I am good at geography, but I can't learn climate. Who has an outline?

The first section changeable weather

Understand the weather and its influence.

Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as rain or shine, wind and rain, hot and cold, etc. Two important features of the weather:

First, the weather reflects the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place and is constantly changing;

Second, at the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

Weather knowledge can be seen everywhere in our lives, and the weather is closely related to human beings.

The climate is different from the weather. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.

Learn the second weather forecast.

(1) Meaning: Weather forecast is a pre-estimation and prediction of future weather changes. Usually, the weather forecast should explain the sunny rain, wind, precipitation, temperature and so on in a day.

(2) Methods: Using computer as a tool, mathematical statistics as a means, mainly using weather maps, satellite cloud pictures, radar and other data to forecast the weather.

(3) Function: By forecasting the recent weather, we can make various preparations as early as possible, make full use of favorable weather, and avoid and prevent the harm of unfavorable weather. Timely weather forecast has great social and economic benefits for economic construction, national defense construction and ensuring the safety of people's lives and property.

Learn three satellite cloud pictures and urban weather forecast (Volume 46~47)

Learn the fourth point. We need clean air.

1: expression method: The air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which can be expressed by pollution index. The air is fresh and the pollution index is low, which is beneficial to human health. The polluted air with high pollution index is harmful to human health.

2. The relationship between air quality and pollution index. (Illustration on page 48)

3. Factors affecting air quality: On the one hand, air quality is influenced by natural factors, such as air pressure and wind power; On the other hand, it is influenced by human activities. Sometimes, the influence of human activities is particularly important.

4. Methods to improve air quality: The pollutants produced by human activities pollute the air, which reduces the air quality, thus affecting the air quality.

Human production and life, therefore, human beings should control the discharge of pollutants in production and life, carry out harmless treatment and create a beautiful living and production environment. We can take some measures to reduce the harm of air pollution. For example, we can develop clean energy to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing pollutant emissions and improving air quality.

Temperature and its distribution in the second quarter

Understand temperature and life.

1: Observe the temperature

(1) Tool: thermometer

(2) Representation method:℃, pronounced as "Celsius"

(3) Times: 4 times a day (8: 00, 14: 00, 20: 00, 2: 00).

2. Calculation of temperature:

(1) Daily average temperature: the average of temperature values at different times of the day.

(2) Monthly average temperature: 1 average value of monthly average daily temperature.

(3) Annual average temperature: the average of monthly average temperature values in a year.

3. Temperature is closely related to production and life.

Temperature affects people's clothing, diet, work and rest, as well as architectural style, ethnic formation, business activities, sports and so on.

Temperature change at learning point 2

It is hot in the afternoon, cool in the morning, cold in winter and hot in summer, and the temperature is constantly changing. The temperature change in an area is regular.

(1) Daily variation and daily range of temperature.

(1) The daily variation of temperature is called the daily variation of temperature. The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm. The lowest temperature in a day appears around sunrise.

(2) The difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day is called the daily range.

(2) Annual variation of temperature and temperature annual range.

(1) annual temperature change is called annual temperature change.

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Land and sea land and sea

Monthly average maximum temperature July August 65438+ 10 February

The monthly average minimum temperature is 1 February, July and August.

(2) The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a year is called the temperature annual range.

(3) The annual temperature change chart reflects the annual temperature change in a region. (Book P5 1)

Temperature distribution of learning point 3

(1) isotherm

There are hot and cold in different parts of the world, and the distribution of temperature is very different. Isotherms are usually used to represent the horizontal distribution of air temperature. An isotherm is a line formed by connecting points with equal temperatures. On the same isotherm, all points have the same temperature. Where the isotherm is dense, it means that the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

(2) Distribution law and causes of temperature (Volume 53)

(1) The temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes (because with the increase of latitude, the sunlight on the ground decreases gradually).

(2) At the same latitude, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the opposite is true (due to the different physical properties of land and ocean, land absorbs heat quickly and releases heat quickly, while ocean absorbs heat slowly and releases heat slowly, so the temperature of land and ocean is different, so the atmospheric temperature over land and ocean is also different).

(3) In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the elevation. Roughly every altitude 100 meters, the temperature drops by 0.6℃.

(3) Factors affecting temperature distribution: The distribution of world temperature is influenced by latitude, land and sea position and topography.

(4) Human activities will also affect the distribution of world temperature. For example, the exhaust gas from human life and production is also changing the composition of the atmosphere, which leads to the change of global temperature-global warming.

The third quarter precipitation and precipitation distribution

Learn a Point-Precipitation and Life

(1) Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation. Precipitation has an important impact on human production and life.

(2) the form of precipitation. Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are all forms of precipitation, but rainfall is the main form of precipitation. According to the amount of rainfall per unit time, the meteorological department divides rainfall into light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and heavy rain.

(3) Measure the precipitation. Measuring tools: usually measured by rain gauge (P54 reading material). Observation time: generally at 8 o'clock and at 20 o'clock. Unit: millimeter.

