What is the entire content of the Three Character Classic?

The translation and original text of the Three Character Classic are as follows:

1. Original text.

In the beginning, human beings are inherently good. Similar in nature, but far apart in habits. If you don't teach, your nature will change. The most important thing in teaching is specialization. Xi Meng's mother chose a neighbor's place. If you don't learn, you will lose your chance. Dou Yanshan has a righteous prescription. Teach five sons and they will all become famous. It's the father's fault if he doesn't teach him. If the teaching is not strict, the teacher will be lazy. It is not appropriate for a child not to learn. If you don't learn when you are young, what will you do when you are old? If jade is not polished, it will become useless. If a person does not learn, he does not know righteousness.

Being the son of man, Fang Shaoshi. Close friends and teachers, learn etiquette. The fragrance is nine years old and can warm the mat. Filial piety to relatives is what you should do. Melting four years old can make pears. If you are a younger brother than an elder, you should be a prophet. The first is filial piety and brotherhood, the second is seeing and hearing. Know a certain number, know a certain text. One makes ten, ten makes one hundred. Hundreds and thousands, thousands and thousands. The three talents are the people of heaven and earth. The three lights are the sun, moon and stars. The three principles are the righteousness of the king and his ministers.

Father and son are close, and husband and wife are harmonious. It is called spring and summer, and it is called autumn and winter. During these four seasons, luck is endless. Said north and south, said west and east. These four directions should be in the center. They are water, fire, wood, metal and earth. These five elements are based on numbers. The ten stems range from Jia to Gui. Twelve branches, the son reaches Hai. It is called the ecliptic, where the sun is. It is said that the equator is in the middle. It's extremely warm below the equator. I am Chinese, in the Northeast.

The cold and heat are uniform, but the frost and dew change. Plateau on the right, sea on the left. It is called Jianghe, and it is called Huaiji. These four rivers are the discipline of water. Said Daihua, Song Hengheng. These five mountains are the names of mountains. Jiuzhou in ancient times has been restructured today. Called a province, thirty-five.

It is called scholar-farmer, and it is called industry and commerce. These four people are the good of the country. It is called benevolence and righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust. These five constants cannot be disrupted. Born from the earth, there are vegetation. This plant is found all over land and water. There are insects, fish, birds and beasts. This animal can fly away. Rice, rice, rice, millet and millet. These six grains are eaten by people. Horses, cattle and sheep, chickens, dogs and pigs. These six animals are fed by humans. It is said to be joyful and angry, and it is said to be sad and fearful. Love, evil and desire are the seven emotions. Green, red, yellow, and black and white.

These five colors are recognized by the eye. Sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty. These five flavors are contained in the mouth. The smell of charred meat is fragrant and rotten. These five odors are smelled by the nose. Earthen leather, wood, stone and gold. Silk and bamboo are the eight tones. It is said to be on the level, and it is said to go in. These four tones should be harmonized. Great-great-grandfather, born from a father. From the body comes the son, and from the son comes the grandson. From descendants to Xuanzang. It is the nine tribes and the relationship between people.

Father and son are kind, and husband and wife are obedient. An elder brother is a friend, a younger brother is a respectful person. The order of elders and younger ones, friends and friends. The king is respectful and the minister is loyal. These ten righteousnesses are shared by everyone. Follow the instructions and do not violate them. Cutting down the whole body, great and small achievements. To the end of five doses of Ma. Rituals, music, shooting, imperial books and numbers. The six ancient arts are not available today. But calligraphy is the only thing that people should follow.

Be literate and speak well. There are ancient texts, large and small seal scripts. Li Cao succeeds and cannot be messed up. If you learn widely, you will be afraid of its complexity. But briefly, you can know the origin. All training must be done with care. Detailed exegesis, clear sentence reading. As a scholar, you must have some beginnings. End of primary school, to the fourth book. The Analects of Confucius, twenty articles. Group of disciples, remember good words. Mencius, stop at chapter seven. Talk about morality and benevolence.

