Mango City Weather Forecast

In the past, seedling propagation was often used, that is, seedlings were obtained directly from seeds. This method is simple, but it has great variability, and the fruiting period is late (it takes 5 ~ 7 years to enter the flowering and fruit-setting period). At present, this method has not been used in production except for cultivating green seedlings.

Rhizome cultivation

(1) land selection

Nursery land should be far away from mango orchard, and there are no old mango trees around it, so as to reduce the spread of pests and diseases and cultivate seedlings without pests and diseases, and at the same time, it is necessary to have convenient transportation and convenient irrigation and drainage. Nursery land should be a gentle slope with sunny leeward, north-south direction and sufficient sunshine, and the groundwater level is below 1 m. Low-lying land is not suitable, because it is easy to gather cold air to form frost, it is difficult to drain, and it is vulnerable to waterlogging.

Sandy loam with pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5 is suitable for nursery. Sandy soil has poor water retention, and seedlings are vulnerable to drought and sun burns, resulting in poor growth. Clay soil has poor permeability and drainage, and the soil is easy to harden, which makes the root system grow badly, and causes many root injuries during seedling raising, and the survival rate of colonization is low.

Mango nursery should not be continuously planted for a long time, otherwise the soil fertility in the nursery will decrease and the diseases and insect pests will be serious, which is not good for plant growth.

(2) seed treatment

Mango seeds can't be stored and dried. After the mature seeds are taken out of the fruit, they should be sown immediately to avoid affecting the germination rate. The longer the seeds are taken out of the fruit, the lower the germination rate. If long-distance transportation is needed, it is best to use fresh fruit for storage and transportation.

Mango seeds are difficult and irregular to germinate because of their thick shells, so they need to be shelled and sown to germinate easily and orderly. After the seeds are taken out, they can be placed on the sand bed to accelerate germination, and then moved into the seedbed after germination. You can also directly sow the shelled seeds in the field seedbed according to the specification of 15cm× 20cm.

① Germination of sand bed.

Sand bed should be located in the shade, sand thickness 10 ~ 12 cm. For easy management, the width of the border is 80 ~ 100 cm. You can also cover the seedbed of the field nursery with a sunshade net to prevent direct sunlight and heavy rain, which is beneficial to the normal emergence of seedlings.

② seed disinfection

Before sowing, it was treated with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 ~ 1000 times. When sowing, put the seeds flat on the sand bed, smooth them one by one, and then cover them with fine sand, the thickness should be about higher than the seed 1 cm. Then pour water, then cover the frame with film, and pay attention to keep the soil moist.

③ Separate bed transplantation

Generally, after 7 days of accelerated germination, seeds began to emerge from the ground, and basically emerged in 15 days. The seedlings are purplish red, which can be transplanted in separate beds before the leaves are unfolded, and the survival rate of transplanted seedlings is the highest. The transplanting specification is 15cm× 20cm, and it can produce 8000× 10000 plants per mu. When transplanting seedlings, take out the seedlings and seeds and plant them in the seedbed. Seeds with multiple embryos should be carefully divided into plants. In order to facilitate management and improve the growth uniformity of seedlings, seedlings with consistent growth should be transplanted in the same seedbed, and weak seedlings should be cultivated in another seedbed. When transplanting, the roots should be stretched. If the taproot is too long, you can shorten the taproot appropriately and promote the lateral root. Cover the roots and necks of the seedlings with soil.

In order to facilitate management, convenient seedling leaving the nursery and improve the survival rate of fixed planting, nutrient bags can be used to raise seedlings. The specific operation method is: select a black film bag with a diameter of 20-24 cm and a height of 25 cm, put it into nutrient soil (the formula of nutrient soil is 2/3 paddy soil mixed13 decomposed farmyard manure), and move the seedlings into the seedling bag. The management method is basically the same as seedbed management.

④ Nursery management

Shading and sun protection. When transplanting seedlings, it is the hot and sunny season. It is best to use 50% ~ 60% sunshade net as a sunshade to prevent sunburn. 1 month later, the seedlings grow steadily, and then the sunshade net is removed.

