, temperatures are low and precipitation is low; in summer, affected by tropical marine air masses, temperatures are high and rainy, and the seasonal distribution of moisture is uneven. The natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.

(6) The subtropical Mediterranean climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of subtropical continents, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of the continent with latitudes of 30°-40° in North and South America, the Australian continent and the southwest corner of the African continent, etc., and is distributed along the Mediterranean coast The largest and most typical area. Taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example, in summer the subtropical high pressure belt moves northward and is controlled by high pressure. It is affected by tropical continental air masses and has sunny, dry, hot and rainy weather. In winter, the subtropical high pressure belt moves southward and is affected by the westerly belt (Mediterranean frontal belt), making it warm and rainy. The natural vegetation is evergreen hard-leaf broad-leaved forest and evergreen shrub forest.

(7) Temperate monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the eastern part of the temperate Asian continent,

such as North my country, Northeast China and the Far East of the Soviet Union. The prevailing wind direction alternates significantly between winter and summer. The winter monsoon is controlled by polar continental air masses and is cold and dry; the summer monsoon is mainly influenced by tropical ocean air masses and is warm, hot and rainy. The annual range is large, and the annual precipitation is 500-700 mm. It is unevenly distributed and relatively concentrated in summer, with continental characteristics. The natural vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest or mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest.

(8) Temperate maritime climate: It is mainly distributed on the west coast of temperate continents, such as the narrow strips of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America, with Western Europe as a typical example. Affected by the prevailing westerly winds all year round, the ocean airflow blows to the mainland, and the ocean regulation effect is significant. The climate characteristics are: the summer temperature is not high, the winter temperature is not low, and the annual range is small; the annual precipitation is generally 700-1000 mm, and the distribution is relatively even. The natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest.

(9) Temperate continental climate Mainly distributed in the inland areas of Eurasia and North America. It is far away from the ocean, or there are high mountain barriers, and the water cycle is not active. It is mainly controlled by continental air masses, with scarce precipitation and an arid climate. The summers are hot, the winters are quite cold, and the annual and daily temperature ranges are large. The natural vegetation is desert or desert steppe or grassland.

(10) Subarctic continental climate Mainly distributed in northern Eurasia and northern North America.

It is affected by polar continental air masses and polar ocean air masses throughout the year, and is also affected by icy ocean air masses in winter. The winter is long and cold, and the warm season is short and warm. The precipitation is small, relatively concentrated in summer, and evaporation is weak, making it a humid area. The natural vegetation is coniferous forest.

(11) Polar tundra climate Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America. Often affected by icy ocean air masses and polar continental air masses, it is severely cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with little precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. The natural vegetation is mainly tundra (mosses, lichens).

(12) Polar ice sheet climate Mainly distributed within the Antarctic continent and Greenland. It is very cold throughout the year, with the average monthly temperature below 0°C, making it the lowest temperature area in the world. The annual average temperature on the Antarctic continent is -29°C to 35°C, while in the Arctic region it is below -22°C, with frequent snowstorms throughout the year.

(13) Alpine plateau climate Mainly distributed in high mountains and plateau areas, such as the Himalayas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, South American Andes, etc. In high mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with increasing height, and the vertical climate changes significantly. Within a certain height, there is high humidity, clouds, fog, and precipitation; the higher you go toward the mountains, the stronger the wind. my country's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has high altitude, low temperature, but strong radiation, abundant sunshine, little precipitation, and strong winds in the winter half of the year. The annual temperature range is small and the daily temperature range is large.

<2>. Indus River: Located in the Indus Plain, it has a subtropical monsoon climate. Because it is backed by high mountains, namely the Himalayas, it is relatively dry, with high temperatures and rain in summer, and drought in winter. There are rainy season and dry season.

The main cities along the river include Islamabad and Multan

The ethnic groups living in the upper reaches of the Indus River (such as Tibetans, Ladakhis and Balts) show signs of similarities with China. Asia rather than South Asia. They are of Asian descent, speak Tibetan, and believe in Buddhism (although the Balts have adopted Islam). Animal husbandry is an important local economic activity.