To write the golden mean, Zisi thinks about the pen. It's not easy to be average. It was Zengzi who taught the university. Self-cultivation leads to peace and prosperity. Filial piety classics, familiar with the four books. Like the Six Classics, it can only be read. Poetry and calligraphy are easy, and the ceremony is spring and autumn. The six classics should be paid attention to. There are mountains and there are hidden places. There are Zhouyi and three Yis in detail. There are codes and instructions. There is an oath and the secret of the book. I, Duke of Zhou, perform Zhou rites.

It governs the six organs and governs the body. Big and small wear, note the etiquette notes. Tell the holy words, prepare rituals and music. It is called national style, and it is called elegant song. The fourth poem should be satirical. After the poem died, it was written in the Spring and Autumn Period. Contains praise and blame, not good and evil. The third messenger is the ram. There is the Zuo family and there is the Guliang family. Now that the sutra is clear, only then can we read it. Summarize the essentials and record the events. Among the five sons, there is Xun Yang.

Wen Zhongzi, and Lao Zhuang. Be proficient in Jingzi and read various histories. Examine the lineage and know the end and the beginning. From Xi Nong to Huang Di. Named Three Emperors, he lived in the last world. Tang Youyu was named the Second Emperor. They bowed to each other and were called prosperous. There was Yu in Xia and Tang in Shang. Zhou Wenwu was called the Three Kings. Xia Chuanzi, the family of the world. Four hundred years later, he moved to Xiashe. Tang defeated Xia, a national merchant. Six hundred years passed until Zhou died.

King Wu of Zhou began to punish Zhou. Eight hundred years is the longest period. Zhou Zedong, Wang Gang fell. If you want to go to war, you still need to lobby. Beginning with the Spring and Autumn Period and ending with the Warring States Period. The five hegemons are strong and the seven heroes emerge. Winning the Qin family, they began to merge. In the second generation, Chu and Han fought. Gao Zuxing, Hanye built. To Xiaoping, Wang Mang usurped. Guangwuxing, the Eastern Han Dynasty. After four hundred years, it was finally presented.

Wei, Shu and Wu competed for the Han Dynasty. It was called the Three Kingdoms, up to the two Jin Dynasties. Song Qiji, Liang Chencheng. For the Southern Dynasties, the capital was Jinling. The Northern Yuan and Wei Dynasties are divided into east and west. Yu Wenzhou and Gao Qi. As far as the Sui Dynasty, there is a land. If it is no longer passed down, the tradition will be lost. Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, an insurrectionist. Eliminate the chaos of the Sui Dynasty and create the foundation of the country. Twenty biographies, three hundred years. When Liang was destroyed, the country changed. Liang, Tang, Jin, and Han and Zhou dynasties.

There are reasons for calling them Five Dynasties. The Yan Song Dynasty flourished, and Zhou Zen was accepted. Eighteen legends, mixed between the north and the south. Both Liao and Jin were proclaimed emperors. The Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Jin Dynasty and destroyed the Song Dynasty. The map is vast and ahead of its time. In ninety years, the country was abolished. Taizu prospered and the country became Ming Dynasty. His name was Hongwu and his capital was Jinling. After becoming an ancestor, he moved to Yanjing. In the 16th century, he reached Chongzhen. Quan is eunuch, Kou is like the forest. Li broke out and the artifact was burned.

The ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, Ying Jingming. Calming all directions, defeating Dading. From Kang Yong to Qian and Jiaqing. The people are safe and prosperous, and the governance achievements are praised. During the Daoxian period, chaos broke out. The beginning of the British and French, disturbed all the despise. After Tongguang, Xuantong was weak. It is said that the Nine Emperors died of Manchu Qing. The revolution flourished and the monarchy was abolished. Establish a constitution and establish the Republic of China. Ancient and modern history are all here. It is time to control chaos and know the rise and fall. Although history is complicated, it is necessary to read it step by step.

Historical Records 1, Hanshu 2. The third chapter of the Later Han Dynasty and the fourth chapter of the National Records. At the same time, it can also prove the classics and take the Tongjian. Those who read history should examine the actual records. Through the past and present, it is like seeing with your own eyes. Recite it with your mouth and only with your heart. Morning here, evening here. Xi Zhongni studied under Xiang Lu. The ancient sages were diligent in learning. Zhao Zhongling read Lu Lun. He is an official, knowledgeable and diligent. Weaved with cattails and cut bamboo slips. He has no books and knows how to encourage.