Fertilizer and water management. After transplanting, the soil should be kept moist. In case of drought, you must water 1 ~ 2 times a day until the seedlings resume growth, and gradually reduce the watering times. When plants begin to sprout, thin manure or 1% urea aqueous solution can be applied. Fertilizer should be applied twice per 1 branch to promote the rapid growth of seedlings. In order to prevent soil hardening, it is necessary to loosen the soil and weed frequently, and cover the border with organic matter (such as straw, grass or decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer).

Control pests and diseases. Spodoptera litura mainly harms new shoots at seedling stage. When new shoots germinate and mature, pesticides such as trichlorfon or omethoate are sprayed every 7 ~ 10 days. Prevention can be sprayed with bordeaux mixture or other fungicides.

Seedling grafting

When the rootstock is cultivated to a diameter of 1. ~ 1.2 cm (off the ground 1.5 cm), which can be grafted.

Temperature and humidity are one of the main factors that determine the survival of grafting. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the growth of seedlings is weakened. The survival rate of grafting decreases with the decrease of temperature, or it cannot survive. Too high humidity is easy to cause diseases, leading to scion death or rootstock withering, which affects the seedling rate.

When the sap begins to flow and the bark is easy to peel off, grafting can be carried out. May to September is the most suitable season in Guangzhou. There are many methods of grafting, which can be selected according to the size of rootstock. Small rootstocks can be cut or split, and slightly thicker rootstocks can be patched and sprouted.

Selection of (1) scion

Selecting the terminal buds or lateral buds on the old branches in the sunny part of the annual tree as scions has high grafting survival rate and strong seedlings. After the scion is harvested, cut off the leaves and put them in plastic film bags to keep them moist to avoid sun exposure. It's best to pick it up immediately. If it's spare, it can be stored in a cool place with wet sand. If long-distance transportation is needed, wrap it in wet paper and put it in a plastic film bag to keep it moist.

(2) Grafting method

① Patch budding method

This method has the advantages of good healing, high scion utilization rate and convenient repair, so it is widely used. The grafting method is as follows: when the rootstock trunk is about 30 cm from the ground, select a flat and smooth part and cut it horizontally, and then cut it longitudinally in the left and right directions until the depth reaches the cambium. After opening, peel off the cortex and cut it from the top to form a rectangular budding position with a width of about 0.6 cm and a length of 1.5 ~ 2 cm. The size of the budding position depends on the size of the seedlings. Then cut off the bud piece slightly shorter than the budding position (the same as the rootstock), then uncover the cortex of the budding position, and put the bud piece in the middle, taking care that the bud piece is not inverted. After grafting, the budding part is wrapped and sealed with plastic film from top to bottom, and the rootstock above the grafting part is cut off several times after survival. This method can also be used for high connection.

② Split method

Also known as cutting. This method can be used for rootstock thickness. Cut the upper part of the rootstock from 25 ~ 30 cm above the ground, split the joint with the length of 1.5 ~ 2 cm from the middle, then cut the scion into a wedge with the same cross section and insert it into the split part of the rootstock. The scion should be aligned with the cambered surface of the rootstock (at least one side should be aligned) and then wrapped tightly with plastic film. This method has firm healing and high survival rate.

③ Cutting method

The thickness of rhizome can be made. When grafting, cut off the upper part of the rootstock and cut vertically between the xylem and bark of the section, about 1.5 cm long; A scion can have single or multiple buds. Cut the lower end side of the rootstock into a section slightly longer than the rootstock, cut the lower end of the section side into a 45-degree angle, and then closely attach the two sections of the rootstock ear to align the two layers. If the rhizome size is different, one side of the cambium should also be aligned. Finally, wrap it with plastic film. This method is simple and feasible, and the survival rate is high.

④ correlation method

First, cut off the upper part of the rootstock (30 cm above the ground), and cut a corresponding inclined plane at the base of the scion and the top of the rootstock. The size of scion and rootstock should be the same, and the alignment interface should be tightly wrapped. Because the joint is the butt joint of all branches, the xylem between them is difficult to heal. High recovery rate and poor wind resistance. This grafting method is rarely used at present.

