Common diseases of free-range chickens

Disease is an important factor affecting the growth of free-range chickens, so what are the common diseases of free-range chickens? Then let's take a look at the common diseases of free-range chickens that I carefully recommend for everyone, hoping to help you.

Common diseases of free-range chickens and their prevention and control methods

1 coccidiosis

Chicken coccidiosis is an important disease caused by coccidia parasitizing on intestinal epithelial cells of chickens. Chickens in orchards rarely clean up the feces on the ground, and chickens are in direct contact with the ground, which creates conditions for the spread of coccidiosis, especially in hot and rainy summer, which is more conducive to the development of coccidiosis cysts. It mainly harms chicks less than 3 months old, especially at 15-50 days old. In addition to causing death, it also seriously affects the growth and weight gain of restored chickens, obviously reduces the production performance of chickens and causes losses. The main symptoms are depression, loose feathers and diarrhea, and the feces are carrot-like or ketchup-like. The diseased cockscomb and fleshy beard can be seen in the cecum of coccidia, and blood samples and feces are excluded.

Coccidiosis is mainly controlled from the following aspects: ① Strengthen the sanitary management of orchard henhouses at ordinary times, clean up the manure in orchards and henhouses in time, and pile up the chicken manure for fermentation. (2) breeders should pay attention to prevent feed, drinking water and utensils from being polluted by chicken manure, pay attention to the observation of chicken manure, and use anticoccidial drugs immediately if red manure is found. Install and manage the water supply system correctly, pay attention to the water dispenser, prevent the ground from being wet due to water leakage, timely drain in rainy season, and try to keep the ground dry. ③ It is a very necessary measure to control coccidiosis by rational drug use. If it is suggested that the immunity of free-range white feather broilers in orchards is uneconomical because of the short growth cycle, but it is required to continue to use anticoccidial drugs throughout the growth cycle, chemical or ionophore anticoccidial drugs can be used alternately, and the drugs should be stopped a few days before the market. If yellow-feathered broilers, pheasants or native chickens need to consider their own immunity to coccidiosis because of their long growth cycle, synthetic coccidiosis inhibitors can be put in to promote the generation of active immunity to coccidiosis in chickens.

2 histomoniasis

Chicken histomoniasis, also known as cecal hepatitis, is caused by trichomonas histolytica parasitizing the cecum and liver of chickens. It is mainly caused by chickens swallowing eggs of earthworms or heteronematodes containing chicken histomonas. There are too many earthworms in the soil, which creates conditions for the epidemic of the disease. The main symptoms are listlessness, loss of appetite or even cessation, coarse feathers, diarrhea and yellowish or greenish feces. In severe cases, there is blood in the feces, and even a lot of bleeding. At the end of the disease, due to blood circulation disorder, the comb is dark black, so there is? Blackhead disease? Known as. The main changes of the case are round or irregular liver surface, central depression, marginal uplift and yellowish or greenish necrotic focus. Cecum swelling, mucosal bleeding. Necrosis and even ulcers.

Prevention: it is mainly to strengthen feed management and disinfect regularly to maintain the complete nutritional value of feed. Usually pay attention to the feeding of chicks and adults in groups, and regularly deworm chickens with different nematodes.

Chicken leukemia

Chicken pullorum, also known as white crown disease, is a kind of haemosporosis caused by white protozoa parasitic on white blood cells and red blood cells of chickens. It mainly occurs in May-10 high temperature season, and mainly spreads through chicken cages. Raising chickens in orchards also created conditions for the occurrence of the disease. The main clinical symptoms are elevated body temperature, listlessness, decreased food intake, yellow or green stool, sudden hemoptysis, dyspnea and death. Sometimes the chicken is anemic, and the comb and beard are pale. Pathological changes are mainly chicken emaciation, thin blood, poor coagulation, bleeding spots in subcutaneous, muscle and internal organs, and gray or slightly yellow needle-tip to chestnut-sized nodules.

Prevention: mainly do a good job in the sanitation of chicken houses and orchards, and remove sewage, feces and weeds in time. It is necessary to spray pesticides in and around the orchard to kill the source of infection-Culex pipiens.

4 chickenpox

Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by varicella virus. Mosquitoes are the main media. Mosquitoes can carry the virus for 10-30 days after sucking the blood of sick chickens, and susceptible chickens can be infected when they come into contact with sick chickens. There are many mosquitoes in orchards, especially in summer and autumn, which provides favorable conditions for the spread of chickenpox, and the incidence of chickenpox in orchards is high. Chickenpox can be divided into skin type and diphtheria type. The main clinical and pathological changes of cutaneous varicella are local pink lesions and acne rash in cockscomb and featherless parts; Diphtheria-type chickenpox affects breathing because of acne rash in trachea and larynx, which is mainly manifested as dyspnea and even breathing with the mouth open and neck extended. Pathological changes were pockmarked hyperplasia of cockscomb and nodular hyperplasia of pharynx and organ mucosa.