The head is cantilevered and the thorns are conical.

He doesn't teach, he works hard on his own. Like a firefly, like reflecting snow. Although his family was poor, he never stopped studying. Like a negative salary, like hanging a corner. Although the body is tired, it is still bitter. Su Laoquan, twenty-seven. Begin to get angry and read books. Even though he is old, he regrets it too late. You, a young man, should think about it early. Ruoliang Hao, eighty-two. To the great court, Quedos. Once it is completed, everyone calls it different.

You, a young man, should be determined. Ying is eight years old and can chant poems. Bi is seven years old and can play chess. He is enlightened and is praised as a miracle. If you learn from a young age, you should follow suit. Cai Wenji can play the piano. Xie Daoyun can chant. That woman is smart. Men, be careful. Liu Yan of Tang Dynasty was just seven years old. Raise prodigies and write straight characters. Although Yan was young, he was already an official. If there is something to be done, this is also the case.

The dog keeps watch at night and the chicken keeps watch in the morning. If you don't learn, you will be a bad person. Silkworms spin silk and bees make honey. If a person does not learn, he is inferior to things. Learn when you are young, walk when you are strong. To the king from the top, to the people from the bottom. Make a name for yourself and show your parents. Light is in the front and abundance is in the back. If a person leaves a son, gold will win. I teach my son the only scripture. Diligence pays off, but play is useless. Just be careful and try your best.

2. Translation.

When people are born, they are all good-natured. The good natures are very close to each other. Later, due to different living and learning environments, the differences become larger and larger. If you do not receive a good education as early as possible, your kind nature will change with the influence of the environment. The so-called preconceptions should not be taken carelessly! As for educational methods, we should focus on making children concentrate and have determination. When choosing courses, focus on specialization rather than broad knowledge.

. In ancient times, Mencius's mother took great pains to move three times in order to find an educational environment that was beneficial to Mencius. (It moved from near the cemetery to the market, and then to the school again and again.) One time Mencius skipped school and went home. Meng's mother cut the half-woven cloth in front of him.

He also warned him: The principle of studying is like weaving. The yarn must be woven one by one. After continuous efforts, the silk can become an inch, and the inches can become a foot. Finally, Only by weaving a piece of complete and useful cloth can we make a complete and useful piece of cloth; the same is true for studying. You must work hard and persevere. Only after a long period of accumulation can you achieve success. Otherwise, it is like giving up half-way in weaving. Once all the efforts are wasted, it will be useless.

During the Five Dynasties, there was a Dou Yujun (also known as Dou Yanshan) who educated his children according to the principles taught by the sages. As a result, his five sons were all successful and could bring glory to their family. When having children, if you only know how to feed them but not educate them, that would be a dereliction of duty as a parent. Teachers teach students not only to impart knowledge and skills, but more importantly, to teach students how to behave in life.

To enable students to get along harmoniously with others, have methods for doing things, and live a healthy, happy and meaningful life. Therefore, the requirements for students must be serious and strict, and they must not be lazy or lazy in order to teach good students. It’s wrong to be a child if you don’t study hard! If you are unwilling to work hard and study hard when you are young, what can you do when you are older?

A piece of jade cannot become a useful tool if it is not carved; the same is true for people. If they do not learn, they cannot understand the principles of life and do things. Shouldn't it be done? As a disciple, you should take advantage of your youth to get close to good teachers and make helpful friends, and learn the etiquette of treating others, dealing with things, responding to others, and advancing and retreating.

Huang Xiang was from Jiangxia in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When he was nine years old, he knew how to be filial to his parents. When the weather was hot in summer, he would use a fan to cool his parents' bed before inviting them to bed; in winter, he would When it was cold, he would first warm his parents' quilts and then ask them to sleep peacefully.

Such filial behavior is the duty that every child should perform. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, when Kong Rong was only four years old, he knew how to be courteous to his elder brothers and let him eat the big pears while he chose the smaller ones.

This virtue of respecting elders and loving brothers should be educated and cultivated as early as possible. The first important thing in life is to be filial to your parents and be friendly to your brothers. The second most important thing is to expand your knowledge, understand the changes in numbers, and study the articles of ancient sages to cultivate yourself. One is the beginning of numbers. Ten tens is one hundred, ten hundreds is one thousand, and ten thousand is ten thousand. When accumulated in this way, it can be endless.