⑤ Docking mode

The characteristic of this method is that the scion does not leave the mother before it survives. Choose robust and smooth branches, cut a section about 5 cm deep to the xylem, and also cut a corresponding section on the rootstock, then aim at the cortex and tie it tightly with plastic film. After the two sides are completely healed, the scion is cut below the joint, and the rootstock is cut above the joint to form a new plant. This method is easy to survive, because the scion will not fall off the mother before survival, but it takes a lot of effort to set up the tree when the mother tree is tall, and there are many scions.

⑥ winding branches

Ring branches are also called layering. Select branches of fine varieties over 2 years old, peel off the cortex with a width of about 5 cm on one side, scrape off the cambium, and wrap rooting materials with strong water retention and rich nutrition at the girdling place to promote the germination of new roots at the lower end of branches and become new plants. Round branches have the advantages of high survival rate, rapid seedling formation and easy mastery of technology, but the propagation coefficient is low, so they should be carried out on branches that are too dense among plants or need pruning.

(3) Management of grafted seedlings

① Unbind and patch.

Choose a special film tape for grafting. After grafting, the buds will go out by themselves and will not be untied. Wrap it in ordinary plastic tape. When the bud eye is full and prominent, the plastic tape at the bud eye should be peeled off to make it stand out naturally, and then untied when the bud grows new buds. When unbinding, gently cut the plastic tape on the back of the interface with a knife, and do not approach the interface or cut the cortex. Grafted plants that cannot survive should be replanted in time.

② Shearing anvil

For plants that have been grafted with patches, if they have survived, cut off the rootstock 4 ~ 5 cm above the budding position to promote budding.

(3) removing sprouting tillers.

It is easy to extract a large number of leaf tiller buds at the base of rootstock or above the incision, which must be removed in time to avoid the competition between tiller buds and scion buds for nutrients and affect scion germination.

④ Fertilizer and water management

After budding, the soil should be kept moist and properly watered. Apply quick-acting chemical fertilizer thinly once after budding, and then apply fertilizer once every time a new bud is drawn, and pay attention to prevent stem borers from harming the new bud.

⑤ Seedlings leave the nursery.

The quality of nursery work is directly related to the survival of planting and the growth of young trees. For seedlings with pests and diseases and immature new shoots, seedling raising should be suspended.

Time of leaving the nursery: The time of leaving the nursery depends on the planting time. Mango planting has two periods, spring planting and autumn planting, so seedlings are also planted in spring and autumn. In spring, from early March to early May, the temperature gradually rises and there is more rain, which can not only save watering labor, but also meet the requirements of seedling growth, so transplanting is mostly carried out in spring. Planting in autumn (August-September) is slightly lower than that in spring, because the weather is dry and the sunshine is fierce. Choose to plant after typhoon rain.

Specification of nursery stock: Nursery stock should meet the auxiliary specifications, and nursery stock should have the following three points: robust growth, reaching a certain height and thickness; The marriage interface healed well; No serious pests and diseases, especially quarantine pests and diseases.

Seedling raising: There are two ways to raise seedlings, namely, raising seedlings with soil. Before seedling raising, the soil in Miao Di should be fully wetted to reduce root damage. Sowing should be done on a sunny day. The diameter of the mud mass should be 1.5 cm wide and 20 cm high. Immediately after emergence, wrap with straw or film bag, and then cut off 1/3 leaves and green shoots. Soilless seedling raising. When raising seedlings without soil, it should be watered thoroughly before raising seedlings, so as to leave more fibrous roots when raising seedlings. After emergence, two-thirds of the leaves and new shoots are cut off, then the roots are dipped in mud for protection, and the roots are wrapped with film to keep moist. According to the convenience of work, several plants are tied into a bundle. The stacks for long-distance transportation should not be too high and dense, and should be shaded to prevent fever. This kind of seedling is only suitable for transplanting in spring.

Nursery in nutrition bag is not limited by breeding season, which is convenient to plant and has high survival rate.

