Appreciation of the Original Translation of Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang

Overall perception

In the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), Song Lian retired in the second year, so he should be summoned to meet with the DPRK. Ma Jun, a junior studying in imperial academy, came to visit. Song Lian wrote this preface, introducing his learning experience and attitude, encouraging him to study hard and be a man with both ability and political integrity. This lesson only extracts the first half of the preface. In this part, the author did not preach with a straight face because of his position and elder status, but put forward his own views, described his difficulties and hardships when he was young, moved by emotion and understood by reason, and the author's ardent expectations for Ma Sheng were contained in it.

author

Song Lian (1310-1381), also known as a writer in Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, was also known as Xuanzhenzi, Xuanzhendao and Xuanzhendun. Pujiang, Zhejiang (now Yiwu, Zhejiang) was a famous writer in the early Ming Dynasty. He was born in a poor family, but he was eager to learn since he was a child. He was hired by Wu Lai and Liu Zhi, masters of ancient Chinese prose at the end of Yuan Dynasty. He studied hard all his life. "From childhood to old age, he never went to school for a day and learned everything." At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shundi asked him to edit imperial academy. He shouldn't quit his job to write a book on the grounds of supporting his parents.

In the 20th year (1360), Zheng Zheng was hired by Zhu Yuanzhang together with Liu Ji, Zhang Yi and Ye Chen, and was honored as the teacher of the Five Classics. Hong majored in Yuan history, and the official to the bachelor accepted the imperial edict. Later, due to Hu's case, he died in Maozhou. There are The Complete Works of Song Dynasty, The New Filial Piety, etc.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, and Song Lian became a Confucian teacher in Jiangnan, giving lectures to the Prince. In the second year of Hongwu (136 September), he was ordered to major in Yuan history. Tired officials went to the academician courtyard to start a business, knowing the patent. Hongwu ten years (1377), resigned and returned home. Later, because the eldest grandson was involved in the Hu one-party case, the whole family was exiled to Maozhou (now Sichuan Qiang Autonomous County) and died on the way in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Chongqing).

In the history of ancient literature in China, Song Lian, Liu Ji and Gao Qi were called the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty. He took it as his duty to inherit the feudal Confucian orthodoxy, and advocated "learning from the classics" and "learning from the ancients" of the characters and learning from the Tang and Song Dynasties. His works are very rich. His works, represented by biographical sketches and narrative essays, are concise, graceful and elegant, with their own characteristics. When the Ming Dynasty was founded, most of the imperial rites and music systems were formulated by Song Lian. Zhu Yuanzhang called him "the first civil servant in the founding of the People's Republic of China", Liu Ji praised him as "the first article today" and scholars from all directions called him "Tai Shigong". Author of Selected Works of Song Shi Xue.

Song Lian is "the head of the founding civil servants". He insisted that Ming Dow's prose should seek truth from facts, draw lessons from classics, emphasize "expressing one's will", pay attention to "changing things" and demand "feeling things with things", so his prose is rich in content and has certain artistic skills.

In the next generation, Song Lian is the first person to open a private library.

Song Lian's collection of books began as a teenager. At that time, he moved to Pujiang because of the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and built a room to study in Luo Qing Mountain, because its building was named "Luo Qing Mountain House". After the mutiny, the official books were seriously damaged, and Song Lian was able to keep the book city because of his seclusion in the mountains. Qi Ming Han Cheng's "Red Book Collection of Lianshengtang" said: "After the country broke the fire and died, Song Wenxian publicly studied in Luoqingshan, and has collected thousands of books." The Preface to the Complete Works of Song Wenxian, the second volume of the Collected Works of Fengxitang in the Qing Dynasty, said that Song Lian "began to sneak into Pujiang, gained his book wealth, and pushed Song Lian first".

original text

I was addicted to [1] when I was young. If the family is poor, there is no way [2] to write a book [3]. Every time I borrow [4] from the library, I will record it myself and count the days. It's cold, the inkstone is hard, the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they are lazy [5]. Send it away after recording, and dare not exceed the appointment [6]. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. It is both a crown [7] and a holy way. Suffering from [8] ownerless celebrities and tourists [9], I tried [10] to go to [1 1] a hundred miles away, and I went from my hometown to [12] to ask questions [13]. 1. Delong looked up at the statue [14], and the disciple filled his room [15], but he never left his words behind *[ 16]. Yu Lishi assisted the suspect [17] and leaned over to ask questions [18]; Or when you are scolded [19], the more respectful and polite you are [20], and you dare not say a reply [21]; [22] Once you are happy, please. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.