The ancients believed that the basic elements that constitute the phenomenon of life and the meaning of life are: heaven, earth, and people; 'Heaven' refers to the space in which all things live, including the endless rotation of the sun, moon, and stars, and the continuous change of the four seasons. chaos. There is a certain order of day and night, cold and heat; "earth" refers to the geographical conditions and various products on which all things grow; "man" is the spirit of all things, and must follow the heaven and earth to transform and nurture all things.

The three sources of light are the sun, the moon, and the stars. The three most important ethical relationships to maintain between people are: morality between monarch and ministers, family affection between father and son, and mutual respect and harmony between husband and wife. The four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter have their own characteristics in a year, and the cycle is endless. (Spring plowing, summer plowing, autumn harvest, winter storage) The changes in the four seasons are due to the earth's revolution around the sun.

The four directions of east, south, west and north all correspond to each other based on the center. The ancients regarded wood, fire, earth, metal, and water as the five basic properties that make up matter, called the five elements. They summarized the changes in these five elements based on mathematical principles and found that there is a relationship between them, such as water producing wood, wood producing fire, and fire Earth and metal are in a mutually reinforcing relationship; metal and wood are in conflict with each other, wood and earth are in conflict with each other, earth and water are in conflict with each other, water and fire are in conflict with each other, and fire and metal are in conflict with each other.

Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wuji, Geng, Xinrengui, there are ten heavenly stems, and the earthly branches refer to: Zichou, Yinmao, Chen, Siwu, Youwei and Shuhai. There are twelve earthly branches, which are all symbols used by the ancients to calculate time; the earthly branches are used to calculate time. Calculate the daily time, for example: Zi hour refers to 11 to 1 o'clock in the morning, Chou hour refers to 1 to 3 o'clock, and noon hour refers to 11 to 13 noon.

Heavenly stems and earthly branches cooperate with each other to calculate years, such as the year of Jiazi, the year of Yichou, etc. The ecliptic is the orbit of the sun in space, and the equator is the midline of the earth, dividing the earth into the southern and northern hemispheres. The tropics are near the equator, and the temperature is extremely hot. Our country is located in the east of the northern hemisphere. Because of its vast land area, it includes the tropics, temperate zones, and cold zones.

Our country has beautiful mountains and rivers. Among the rivers, the Yangtze River is the largest river, the Yellow River is the second largest river, as well as the Huaihe River and Jishui. These four rivers eventually flow eastward into the sea. Mount Tai in the east, Mount Huashan in the west, Mount Song in the middle, Mount Heng in the north, and Mount Heng in the south. These five mountains are called Wuyue (Yue) and are the five famous mountains in China.

Scholars are scholars, and people with these four identities, scholars, farmers, industry and merchants, are the basic elements that form society and build a country. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust are what maintain the relationship between people. These five principles will never change and must be observed and no confusion is allowed.

There are many kinds of living things growing on the earth, such as grass and trees, which are plants and can be found on both land and water. As for animals, there are insects, fish, birds, and beasts. Some of them can fly in the air, some can walk on land, and some live in water.

Rice, sorghum, soybeans, wheat, broomcorn millet (sticky rice), millet (non-sticky rice), etc., are the staple foods for human consumption. China has a vast land and rich resources, and different climates, customs, and people's sentiments in different places. Therefore, the staple foods are different.

These six animals, horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and pigs, are raised by humans, and each has its own contribution to happiness, anger, sadness, fear and uneasiness, love and attachment, and hatred and disgust. , and the desire to have are the seven emotions that everyone has.

Green, red, yellow, black, and white are the five colors defined in ancient my country, called the five colors (positive colors). , we can easily distinguish them with our eyes. The five flavors of sour, bitter, sweet (sweet), spicy (spicy) and alkali are the five flavors contained in food.

Sheep. The smell of smell (smell), burnt smell, fragrance, fishy smell, and rotten smell are the five smells that our noses smell. The ancients made wind instruments with gourd and clay (such as Sheng, Xun), leather refers to cowhide, which can be made into musical instruments called drums, which have an inspiring effect, such as Jin drums, waist drums, bolang drums, etc.