Garden construction and planting

Garden selection

Although mango is a fast-growing, precocious and adaptable fruit tree variety, it has no strict requirements on soil and can't grow well anywhere. It needs certain external conditions to develop its characteristics of fast growth, early maturity, high yield and high quality.

Because mango needs sunshine for its growth, it likes a warm and frost-free environment, so the garden should be built in a plain or hilly area with abundant sunshine, deep soil layer and convenient drainage and irrigation conditions. At the same time, in order to facilitate management and reduce costs in the future, we should also consider the traffic conditions and facilities of the garden.

Orchard planning

Do a good job in land infrastructure construction, and arrange irrigation and drainage systems, road systems and orchard supporting facilities (such as tools and fertilizer warehouses, field fertilizer storage pools, drug storage and preparation workshops, dormitories, fruit processing workshops and warehouses, etc.). ) Divide the planting communities according to the landform, and set up shelterbelts at the tuyere. In the case of hilly slope, holes should be set at the same height or terraces should be built according to different slopes to achieve the purpose of water conservation and protection.

Preparation of planting holes

The specifications of planting holes can be treated separately according to different soil qualities. In the soil with deep soil layer and loose soil, planting holes can be dug shallowly, and even pier planting can be used in the soil with low soil potential; If you plant in clay or shallow soil with hard gravel, you must dig a hole to plant. Generally, the size of the hole is100cm×100cm× 60 ~ 80cm (length× width× depth). When backfilling, weeds should be placed at the bottom of the cave first, and the top soil and bottom soil should be backfilled with the same amount of decomposed organic fertilizer. The fertilizer required for each planting hole is 25 ~ 30 kg of organic fertilizer, lime 1 kg and phosphate fertilizer 1 ~ 1.5 kg. The backfill surface should be 20 ~ 30 cm above the ground, and planting can only be carried out after the organic fertilizer in the planting hole is decomposed and the soil sinks stably.

Planting specification

Mango is a fast-growing tall tree fruit tree. Its branches grow rapidly and its crown forms rapidly. When planting four-year-old mango, its crown coverage has reached 6.5 square meters, and 50 mango trees are planted per mu, and all six-year-old mango trees are basically closed. Therefore, when building a garden, we should consider the planting specifications from the perspective of economic planting. Too thin planting will affect the yield per unit area in the early stage and waste space. Too dense planting will lead to premature canopy, which is not conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and is easy to breed pests and diseases, affect yield and quality, and increase management difficulty. Therefore, in order to make fruits with high yield, good quality and convenient management, planting specifications should be based on economic cultivation. According to different varieties, different planting specifications are adopted, and it is more suitable to plant 40 plants per mu, that is, 5 meters ×3.3 meters (row spacing × plant spacing).

Variety layout

Variety selection is directly related to the success or failure of mango commodity production. When selecting, we should not only consider the quality and marketability of the fruit, but more importantly, whether the selected variety can adapt to the ecological conditions in the region and whether it can obtain stable yield after planting. At the same time, we should also consider the collocation of early, middle and late maturity varieties. At present, there are many mango varieties introduced from various places, but most of them can't adapt to the cold and rainy weather in South China at flowering stage, resulting in low and unstable yield and lack of economic cultivation value. According to the practice, at present, the varieties suitable for planting in Guangzhou are Zihuamang, Gui Xiang Mang, Yuexi 1 Mang, Hongmang No.6 and the newly introduced Golden Mang. These varieties have the characteristics of late flowering and moderate proportion of bisexual flowers, and are easy to obtain stable yield.

Colonial method

To improve the survival rate of planting, besides seedling quality (including seedling quality), it is necessary to sow in time and pay attention to planting methods. Generally speaking, the planting period of Mangcha is suitable in spring. When the cold wave has passed, the temperature rises obviously, the air humidity is high, and the new buds of fruit seedlings have not yet been exposed, the survival rate is high (it is most suitable for planting from March to May). Autumn planting has high temperature and is easy to shoot, but it is dry, with strong sunshine and large transpiration. It should be planted when there is autumn rain to improve the survival rate.