The plains of northern India are inhabited by some agricultural groups who speak Punjabi and related dialects and have become the largest ethnic group in the Indus Valley. Language, ethnicity, and tribal organization play a secondary role in distinguishing groups. The obvious main characteristic of the Punjabi nation is caste, but it does not have the religious and ritual connotations of the Hindu system. The Jat and Rajput people who believe in Islam are important social components in Punjab.

The lower reaches of the Indus River are inhabited by some agricultural peoples who speak Sindhi and related dialects. Many cultural features of the region appear to be quite ancient, and Sindhis are proud of the uniqueness of their region. Although Karachi is in Sindh, it is mainly an Urdu-speaking city, Punjabi and Indian immigrants who arrived in Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.

As long as the crops are cotton and rice

Ganges: Tropical monsoon climate

Main city: Jamul Varanasi Allahabad Dhaka (Bangladesh)

The two words holy water bathing festival and Ganges are closely related to Indian religious traditions

Main crop: rice

<3>. Yangtze River Delta

Entrance to the sea: East China Sea - Marginal Sea

Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate

Terrain cause: impact plain

Population: about 5,000 Thousands

Urban: urban agglomeration in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang with Shanghai as the center

Agricultural location: reasonable water and heat conditions, flat terrain, developed irrigation, and fertile soil. Rice is the main crop, with two crops a year.

Industry: Both heavy industry and light industry are developed, making it one of the most economically active regions in China.

Nile Delta

Inlet: Mediterranean-Inland Sea

Climate: Mediterranean climate

Terrainy cause: Valley + alluvial plain

Population: about 20 million

City: Alexandria

Agricultural location: Nile flood plain, swampy saline-alkali land, fertile soil. In modern times, due to the construction of reservoirs upstream, increasingly exposed to seawater erosion.

Agricultural products: cotton, rice, wheat, three crops a year

Industry: Mainly oil refining, the most developed economic region in Egypt

Mississippi River Delta

Entrance: Gulf of Mexico - Marginal Sea

Population: about 2 million

Climate: Subtropical monsoon climate, many hurricanes

Terraphic causes : Mississippi River Alluvial Plain

City: New Orleans

Agricultural Location: Fertile soil, convenient irrigation

Agricultural products: rice, two crops a year

Industry: An important oil refining center in North America, with developed inland shipping

Similar points: they are both important agricultural areas in their respective countries.

Differences:

1. The first two are the birthplaces of civilization in the traditional sense and have a very important strategic position in their respective countries and regions. The status of the Mississippi River Delta in the United States is relatively weak, and its development industry was relatively late.

2. Agriculture in the Nile Delta is more important than industry, and industry in the other two is more important than agriculture.

3. The former two are densely populated, while the latter is less populated and concentrated in New Orleans

<4>. Madagascar is located between about 12°S to 25°S , the central part of the island is a NE-SW trending Zhongyang Mountain Range with an altitude of 1000~2600m. It stretches 1160km from north to south. The western slope of the mountain range is gentle, while the eastern slope drops sharply due to faults, forming a steep single face< /p>

Mountains and narrow coastal plains. Tropical South Indian Ocean air masses originating from the northern and western edges of the South Indian Ocean subtropical high blow in the form of southeasterly winds to the east of the island all year round. On the east side of the island of Madagascar is the Madagascar Warm Current. The hot and humid southeast trade winds pass over it and increase the temperature and humidity, making the air flow more unstable. Therefore, the mountains in the east of the island are subject to wind waves and the precipitation is abnormally abundant every year.

The precipitation reaches 1500~3500mm, and the rainy days generally last more than 160 days. It is the region with the most rainy days in Africa, forming a tropical rainforest climate

. On the west side of the island with the same latitude, the southeast trade wind has difficulty climbing through the central mountains, making it a leeward rain shadow area, with rainfall greatly reduced and a tropical savanna climate.

You can find the others yourself, there are too many