Wooden musical instruments include wooden fish and bangzi. , clappers, blessings, and edicts (often used in ceremonies to worship Confucius), stone instruments include chimes (stone chimes), and metal instruments include bells, gongs, cymbals, cymbals, etc. Silk instruments were used in ancient China. They are used to make strings, so they are called silk types, including qin, zither, zither, and later huqin, pipa, violin, guitar, etc.

Bamboo musical instruments are made of perforated bamboo tubes and are mainly divided into They are flute (horizontal blowing) and Xiao (straight blowing). The above eight musical instruments can be used as representatives of the eight tones. Music can harmonize the body and mind, and they complement each other with "ritual" in ancient times. The four tones should be pronounced correctly when speaking so that people can hear clearly.

Great-great-grandfather represents three generations, namely great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather, then father and then himself, and so on. They are sons, grandsons, great-grandsons, and great-great-grandsons. The nine generations of relatives are called the nine clans, including the four generations above us and the four generations below us. They are our direct blood relatives and have the closest relationship with us. We are the eldest and youngest in the family. The following is the basic ethical relationship. The five ethics include the principle of treating each other.

Father is kind and son is filial, father is kind and loving, children are filial, husband and wife are obedient, and husband and wife are obedient. There should be respect and consideration for each other. As for brothers and sisters, older brothers and sisters should love and care for their younger brothers and sisters.

There must be an ethical order among elders and younger ones, and there must be honesty and mutual trust in dealing with friends. In sincere communication, leaders should respect their subordinates, and subordinates should be loyal to their duties and work conscientiously towards their superiors. Everyone should be loyal to their duties. From father and son to minister, everyone must abide by these ten principles and understand the relationship between relatives and strangers. Pay attention to the order and do not violate it.

In ancient times, parents, grandparents, brothers, uncles, grandfathers, cousins ??and other relatives all wore certain etiquette when they passed away, and the etiquette should not be confused. Rules, music, archery, carriage driving, calligraphy, and mathematics are the six essential skills that ancient people taught their children, called the Six Arts. Today's students no longer have these talents.

As long as you practice calligraphy and writing, everyone still agrees to abide by it. After you have recognized the characters, you need to explain the structure of the learning characters and their meaning.

Chinese characters have a long history and have their own unique meanings. Earlier there were oracle bone inscriptions and bell and tripod inscriptions, followed by large seal script and small seal script, followed by official script and cursive script. These must be clearly distinguished and not confused.

The knowledge between heaven and earth is vast and boundless. If you want to learn it all, you may not be able to learn it. It is better to choose one in depth, practice it for a long time, accumulate time and effort, and achieve extraordinary results naturally. The rest is just a matter of course. You need to know its summary and understand the source. Anyone who teaches beginners must pay attention to teaching methods, explain the principles in detail, and examine the facts clearly.

You must understand how to read chapters and sentences and how to segment them into paragraphs. When studying, you must have a good start in order to lay a good foundation. You should first be familiar with the book "Primary School" written by Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, learn how to deal with sweeping and sweeping, and the six arts, etc., and then delve into the four books to cultivate Qi Zhiping's university knowledge.

The Analects of Confucius is a record of Confucius’ teaching and preaching. There are twenty chapters in one chapter. The content is that Confucius’s students recorded the words and deeds of the saints, and talked about the conduct of people, conduct in society, and benevolence in government. It includes the Master’s and Conversations between students, or records of questions and answers between students, are very valuable.

This book by Mencius has seven chapters. It is a book written by students Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou to record the words and deeds of their teachers. The contents are all about morality and righteousness, such as advocating the king's way, rejecting tyranny, clarifying the good nature and rejecting evil, etc. It is a model for the political state. The book "The Doctrine of the Mean" was written by Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius (Kong Ji's courtesy name is Zisi, and the ancients used the word to refer to it and practice it by the word).

Zhong means impartiality, Yong means unchangeable and unchanging. Zhongyong means that it is impartial and will never change. The book "The Great Learning" was written by Zeng Zi, a student of Confucius. The book has ten chapters, which explain the principles of a person from cultivating one's morality and managing one's family to governing a country and bringing peace to the world.