There are two kinds of transplanted mango seedlings: those with soil and those with bare roots. Seedlings with soil are easy to survive and recover quickly; If we pay attention to the quality of seedlings, keep the roots moist during transportation, and strengthen watering management after planting, the survival rate of bare-rooted seedlings will still be high. No matter what kind of seedlings, each leaf should be cut off by 2/3 when planting, so as to reduce water transpiration, maintain the physiological balance between the aboveground and underground parts, and be conducive to survival. When planting, the seedlings should be placed in the middle of the planting hole, and be careful not to break the mud ball with soil seedlings. Fine soil should be cultivated around the mud ball, and the depth of soil cultivation should be cultivated to the root neck. After planting, you must spray foot water, and the number of sprays depends on the weather conditions in the future. When the weather is clear, spray water 1 time every 2-3 days to keep the soil moist until the plants return to normal growth.

Young tree management

Fertilization and irrigation and drainage

Young tree roots are not developed enough, so fertilization should be done several times, which is the so-called "thin fertilizer and more application" to reduce fertilizer waste and nutrient loss. Fertilization can be carried out 6 ~ 8 times a year, with quick-acting liquid fertilizer as the main fertilizer. In places affected by low temperature, fertilization began to stop in June 165438+ 10, so as not to promote shoots and affect overwintering. Summer shoots should occur many times, which is beneficial to the expansion of crown. 73g of pure nitrogen, 68g of phosphorus 18g of potassium should be applied to each young tree every year. It can be seen that the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer should promote the vegetative growth of young trees more, but in order to make young trees grow normally, the application of other large elements should not be ignored. The specific method is as follows: young trees can be fertilized after being planted, with fertilization 1 time every 30-40 days, mainly water and fertilizer, and 50 grams of raw bran, 40 grams of potassium fertilizer or 10 kg of manure and 20 grams of urea are directly sprayed on the periphery of the crown of each plant. If dry fertilizer is applied, it is necessary to dig a ditch or annular ditch 20 cm away from the trunk, spread the fertilizer evenly in the ditch, cover the soil and drench it with water.

The holes of young trees should be kept moist, and the stumps should be covered with grass or grass to reduce soil moisture evaporation and avoid surface soil hardening. At the same time, pay attention to timely drainage in rainy days to prevent water from rotting roots.

The root system of young seedlings is not yet stable, and it is easily affected by bad environment, especially heavy rain and strong wind. Support should be made before the rainstorm, and the tilted plants should be righted in time after the rainstorm, and at the same time, the damage of large livestock should be avoided.

Mango trees are fast-growing and high-yielding, flourishing, and easy to form closed crowns, which is not conducive to economic cultivation. Therefore, proper pruning should be carried out after the survival of the planting, with the aim of making the branches distribute reasonably, making the trees shine well, and forming a tree structure with early fruiting, high yield and stable yield, which is not only beneficial to the current vegetative growth, but also beneficial to the future flowering and fruiting. The specific practice of shaping young trees with fixed stems is: in the same year of planting, when the trunk of young trees with few branches grows to 60 ~ 70 cm high, they are picked to promote branches to promote crown expansion. After the core is removed, many new buds will soon grow on the trunk. According to the principle of "removing the strong, removing the weak and keeping the middle", three evenly distributed new shoots are left as main branches, and then cut when the main branches grow to 30-40 cm, and 2-3 new shoots are left as first-class branches. Do this several times to accelerate the formation of dental crowns. After mango planting, the crown shaping work should be basically completed in the first year or two. When hanging fruit, you can leave three even old branches at the last tip as the mother branches. Young trees are generally only lightly cut, mainly to promote the rapid formation of crown and remove pests and drooping branches.