When I was a teacher, I dragged myself into the deep mountain valley, where the winter was poor, the wind was strong, the snow was several feet deep and my skin was chapped. When I arrived at the house [26], the four branches [27] were too stiff to move, and people [28] poured the soup and covered it for a long time. If you travel against the trend [29], the owner will eat again every day, and there is no taste of fresh fat. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with Zhu Yingbao, wearing a circle of white jade around their waist, a sword on the left and a smelly face on the right [30], [3 1] like a god; I'm in the middle of my robe [32] and I don't care about it. Those who have had enough fun in it don't know that the mouth [33] is not like a person. My efforts and efforts are probably like this.

Today, students learn from imperial academy [37], and the county magistrate [38] has a little support. My parents are 38 years old and have a legacy of Qiu Ge, and they are not afraid of freezing. Sit downstairs and recite "poems" and "books" without running around; If you have a teacher, the doctor [39] is a teacher, and if you don't ask, you can't get what you want; There should be all the books here. There is no need for others to record them and read them later. If the industry is not refined, the morality is not successful, and the nature is not inferior, then the heart is not specialized. Is it too much for others?

Dongyang Ma Shengjun spent two years in imperial academy and was called a sage by the younger generation. Yu Dynasty's capital [4 1] was born in a hometown. Write [42] a very long book, very eloquent. On the other hand, characters and colors are different [43]. When you say you are young, you need to make a lot of efforts to study. Yes, it can be described as a studious person. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. Those who scoff at my boasting about the prosperity of opportunities and are arrogant to the villagers, I'm afraid I'm the only one left!

To annotate ...

[1] Addiction: special hobby.

[2] No way: No way.

[3] writing a book: get a book, here refers to buying books.

[4] borrow: borrow. "Fake" also means borrowing.

[5] Fu's laziness: that is, Fu is lazy, does not slack off, and does not relax when copying books. "Zhi" is the object of "laziness" and refers to "recording".

[6] Go: Run.

[7] overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

[8] Coronation: In ancient times, when a man was twenty years old, he was crowned (wearing a hat) to show his manhood. This means twenty years old.

[9] Suffering from: worry and anxiety.

[10] Master: A knowledgeable teacher. Shuo, Da.

[1 1] taste: once.

[12] trend: running towards.

[13] Xianda: a moral and learned elder.

[14] Inquiry: Ask for advice. Knock on the door and ask.

Delong Wang Zun: Noble morality and prestige.

The disciples crowded his room: the students crowded his room. Master, apprentice, student. To fill, block. It means crowded here.

[17] Ci *: words and face *.

[18] aid doubts: ask questions and ask the truth. Help, leadership and advice. Quality, inquiry

[19] Bend down and slant your ears to ask: Bend down and slant your ears (to show respect and concentration) for advice.

[20] reprimand: reprimand, reprimand.

[2 1] To: Deliberate.

[22] A: This refers to defense.

[23] as long as: wait.

[24] negative basket (qi&; egra-ve； ) drag (xǐ): lift the book box and pull the shoes (indicating that the shoes are worn out).

[25] Poor winter: severe winter.

[26] chapped skin (jūn): The skin is broken due to cold and dryness.

[27] House: This refers to the school house and school.

[28] Branch: Same as "limb".

[29] Qi (y &；; igra-ve； Ng) person: the woman who married him. This refers to the maid.

[30] soup: hot water.

[3 1] Lying off: water and washing. Pass "wash".

[32] Traveling against the trend: staying in a hotel. Travel backwards, hotel.

[33] Smelly capacity: sachet.

Leaf (y &；; egra-ve； ) of course: a glorious appearance.

[35] Qi (y &；; ugra-ve； N) robes: rags, rags and rags.

[36] The battle of mouth and body refers to the joy of food and clothing.

[37] imperial academy: imperial academy, located in Beijing, is the highest institution of learning in China.

[38] County Decree: This refers to the imperial court. Shao Lei: Schleswig, that is, the board fee.

[39] Teacher and Doctor: Teacher imperial academy and Dr. imperial academy are both instructors.

[40] Liu Dai: The same generation.

[4 1] Chao: This means going to Beijing to see the emperor after becoming an official.

[42] Write: Same as "write". Long book: long letter. Lu: It was a gift when we first met.

[43] Yi: Peace.

[44] Prosperity of opportunity: That's good to meet. This refers to the official position.

[45] So: So.