The Eighteenth Chapter of the Book of Filial Piety is a book that explains filial piety. As the saying goes: "Filial piety comes first among all good deeds." Therefore, when ancient people studied knowledge, they first read the Classic of Filial Piety to fully understand the principles of the Book of Filial Piety. Then they read the four books to understand the principles of life and have a foundation of knowledge. Only then can we study the profound classics such as the Six Classics.

The Book of Songs, the Book of Books, the Book of Changes, the Book of Rites, the Zhou Rites, and the Spring and Autumn Annals are collectively called the Six Classics. Anyone who is interested in reading should carefully study the principles contained therein. In ancient times, there were three versions of the Yi Jing, namely Lianshan, Guizang, and Zhouyi. They are known as the Three Yis. Lianshan and Guizang have been lost. Today, only one version of Zhouyi has been handed down. Confucius once revised it. However, the theory in the book is relatively detailed and easy to understand.

The Book of Books contains six documents including Dianmo, Xungao, Oath, and Ming. Dian: Changye. Yao's code and Shun's code are the common ways of emperors. Mo is the strategy presented by the ministers, such as Dayu Mo.

Instruction: Instruction is the advice given by ministers to the monarch, such as Yi Xun. The Duke of Zhou established the Zhou rites and established the country's political system by dividing officials into positions. The six officials are the six ministers, including the heavenly official: the official of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Otsuka Zai, the local official: the great minister of the household department, the spring official: the great uncle of the rites department, and the summer official: the military officer. Da Sima, Qiu Guan: Da Sikou of the Ministry of Justice, and Dong Guan: Da Sikong of the Ministry of Works. They were all under the emperor, and each performed their own duties to manage national affairs, preserving a good political example for future generations.

The Book of Songs can be divided into four genres: Guofeng, Daya, Xiaoya, and Ode, which are called the Four Poems. In ancient times, if there were poems, there must be songs. Guofeng was collected from the folk songs of the princes and countries. . The elegant song is also a song sung on formal occasions. Daya is the poem used by princes to pay homage to the emperor, and Xiaoya is the poem used by the emperor to entertain guests at banquets.

Songs are songs used in ancestral temple sacrifices, including Zhou songs, Lu songs and Shang songs. Zhuan is a book that explains the "Classics". These three biographies are all annotations on the "Spring and Autumn Period". There is Gongyang Zhuan written by Gongyang Gao of Lu State, and Zuo Zhuan written by Zuo Qiuming, who was a contemporary of Confucius. There is also the biography of Gu Liang written by Gu Liangchi of the Han Dynasty.

Among them, Zuo Zhuan uses the chronicle style to annotate the Spring and Autumn Period, which is most commendable. All the affairs of the emperor and princes, the war, revolution, rituals and music, and the reasons for the rise and fall of existence and destruction are all recorded in detail. It is the best choice for studying the Spring and Autumn Period.

There are many books by various scholars, so they are called the Hundred Schools of Confucius. The most important ones are Xunzi, Yangtze, Wen Zhongzi, Laozi and Zhuangzi. (Xunzi was a famous official from Chu during the Warring States Period. He wrote a book called Xunzi, which advocated the theory of 'evil nature'. He believed that human nature has shortcomings such as greed and love for gain. Therefore, he paid special attention to etiquette and teaching, hoping to guide improvement through education. " "Encouragement to Learning" is particularly famous.

Yangzi is Yang Xiong, a native of Chengdu in the Han Dynasty. He is the author of two books, Taixuan Jing and Fayan. Taixuan Jing is based on the Book of Changes. The surname of the son in the text is Wang Mingtong. He is the author of two books, Yuan Jing and Zhong Shuo. From Fu Xi, Shen Nong to Huang Di, later generations respectfully called them the "Three Emperors". There are no written records in prehistoric times, so there is no way to investigate ancient events. < /p>

It was passed down to the Tang Dynasty when Yao and Yu Shun were jointly called the two emperors. They both regarded the country as a public instrument, passed down the virtuous but not the descendants, and abdicated the throne to the worthy. Because they had no selfish motives, they created a peaceful and prosperous age. The first monarch of the Xia Dynasty was Dayu. He controlled floods, dredged the nine rivers, and guided the floods into the sea. The people supported him.