Result tree management

soil management

The root system of mango belongs to mycorrhiza, which coexists with rhizosphere bacteria and promotes each other. Rhizosphere bacteria need more organic matter and transparent soil environment to grow well. Therefore, increasing soil organic matter and improving soil properties have become the key technical links of mango cultivation. Under the climate conditions of high temperature and high humidity in South China, the decomposition of organic matter is fast, and the consumption of soil organic matter is also large. Therefore, in addition to increasing the application of farm manure and soil miscellaneous fertilizer to improve the soil organic matter content, planting grass has become an important soil management technical measure for the cultivation of perennial fruit trees in southern China, which is more and more widely accepted because it is not only conducive to the improvement of ecological conditions in planting areas. The specific way is: do not shovel grass, consciously keep short weeds as vegetation, but those tall, climbing weeds that hinder growth must still be removed. In winter, a comprehensive garden cleaning should be carried out to remove weeds and reduce insect sources, disease sources and wintering places for pests and diseases.

Scientific fertilization

Research data in India show that every 1000 kg mango needs to consume 6 kg pure nitrogen, 3 kg phosphorus, 10 kg potassium, 5.9 kg calcium and 3.6 kg magnesium. This is only the part of the result consumption. If it is to meet the needs of its growth and development, it is far more than this amount. The consumption of nitrogen, potassium and calcium in hanging fruit trees is higher than that in general, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium should be 6:4:9:6 or 6:3: 10:6 when fruit trees are reasonably fertilized. In production practice, in addition to the above four elements, Mangcha is also sensitive to trace elements such as manganese, boron, magnesium and zinc. If these elements are lacking in the soil, physiological diseases of one kind or another will often occur. The fertilization period of Mangcha fruit trees should be based on physiological phenology.

(1) fee

Fertilizers were applied before the buds appeared in late February and early March. The purpose of this fertilizer is to improve the nutritional level of trees, promote the development of fruit ears, enhance the cold resistance and improve the fruit setting rate. Fertilizer is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, accounting for about 30% of the annual fertilization.

(2) Strong fruit fertilizer

When applied in small fruit period after flowering, potassium fertilizer and calcium fertilizer can be mainly used according to the tree potential and fruiting situation, and nitrogen fertilizer can be properly combined, and the fertilization amount accounts for 5% ~ 10% of the whole year. It can also be combined with spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as root topdressing when spraying pesticides to prevent diseases, and trace elements such as boron and magnesium can be added if necessary.

(3) Fertilizing after harvest (before harvest)

The main function is to make trees recover quickly after fruit picking, and to promote strong autumn shoots and early winter shoots as fruiting mother branches in the next year. Fertilization time depends on mango variety and fertilizer variety. Early-maturing varieties can apply quick-acting fertilizer in time after fruit harvesting, and late-maturing varieties should apply both quick-acting fertilizer and late-acting organic fertilizer before fruit harvesting. It is required to complete the application before the end of August to ensure that 1 autumn auction can be produced in early and middle September. This fertilization is mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by potash fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and some available nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of fertilization accounts for more than 50% of the whole year.

(4) Overwintering fertilizer

Application in the middle and late period of 1 1 can promote the early maturity of winter buds and facilitate the differentiation of flower buds. At the same time, increasing the concentration of juice can enhance the cold resistance, and can also provide part of nutrient supply in the next flowering period. This time, slow-release organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and it can also be combined with pond cleaning, pond mud application or other exotic soil in winter, and the fertilization amount accounts for 10% of the whole year.

Reasonable irrigation and drainage

The demand for water in different growth stages of mango is different, and the key period of water demand is the fruit expansion stage and the autumn shoot germination stage. In the period of small fruit expansion, there is sufficient rainfall in South China in general years and irrigation is not needed. However, in the middle stage of fruit development, high temperature showers often cause fruit cracking and falling. During this period, we should pay attention to proper irrigation and keep water regularly, so as to prevent excessive change of soil moisture and bring yield loss. There should be a dry environment from the late stage of fruit development to before harvest, which is conducive to improving the quality and commodity value of fruit. In late summer and early autumn, dry and rainy weather often occurs in South China, with high temperature, large transpiration and low soil and air humidity. At this time, it is the key period of pruning and promoting shoots after harvest. It is necessary to keep enough water in the soil to promote the germination of autumn buds and the orderly emergence and robust growth and development of autumn shoots, so irrigation should be carried out to keep the soil moist. When the last shoot begins to ripen, irrigation should be stopped. This moderate drought can stop the growth of new shoots in time, accumulate photosynthetic nutrients, increase the concentration of cell fluid, and be beneficial to flower bud differentiation. However, excessive drought at this time will promote early flowering, poor flower quality, low proportion of bisexual flowers and poor fruit setting. Therefore, in case of drought in winter and spring, proper irrigation is still needed, and thin water can be poured every 15 ~ 20 days, for a total of 1 time, so that the soil in the tree tray is slightly wet.