Prevention: mainly use attenuated chicken pox vaccine for vaccination, and at the same time do a good job in the sanitation of the orchard and surrounding areas, eliminate mosquito breeding conditions, and pay attention to killing mosquitoes at any time. In summer and autumn, the hen house can be lit with mosquito-repellent incense at night to repel mosquitoes.

Feeding method of free-range chicken

If you want to raise chickens freely, the location is very important. Chicken farms should be economical, close to water sources, with less pollution, less human flow and rich vegetation on the surface. Don't build a chicken farm by the river.

It is very important to choose chicks. Don't buy chickens just for cheap, choose regular manufacturers to avoid problems in the later stage. In that case, the loss will be even greater, and the loss will outweigh the gain.

The structure of the henhouse does not need to be too complicated, but it should be simple. Where conditions are poor, at least screen windows should be used to enclose the chicken coop and build some sheds.

Especially in winter, we should also do a good job of keeping warm. As long as it can achieve the purpose of heating and keeping warm, electric heating, coal stoves and boilers can be used. The coal stove is more dangerous to be heated and prone to gas poisoning, so a chimney must be added.

The ventilation of the henhouse is also very important, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of chicken diseases and ensure the cleanliness of the henhouse.

Water is the source of life, and saving water is everyone's obligation, so choosing a scientific water dispenser can reduce the waste of water resources.

Reasonable ingredients, scientific feeding methods, more disinfection, and prevention of various diseases in advance.

Clean the henhouse regularly to ensure the hygiene and cleanliness of the henhouse. Generally, chicken farms are regularly cleaned manually, and larger chicken farms can be cleaned mechanically.

Causes of death of free-range chickens at present

65438+ pays attention to the heat preservation of chickens in winter, but ignores the heat preservation of medium and large chickens, resulting in a large number of deaths.

2. Most chicken farmers lack economic strength and long-term planning. The henhouse is simple, with poor infrastructure and technical conditions, which is greatly influenced by the external environment. For example, coal stoves are often used for heating during the brooding period, which can not automatically adjust the temperature, and the temperature is high and low, which is easy to cause diseases.

3. Many chicken farmers are also working, farming and grazing, and only pay attention to efficiency rather than science. Therefore, when the price is good, variety of seedlings, 2? Three groups of chickens with different breeds and different day ages, with high density and poor ventilation, simply can't do it? All in and all out? And strictly disinfected. So that pathogens are passed down from generation to generation, and their virulence is enhanced. Reborn from all diseases? , increased? Prevention, diagnosis and treatment? The difficulty is.

4. Unreasonable medication, blind medication, indiscriminate medication or no medication. If the medication is not timely, it will delay the illness; Overdose, causing poisoning; Conservative medication leads to drug resistance and drug resistance, and so on. In addition, there are many fake and unqualified drugs on the market at present, and it is difficult for farmers to distinguish between true and false, which is also the reason for the rising cost of dead chickens and native chickens.

5, extensive management, poor hygiene, neglect of disinfection, resulting in serious diseases such as Escherichia coli and mold. The morbidity and mortality of chickens decreased obviously when taking medicine, but stopped taking medicine for 2? Recurrence after 3 days was caused by serious environmental pollution. Some sick chickens were not isolated in time, dead chickens and chicken manure were not treated seriously and harmlessly, and rodent control and pest control were not institutionalized, which led to the spread and repeated infection of pathogens and increased the difficulty of treatment.

Reasons for low egg production rate of free-range chickens

I. Existing problems

1. Variety difference

90% of farmers buy chickens locally, eggs from each household for centralized incubation, or chickens directly from some free-range chicken incubators in rural areas. The purchased chicken breeds are poor, miscellaneous, poor in disease resistance, low in survival rate and low in production performance.

2. The feed mix is unscientific.

(1) insufficient feed. Most farmers choose a place where there are not many free-range insects and grass, or keep/kloc-0 in the same place and in a fence for/~ 2 years or even longer. Although there are places where chickens can move, there are no insects and grass suitable for chickens, and the amount of supplementary feeding is not enough. Insufficient nutrition for chicken growth and laying eggs will inevitably lead to the decline of production performance and laying rate.

(2) The feed is single and the collocation is unreasonable. On the one hand, farmers often only sprinkle some energy feed (mostly corn) to chickens in the morning and evening. On the other hand, soybean meal, fish meal and amino acid additives are not used, minerals and vitamins are not added in the feed or the proportion is improper, resulting in the lack of amino acids, protein and trace elements. The lack of energy and protein feed is manifested in the following aspects: the weight is not up to standard at the time of initial delivery, the development of physical maturity and sexual maturity is uncoordinated, there is no peak or peak of laying, when energy is high, it is easy to get fat and affect laying, and when trace elements are lacking, the laying rate of chickens decreases, the eggs are small and the laying interval is short.

Grow or lay soft eggs.