So Emperor Shun passed the throne to him, and Xia Yu, King Tang of Shang, King Wen of Zhou, and King Wu of Zhou were honored as the "Holy Kings of the Three Generations" because of their virtuousness. Later, Xia Yu planned to pass the throne to Yi. Because the people missed Yu's achievements in controlling floods, and his son Qi was also very virtuous, the princes supported Qi. As the emperor.

From then on, China became a family. The Xia Dynasty changed dynasties after four hundred years. When Xia Jie was in power, he was tyrannical and unruly, and he established a new dynasty. It was passed down for more than six hundred years, but it was destroyed by King Zhou. King Wen of Zhou implemented benevolent policies, and all the princes came to join him. It was not until King Wu of Zhou that he united the princes to attack King Zhou because of his immorality.

The Zhou Dynasty was established and lasted for 874 years, making it the longest dynasty in the history of our country.

King Zhou Wu established the capital in Haojing, which was known as the Western Zhou Dynasty in history. After King Ping moved the capital to Luoyang, it was renamed the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. After the move eastward, the prestige of the royal family was low, and the royal family's discipline and political system gradually collapsed. The princes became their own kings and fought with each other to expand their power. , the world became chaotic.

Some strategists and speculators took the opportunity to rise up and traveled around the country as lobbyists to seek fame and lobby among countries. Some advocated alliances, while others advocated alliances. No peace. The first king of Qin, whose surname was Ying Mingzheng, used Zhang Yi's strategies of continuous diplomacy and close and distant diplomacy to defeat the six countries one by one, annexed their territories, unified the world (China), and called himself Qin Shihuang.

It is a pity that he did not practice benevolent government and was cruel and cruel to the people. When he passed to the second generation Hu Hai, he was pushed aside by the anti-riot troops Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. King Xiang Yu of Chu and King Liu Bang of Han fought against each other. The two armies fought for more than 70 rounds. In the end, Xiang Yu was defeated and committed suicide, and the world became unified again. Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, rose up and established the foundation of the Han Dynasty. He was the first civilian emperor in history.

When it came to the eleventh generation of Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty, he was usurped by his relative Wang Mang. After Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, he changed the name of the country to a new one. Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, revived the Han Dynasty and promoted Wang Mang to establish his capital in Luoyang, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty. (The era before Wang Mang was called the Western Han Dynasty) The Han Dynasty lasted for more than 400 years. By the time Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, it was deposed by Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao.

Wei (Cao Cao, Cao Pi), Shu (Liu Bei), and Wu (Sun Quan) competed with each other for the Han Dynasty. In history, it was called the Three Kingdoms era, until the Jin Dynasty (Sima Yan) succeeded and destroyed the Three Kingdoms , ended the chaotic situation. And because of the Five Husties' rebellion in China, the capital was moved to Jiankang in the south of the Yangtze River, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty lasted for more than a hundred years and was overthrown by Liu Yu during the reign of Emperor Jin'an, thus entering the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The court in the north was ruled by foreigners and the south was in a state of peace, which was called the Southern Dynasties. In order to distinguish them from other dynasties, historians added the word "nan" to the names of these four countries, namely Southern Song, Southern Qi, Nanliang, and Nanchen, all of which had their capitals in Jinling (Nanjing). After Tuoba Gui of the Northern Dynasties established the Northern Wei Dynasty, he paid attention to rituals, music and education, and implemented the policy of sinicization. He changed his surname to Yuan, so he was called Yuan Wei, which is quite famous in history.

At the time of Emperor Xiaowu, it split into the Eastern and Western Wei. Soon, Yuwen Zhou usurped the Western Wei and established the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Gao Yang usurped the Eastern Wei and established the Northern Qi. It was not until Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty that he ended the Northern and Southern Dynasties and unified the world (China), who became Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.

Emperor Wen was well aware of the sufferings of the people and was diligent and thrifty throughout his life and loved the people. Unfortunately, he did not know people well, so he appointed his second son Yang Guang as the prince instead, sowing the seeds of disaster. Yang Guang, the Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, was debauched, immoral and self-willed. It was also a great success. As a result of successive conquests, the world was in chaos and the people were in dire straits, which caused denunciation from all parties. It was only passed down for one generation, and the Sui Dynasty perished in only thirty-eight years.