Moderate pruning

Mango is a relatively pruning-resistant fruit tree. The pruning method and intensity of mango fruit trees should be different according to the variety, age, tree potential, planting density, site conditions and management level in flat areas. For example, by pruning, the loose tree shape of Gui Xiang mango can be forced to be compact, and the dense branches of purple mango can be stretched reasonably. Pruning of mango trees can be divided into spring pruning and autumn pruning according to time.

(1) spring pruning

In order to adjust the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, which is beneficial to balanced production and improving fruit quality, the number of ears should be controlled. During the period from heading to flowering, flowers should be thinned, and excessive flowers should be thinned. Generally, it is enough to germinate 70% of the flowers on the last shoot, and the remaining 30% should germinate on the spring shoots to ensure a certain nutritional growth. If the ear is too long, you should sparse some small flower branches and keep the flower amount of 1/2 ~ 2/3. There are too many fruits in the young fruit stage, so we should sparse some small fruits as soon as possible, and only 5 ~ 6 well-developed small fruits should be left per ear for observation, so that we can decide whether to stay or not when we are a little older in the future. At the same time, the empty branches and weak branches should be cut off in time to prevent the fruit from colliding with them and affecting the appearance of the fruit.

Young trees with few fruits tend to sprout summer shoots, and the competition for nutrients will cause a large number of fruit drops, which will seriously affect the small fruit yield. Therefore, in order to ensure the normal development of fruits, summer shoots should be wiped when they germinate for 3 ~ 5 cm.

(2) Pruning in autumn

Autumn pruning of mango is usually carried out after fruit picking, so it is also called post-harvest pruning. This pruning can promote the emergence of autumn shoots. After fruit picking, it is required to cultivate autumn shoots at least twice, and the last time is not later than165438+1early October. Therefore, autumn pruning should be completed in late August and early September.

Pruning objects are dense branches, closed branches, redundant branches, disorderly branches, drooping branches, overlapping branches, cross branches, pest branches and so on. The pruning method is to remove too dense and too many main branches, adjust the position and number of backbone branches, and then cut off the above target branches. According to the requirements of different varieties and different trees, the long branches are retracted and chopped, and the residual branches that bear fruit at the periphery are chopped at the lower dense nodes. The principle of mango tea pruning is: "according to the tree shape, the top is restrained and the bottom is lifted, loose and balanced, and the top is heavy and the bottom is light." Results In autumn pruning, we should pay attention to the combination of heavy fertilizer before and after pruning, ensure the supply of inorganic nutrients needed for vegetative growth, quickly restore the tree potential and physiological function, accumulate nutrients for flower bud differentiation and lay the foundation for next year's production. At the same time, in the process of pruning, except for the need of tree renewal, pruning should not be too heavy.

Controlling flowers and thinning fruits

Appropriate measures should be taken to control flowering period, delay flowering and avoid the influence of bad weather. For some varieties with various flowering habits, the method of removing inflorescences can be adopted. Generally, removing the terminal inflorescence and re-differentiating the lateral buds into flower buds can delay the flowering period by about 1 month. The method is to erase the early flowering ear from the base and let it grow back on the side of the base. If the first ear germinates too early, it can also be shortened from several bud positions below the basal branch ear to promote the lateral buds to germinate again. Wipe off the bud before it reaches 7 cm, otherwise the nutrient consumption will be too high, and the flower quality of the regenerated spike will be weakened, which will affect the fruit setting and fruit quality. If the temperature is high after erasing the ear, the ear will sprout quickly, and the newly unplugged ear can be erased again. Generally, it can be painted continuously for 2 ~ 3 times. Spikes and florets picked in mid-February or later can open in late March and early April, when the temperature is most suitable for mango pollination and fruit setting. Therefore, bud smearing and flower control will be stopped after mid-February.