(3) Improper feeding methods. Most scattered chickens don't eat grass in the morning or feed more feed, which makes them lazy and don't like to look for food in the distance, resulting in insufficient food for scattered chickens. On the other hand, chickens are not fed with nutritious laying materials before or during laying, which leads to the failure of laying peak, short laying time, poor laying performance and low laying rate.

3. There are problems in management.

(1) The water supply is insufficient and the water quality is poor. Water is the main ingredient of chickens and eggs. The higher the egg laying rate, the greater the water consumption. A little lack of drinking water can reduce the laying rate by 2%, and a lack of water for 24 hours can reduce the laying rate 15%. Poor water quality will reduce the laying rate and egg quality. Most families in free-range chicken farms do not have enough sinks or only a few large pots or pools outside the pasture or chicken house. Chickens often enter ponds or basins, causing serious water pollution, leading to chickens not drinking water in time and drinking polluted water, which reduces the laying performance.

(2) Management at each stage is not in place. Management of brooding period. First, the temperature is uncomfortable. Chickens need high temperature after hatching, but the temperature of chicks in most farms is low, or high and low; At the same time, the heat preservation performance of chicken house is very poor, which can not provide suitable temperature for growth and development, which reduces the growth and development potential and immunity of chickens and provides conditions for the occurrence of some diseases. Second, the density is high and the sanitary conditions of chicken houses are poor. Most farmers don't have a special brooding room for free-range chickens, which is not suitable for groups, resulting in high density of chicken houses; On the other hand, the henhouse is not cleaned and disinfected, and the hygiene in the henhouse is dirty and messy, which leads to the occurrence of chicken epidemic disease.

4. Epidemics

Due to extensive feeding management, feed malnutrition, improper use of vaccines and many other factors, the immune function of chickens is reduced, which is easy to cause epidemic infection and reduce the laying rate to varying degrees.

5. Poor awareness of sanitation and disinfection.

The environment of the farm is dirty, chaotic and poor, and the awareness of disinfection is poor, which lays a hidden danger for the spread of the disease.

6. Other aspects

First, it is not the right season to buy chicken. Because of the high profit of raising chickens, many chicken farmers do not consider the season of buying chickens. Although sometimes the temperature in the brooding house is easy to control and the survival rate of chicks is high, the stocking time is short, which can't make full use of the grass insect resources, increase the feed cost, make full use of the laying season of chickens, shorten the laying cycle and reduce the laying amount. Second, the stocking density is unreasonable. Some farmers blindly pursue stocking, which leads to serious shortage of green feed, serious environmental pollution, insufficient food intake of chickens, slow growth, emaciation and increased death. The third is to ignore the weather forecast. The stocking of free-range chickens is easily affected by bad weather, and the growth, egg laying and disease resistance of chickens are greatly affected.

Second, the countermeasures

1. Select excellent free-range chicken breeds.

There are many high-quality free-range chickens in China, such as Gushi Chicken, Sanhuang Chicken, Lu Hua Chicken and Huabei Red Feather Chicken, which have many advantages and are ideal varieties for free-range chickens.

Step 2 build a henhouse

On the one hand, it is necessary to build a hen house with good heat preservation, ventilation and temperature control as a brooding room, and its size depends on the amount of feeding. In addition, it is necessary to build a cage chicken house or a shed chicken house so that chickens can lay eggs continuously in summer and winter. Thirdly, according to the number of free-range chickens, build a suitable shed for free-range chickens, shelter from the wind and rain in summer and rest in rainy days.

3. Strengthen feeding management at all stages.

(1) Ensure that chickens are well fed. Young chicks should drink electrolyte water within 1 hour after entering the house, change the liquid medicine in time after drinking electrolyte water, and add some antibiotics such as florfenicol or amoxicillin in the water to prevent chicks from bringing in pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and mycoplasma.

(2) Strengthen the feeding management in the growing period. During this period, green feed was the main feed, and refined feed was supplemented appropriately. According to the weight of chickens, the supplementary feeding amount is determined, and the concentrated feed is reduced for chickens that are biased, and the feed is increased on the contrary. Eliminate weak chickens and try to make them more uniform. Do a good job in stocking and training chickens and do a good job in epidemic prevention.

4. Strict epidemic prevention and disinfection

Formulate strict epidemic prevention procedures and carry out prevention and control according to the epidemic prevention procedures of chicken diseases. At the same time, we should do a good job of sanitation and disinfection.

5. Pay attention to the weather forecast

When the weather is bad or bad, don't go up the mountain for stocking, and drive the chickens back to the shed in time to avoid the loss caused by the death and injury of chickens.

6. Choose the right season to buy chickens.

When buying young, you must buy young according to the stocking season, local climate conditions and market prices. Generally, in the northern part of North China, young chicks should be hatched from February to March every year, and it is better to enter the laying period from mid-late July to early August.

7. Determine the appropriate density

The density should be determined according to the size of stocking area and grass resources. Generally, 60 ~ 100 adult free-range chickens are raised per mu of orchard or woodland.