The Tang Dynasty lasted for twenty generations, and the country's fortunes lasted nearly three hundred years. It was not until Zhu Quanzhong destroyed the Tang Dynasty that the country's name was changed to Houliang. In order to distinguish it from the previous dynasties, an additional word 'hou' was added. Character. Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou, these five dynasties are called the Five Dynasties.

The lives of the Five Dynasties are very short, and there are reasons for their rise and fall. Zhao Kuangyin accepted the abdication of Emperor Gong of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty (actually forcing Emperor Gong to abdicate). Because he valued literature over military affairs and only advocated civil governance without paying attention to military affairs, the country's power declined. unified. The territory of the Mongol Empire was unprecedented, larger than the most powerful Han and Tang dynasties in China. However, due to factors such as racial discrimination, religious persecution and high-pressure policies (emphasis on force over civil rule), it only lasted 90 years before being pushed aside by Zhu Yuanzhang.

The Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty launched an uprising and campaigned in the south and north for eighteen years. Finally, he completed the great cause of unification, changed the country's name to Ming, designated the reign name as Hongwu, and established the capital in Nanjing. When Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Yanjing (Beijing), it was passed down for another sixteen generations, ending with Emperor Chongzhen.

The reason why the Ming Dynasty perished was due to political corruption caused by the eunuchs' manipulation of power and heavy taxes that the people could not afford, so bandits and bandits broke out everywhere. The most famous bandit and bandit at that time, Li Zicheng, called himself King Chuang and led his troops. After rushing straight into Beijing, Chongzhen saw that the situation was over and hanged himself in Meishan, ending the 277-year history of the Ming Dynasty.

The ancestor of the Qing Dynasty claimed to have accepted the destiny and entered the Central Plains to quell the chaos of bandits in various places and restore peace to the world. The ancestor of the Qing Dynasty was the first emperor of the Manchu Dynasty, and later passed the throne to Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing. For more than a hundred years, the country became prosperous and the people lived a stable and prosperous life. This was all due to political clarity and good governance performance. Foreigners The ability to govern with both civil and military forces is truly worthy of admiration.

In the reign of Daoguang and Xianfeng, the country gradually weakened, and internal and external troubles arose one after another. The civil strife was the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the foreign troubles were caused by the frequent harassment and invasion by Britain and France for trade issues. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Empress Dowager Cixi When he came to power, his political ethics were in ruins, he was incompetent and arbitrary, he favored the eunuchs and listened to the slanders of villains, and the government was in chaos, which was the cause of the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

The founding father, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, led the revolutionary martyrs, shed their lives and blood, abolished the monarchy system, established the first democratic republic in Southeast Asia, formulated a five-power constitution, and established the Republic of China. The history that has happened throughout the ages, from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Qing Dynasty, has 25 dynasties all here. From the process of governing chaos in various dynasties, we can understand the reasons for the rise and fall. We should remember the lessons of history so as not to repeat the same mistakes.

Although there are many historical books, you still need to follow the order when studying them in order to understand the truth.

First of all, you should read Historical Records, then Hanshu, Later Hanshu, and Fourthly, Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. These four books are called the "Four Histories" with the most essential and accurate content. At the same time, you should also seek other scriptures for confirmation, and refer to Zizhi Tongjian to understand history. to give a complete picture and avoid covering up the whole picture with partiality.

Those who study history must examine the materials that record historical facts. If there is 100% evidence, speak 10% of the truth. If there is 10% evidence, speak 10% of the truth.

In this way, you can truly understand the history of the past and present, just like witnessing it with your own eyes. The method of reading requires not only reading and memorizing it orally, but also thinking with your heart. Not only do you study hard during the day, but you also need to work hard at night so that you can remember it by heart.

Once upon a time, Master Confucius heard that there was a seven-year-old child prodigy named Xiang Lu in the State of Lu. Although he was only seven years old, Master Confucius still looked to him as a teacher. For a sage like Master Confucius to be so shameless in asking questions, we should think alike when we see the wise! During the Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu (who once served as Zhongshu Ling and later became prime minister) was fond of reading the Analects. Although he was a prime minister, he still studied diligently and "ruled the world with half of the Analects", which became a famous saying.