[46] Wisdom: Get it.

translate

I like reading since I was a child. (But) my family is poor and I can't get books, so I often borrow books from people who have books, copy them with my own pen, and count the days to return them on schedule. When the weather is particularly cold, the ink in the inkstone pool forms solid ice, and the fingers can't bend and straighten, and they dare not relax (copy books). Return the book as soon as possible after copying, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. Because of this, many people are willing to lend me books, so I can see all kinds of books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages even more. Later, I was worried that I didn't associate with masters and celebrities. Once I went hundreds of miles away and asked for advice from the local moral and learned predecessors with scriptures. The elder is highly respected and asked him for advice. His room is crowded with students, but he never softens his words and expressions. I stood by and waited, asking questions, asking truth, bending over and asking questions with my ears sideways; Sometimes when he scolds me, my expression is more obedient, my behavior is more considerate, and I dare not say a word; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I am stupid, I can finally gain something.

When I was a teacher studying, I carried a book box and dragged my shoes in the old valley in the mountains. In the deep winter, there was a fierce cold wind, and the snow was several feet thick, and the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the hostel, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought hot water to wash (my whole body) and covered the quilt. It took a long time to warm up. (a) staying in a hotel, the host only provides two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy. My classmates who live with me are all dressed in gorgeous clothes, wearing red tassels and hats decorated with precious stones, wearing rings made of white jade, with knives on the left and sachets on the right, all shining like immortals; I live among them in rags, but I don't envy them, because I have enough happiness in my heart and I don't feel inferior to others. This is probably the case with my diligence and hard work when I was studying.

Now these students are studying in imperial academy, the government provides meals every day, and parents issue winter clothes and summer clothes every year, so there is no need to worry about freezing and hunger. Sitting under a big and spacious house reading "poems" and "books", there is no fatigue of running around; Some teachers and doctors don't ask themselves, and they can't get knowledge; All the books should be concentrated here, so that I don't have to copy them myself as before, and I can borrow them from others first. (If) they are (still) poor in studies and (still) lacking in virtue, (then) it is not that (he) is low in nature, but that (he) is not single-minded with me. Is it someone else's fault?

Dongyang Ma studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers were full of praise for his talents. When I went to the capital to see the emperor, Ma Sheng greeted me as a younger compatriot and wrote a long letter as a gift. He is fluent and approachable, arguing with him, gentle in speech and modest in attitude. He himself said that he was very diligent and hard-working when he was a teenager, and he can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, and I specifically told him about the difficulty of studying. If I encourage fellow villagers to study hard, that is my ambition; If you denigrate me, brag about my experience and be proud in front of my fellow villagers, do you know me?

Writing background

Since Song Lian, the founding father of Ming Dynasty, wrote "Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang" in the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), the protagonist Ma Sheng in this paper has become famous at home and abroad. Generation after generation of students study hard and make progress diligently with the spirit of horse.

For more than 600 years, what is Ma Sheng's real name in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, where he came from and what he did have always been a historical mystery that everyone cares about. The author consulted all kinds of Ma genealogy in Maoling, Dongyang, and made textual research in many aspects. He believes that Ma Shengjun (Ma Junze) is the grandson of the 18th Duke Ma Datong, and has since stepped into politics.

Ma Datong (844-9 15), the political ancestor of Ma, was born in Maoling, Dongyang (now Shaoxing). In the fifth year of Tang Dynasty (864), Xian Tong was appointed as the magistrate of Dongyang County, and lived in Songshan, Dongyang after his term of office expired (suspected to be Houma, a thousand townships in Dongyang City, to Gan Tang, a town in Sanlian). The 10th Datong Gongsun (ancestor, 1084- 1 160, word) was born in Songshan, Dongyang, and moved to Doujiao Mountain (now Shang 'an Village, Nanma Town, Dongyang). Sun Zangong, Duke of Datong (10/01261), moved from Xizhai (Houjie Village, Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, in Nanma Town, which no longer exists) to Shangzhai (Shanggantian Village). Praise the public as the ancestor of business.