(4) The influence of precipitation on human life and production.

The amount of precipitation affects the abundance and shortage of water resources in a region, and then affects the local agricultural production activities. Therefore, there is much precipitation in the south of China, and more crops with high water demand, such as rice, are planted. When there is little precipitation in the northern region, we plant some crops with less water demand, such as wheat. Too much or too little precipitation will bring disasters to agricultural production, so "good weather and good rain will bring good crops."

The amount of precipitation will affect people's lives, such as snowfall or continuous heavy rainfall may bring inconvenience to traffic and people's travel; Precipitation affects people's lifestyle. For example, in Saudi Arabia, where there is little precipitation, some hotels put beds on the roof. Precipitation affects architectural style. The roofs of houses in the south of China are often pointed to prevent precipitation from accumulating on the roofs. There is little precipitation in northwest China, and most houses are flat-roofed houses.

Understanding the Seasonal Variation of Precipitation (Volume P55)

(A) the seasonal variation of precipitation

In a place, the monthly precipitation in a year is different, showing seasonal changes to varying degrees. Usually, the monthly precipitation histogram is used to represent the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place within one year. The seasonal variation of precipitation in different areas may be different. In some places, the seasonal distribution of precipitation in a year is relatively uniform; In some places, the seasonal distribution of precipitation is uneven and varies greatly. Therefore, the seasonal differences of precipitation can be roughly divided into two types: one is that the seasonal distribution of precipitation throughout the year is relatively uniform (it can also be divided into rainy, rainy and humid all the year round); The other is the uneven seasonal distribution of annual precipitation (which can be divided into rainy summer and rainy winter).

(2) Reading and drawing the precipitation histogram:

(1) When reading the monthly precipitation histogram, we should grasp two points:

First, is the distribution of precipitation even in each season?

Second, which season has more precipitation? Which season is less?

(2) The drawing methods of precipitation histogram and temperature curve are basically the same: the abscissa axis represents time and should be divided into 12; The vertical axis represents the precipitation value, and the precipitation at each time point is represented by columns; You should master the map and the maximum scale when drawing, and generally determine the maximum scale value according to the value of the highest monthly precipitation.

Distribution of Precipitation in Research Point 3 (Volume 56)

Isoprecipitation line (1)

Lines connecting points with equal annual precipitation on the map are called isoprecipitation lines. On the same isoprecipitation line, the precipitation at each point is equal. Isoprecipitation chart is usually used to represent the distribution of precipitation.

(b) Distribution of precipitation in the world (activity book P56)

(1) There is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions. (Latitude position)

(2) Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast. (Latitude position and land and sea position)

(3) There is more precipitation in temperate coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas. (Land and sea locations)

(4) There is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas. (Terrain influence)

(3) Factors affecting the global precipitation distribution

Latitude position, land and sea position and topography, etc.

Section 4 World Climate

Understand the difference between weather and climate.

(1) Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place, such as sunny, rainy, short-term cold and hot. In any area, the weather is constantly changing.

(2) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years. The climate of a place has certain characteristics, which generally does not change much. When describing climate, people generally pay attention to two elements: temperature and precipitation.

Understand the regional differences of climate (Book P58)

tropical rainforest climate

tropical savanna climate

Tropical monsoon climate

tropical desert climate

Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate

East coast of mainland China

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

temperate zone

Intracontinental: temperate continental climate.

Temperate maritime climate

West coast of Chinese mainland

mediterranean climate

Cold zone: cold zone climate

Alpine: Plateau mountain climate

Learning points: three main factors affecting climate

Latitude position, land and sea position, topography, ocean current, human activities. Among them, latitude position, land and sea position and topography are the main factors affecting climate. (See P59 in this book)

Understanding the influence of climate on human activities (Volume 60)

1. The influence of climate on human life

(1) Climate and Clothing: People in tropical areas wear single clothes all year round, people in cold areas wear thick clothes, and people in temperate areas wear clothes that change with the seasons.

(2) Climate and diet: People living in cold areas like spicy and greasy food, while people living in hot areas like light food and drink soup every day to cool off the heat. Southerners in China like rice, while northerners like pasta.

(3) Climate and health: People in humid tropical areas are prone to rheumatic diseases.

(4) Climate and architecture: Inuit houses are built of ice, and the building materials in Southeast Asia are wood or bamboo. People in the Loess Plateau of China live in caves.

2. The influence of climate on agricultural production activities

3. Climate disasters

Abnormal climate change will bring harm to human production and life, which will lead to disaster. For example, the El Ni? o phenomenon has caused droughts, floods, high temperatures and severe cold in many parts of the world, leaving no fish to catch in Peruvian fishing grounds. Global warming has caused the land of coastal countries to be flooded. Acid rain in cities not only destroys buildings, but also harms people's health. (Pay attention to the third question in P62 book activity)