For plants that do not bloom due to excessive vegetative growth or other reasons, physical or chemical measures can be taken to stop the growth of branches in time, accumulate enough photosynthetic nutrients, and promote flower bud differentiation and flowering. (1)165438+1In the late drought season in October, the soil turned deep and cut off some lateral roots. When the leaves are exposed to the sun and turn yellow-green, this work should be completed before the cold comes in early spring. Ring ligation can also be used (before and after slight cold, tie the first branch with 16 iron wire, tie it tightly to the depth of the skin with iron tongs, and untie it after flowering). ② Use plant growth regulators. Plant growth regulators are mainly used to control vegetative growth, promote flower bud differentiation, flowering, flower promotion, fruit preservation, overcoming fruits in different years and so on. The same drug shows different physiological responses due to different fertilization periods and concentrations. Be sure to know the nature, concentration and use time of the drug before taking it. Paclobutrazol is a plant growth retardant with low toxicity and obvious effect, which is widely used at present. The absorption part is mainly xylem, and the spraying effect on leaves is poor. The application depends on the tree. Generally, 7-30g (commercial quantity, effective component is 65,438+05%) can be applied to 5-year-old trees, and 20-40g can be applied to trees with strong growth and large crown, and vice versa. The dosage of flower-forcing and flower-reversing is large, but the dosage of flower-forcing and flower-making is small. When applying the pesticide, a shallow ditch of about 10 cm should be opened under the canopy, evenly applied and covered with soil, and the soil should be kept moist for half a month, which will take effect two months after applying the pesticide. But different varieties have different effects. Out-of-season cultivation should be planted around March, and positive flowers can be planted in 65438+ 10. The application of paclobutrazol has the phenomenon of early flowering, so it is best to decide the application time according to the winter weather forecast. This medicine has a long residual effect and cannot be applied every year, otherwise it will affect the growth of trees and is not suitable for weak trees.

After flowering, the young fruit expands rapidly. In order to concentrate nutrition for the growth and development of the small fruit, it is necessary to cut off the inflorescence and empty flower branches that are too late. After the second physiological fruit drop in late May, the fruit can be thinned. The purpose of fruit thinning is to protect the fruit, because mangoes bloom a lot. If the weather is right during flowering, there are often many small fruits hanging in one ear. Although most small fruits naturally fall off during physiological fruit dropping, some small fruits still hang on a certain ear, competing for nutrition, dispersing nutrition and affecting fruit development and commodity value. Generally, it is enough for high-yield trees to leave only one fruit per ear. If the tree has a large crown and few fruits, you can leave two small fruits on a single ear. The principle of fruit thinning is to remain strong and weak, healthy and evil (diseases, pests and deformities). When thinning the fruit, the small fruit should be cut off together with the fruit handle.

Bagging to protect fruit

In early June, when the fruit grows to the size of an egg, it should be bagged to protect the fruit. Bagging fruit protection is one of the important links in healthy cultivation of mango, which can prevent pests and diseases, reduce disease infection, reduce mechanical damage, improve fruit quality, and reduce spraying times and pesticide residue pollution.

The most economical bagging material is to use waste newspapers. Waste newspapers have strong water permeability, will not stick to the peel after being wet, dry quickly, are not easy to mildew, are easy to obtain materials, have low cost and have good effect. A four-page waste newspaper can be folded into six paper bags of the same size, and the bags can be stitched with staples. The so-called "four nails method" means that the shovel uses one nail and the side uses two nails. After putting the fruit, fold the corner of the bag mouth and fix it with a nail.

Bagging acceptance requires a disease prevention spray, which should be the tree sprayed with medicine on the same day, and bagging should be completed on the same day to avoid re-infection of germs.