Ma Jun, the eighteenth grandson of Duke Datong (the fifth grandson of Joe), has his real name and deeds in the spectrum: "Those who are afraid of politics have good words and good days." Give nature a clear mind and stand firm. Yuan named Wu as the commander-in-chief, and appointed Yiwu Inspection Department and Jinhua Pavilion as the county chief. At the beginning of the first year of Ming Dynasty, the holy son of heaven worshiped Confucianism and named Zheng Jiupin as the general and governor of Kaifeng Prefecture. Praise good governance, promote justice, carry out lang orders, and make Dongchang Tangyi. The performance appraisal is fulfilled and justified. "

In the "Spectrum" (the names in the spectrum are arranged alphabetically), the first two political positions of the horse are recorded: "Lianger, courtesy is reciprocal, and the word is the main one ... born in the Yuan Dynasty (1334) on October 13th and died in Hongwu Yijiu (1385) on July 8th." The next step is: "If you are in danger, don't talk about it, Ann Zhang Jun." If Weng Gong has no date of birth and death. After Ma entered politics, the written record was: "Those who are afraid of brocade are slippery." Born in the late Qing Dynasty (1343) May 17. "

Let's talk about the relationship between Song Lian and horses. Song Lian (1310-1381), whose real name is Jinglian, is from Qianxi. Originally from Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, I moved to the west. At the age of 25, I went to Yimen, Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province to apply for a teacher, so I was from Pujiang. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, he was honored as the head of the civil service. He used to be the president officer of Yuan, awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, served as the director of etiquette department, and praised good doctors. Here is a collection of songs handed down from generation to generation in Shi Xue.

Song Lian wrote in "Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang": "Ma Shengjun from Dongyang lived in imperial academy for two years, and later he was called a saint. A fellow villager from the capital of song dynasty wrote a long book, which is very eloquent. Debate with it, and not color. He said that he was diligent in studying when he was young and was a good scholar. Will return to the rest, and the rest is hard to say. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow countryman is a scholar, and Yu Mian is also very arrogant. Is he praising me for meeting this rich and arrogant peasant's Yu Sheng? "

The above evaluation of Ma Jun is consistent with Ma's political life in terms of content, personality and academic quality.

According to the above spectrum, Ma Tingzhen (grandson of the 18th Datong) was born in 1334, Ma Jin (grandson of the 18th Datong) was born in 1343, and Ma was born in politics between 1334- 1343. Song Lian's Preface to Farewell to Dongyang was written on 1378, which is consistent with Ma's political age.

Why is there no date of birth and death of horses in politics in the genealogy? The author consulted a large number of genealogies in Dongyang (including Pan 'an) and found that other genealogies had similar situations. There are many reasons, such as the long interval of compilation (usually once every 30 or 40 years), the loss of military treasures, or poor preservation, and so on. Ma Zheng was born between 1334 and 1343. According to the genealogy of Shang 'an Village, the last revision was from Yuan Dynasty to Zhengshi (1347). The next revision is in the 12th year of Ming Hongzhi (1499). The interval between the two revisions is 152 years. The reason why the compilation of the score is long and poorly preserved (only a few lines are missing) may be that the date of birth and death of Zheng Ma was not written into the score. Genealogy of An Tian Ma Shi was first compiled in the first year of Longxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 163), which is one of the earliest genealogies compiled in Dongyang area and a reliable historical material.

Ma's political career has not been recorded in Dongyang county annals and local documents in past dynasties, because there were many people in Dongyang since Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as 1086 people who held positions above the county magistrate (until the Qing Dynasty). Ma's official position in politics is only seven county magistrate, so he is not qualified to be included in the roster. So for more than 600 years, no one knew that Ma Junze was a horse politically.

Horse in politics, the word is economic, economic number. In Song Lian, Ma Jun and the third runner-up have similar pronunciations. The original meaning of "average" is average, and the batches here are concentric. "Equal assistance" can be understood as that everyone is of one mind and one mind, and everyone should study hard and strive academically. "Day help" can be understood as the first day to study hard and struggle constantly at school. The meaning of Ma's political name is similar to that of Ma Junze's "boasting that he was diligent in studying when he was young, which can be described as a good talent".

As can be seen from The Preface to Dongyang, Ma Junze studied hard when he was a teenager, and his learning spirit was quite similar to that of the great writer Song Lian when he was young, which can be regarded as forgetting friends. Song Lian encouraged him to work harder and study harder. He seems to have lived up to Song Lian's painstaking efforts. Later, during his tenure, he made great achievements and was blessed by the son of heaven. Its name is borrowed from Song Lianchuan. (Ma Yunlu)

reaction to a book or an article

The road to study is difficult and bumpy. Only if you are not afraid of difficulties, have the courage to explore, have perseverance and perseverance can you succeed in your studies. Diligent study is the foundation of success.

The key to learning success lies in subjective efforts, which has nothing to do with objective learning and living conditions.

In learning, we should have the thoughts and feelings of taking pleasure in suffering and enjoying pleasure, and at the same time, we should cherish our existing superior learning environment and conditions and study hard.