Three knowledge points of world geography in college entrance examination

I. The Earth and the Map

Second, the land and sea of the world.

Three. Weather and climate

I. The Earth and the Map

1. The earth is an ellipsoid with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator. The average radius is about 6371km; The circumference of the equator is about 40000 kilometers.

2. Meridian is a great arc connecting the north and south poles, also called meridian. Features: they are all semicircles; Equal length; Both represent the north-south direction; All intersect at the poles.

3. Longitude: The meridian passing through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England is the 0o meridian, also called the prime meridian. ② Division of longitude: starting from the 0o meridian, east longitude and west longitude, each division is 180o. ③ East-west longitude distribution law: East longitude increases eastward and west longitude increases westward. ④ Division of the eastern and western hemispheres: taking the meridian formed by 20oW and 160oE as the boundary, the eastern hemisphere is from 20oW to 160oE, and the western hemisphere is from 20oW to 160oE.

Latitude is a circle perpendicular to the earth axis and around the earth. ② Features: All are circles (two poles); Unequal length, decreasing from equator to north and south poles; Both represent the east-west direction; Are parallel to each other.

5. Latitude: from the equator, south latitude to south, north latitude to north, 90o each. (3) Latitude distribution law: the north latitude increases northward and the south latitude increases southward. The equator is the dividing line between the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere. ⑤ Division of high, middle and low latitudes: 30 south latitude and 60 north latitude are the boundaries.

6. Local time: Time changes with longitude, and the farther east, the earlier; Longitude 15o, local time 1 hour.

7. Each time zone takes the local time of its central meridian as the unified time standard of the whole region, which is called time zone. Calculation: the two places are separated by several time zones, with a difference of several hours; Increase to the east and decrease to the west.

8. Beijing Time: China adopts the time zone in Dongba District where Beijing is located (i.e. the time at meridian 120oE) as the standard time used uniformly throughout the country.

9. In principle, the international international date line learns from the classics 180o, which is referred to as international date line for short. Subtract 1 day for eastbound crossing and add 1 day for westbound crossing. In fact, the international international date line has three bends, the reason is to avoid dividing the passing countries into two date ranges.

Note: There is also a natural boundary, namely the 0 o'clock meridian.

0 o'clock, east longitude 180o is today, 0 o'clock, east longitude 180o is yesterday.

10. The three elements of a map are scale, direction and legend. Scale is the degree to which the distance on the map is less than the actual distance, and there are three ways to express it: number, line segment and text. For the same map, the larger the scale, the smaller the field scope, but the more detailed the content, the smaller the scale, the larger the field scope, but the simpler the content. Legends are symbols, and notes are words or numbers.

1 1. On the contour topographic map, where the slope is steep, where the contour lines are dense, where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. In the valley, the contour line rises to the high place, and many rivers develop, while in the ridge, the contour line rises to the low place, which is the watershed of the two rivers.

12. The topographic profile can directly reflect the topographic relief along a certain direction on the ground.

Second, the land and sea of the world.

1.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean, and the land area only accounts for 29%. From the eastern and western hemispheres, land is mainly concentrated in the eastern hemisphere; Seen from the northern and southern hemispheres, the land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere. Even in the continental hemisphere, land accounts for only 48%.

2. The vast land area is called the mainland, with Eurasia being the largest and Australia the smallest. Our island is Greenland and our peninsula is Arabia.

The mainland and its nearby islands are called continents. The order of area from large to small is Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and European oceans.

Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span, Asia is the continent with the largest latitude span, and Antarctica is the latitude.

Dividing lines: Asia, Europe-Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Great Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait;

Asia, Africa-Suez Canal, Red Sea, Mande Strait; Asia and North America-Bering Strait; Europe, Africa-Gibraltar Strait; North and South America-Panama Canal; South America and Antarctica-Drake Strait.

Countries spanning two continents: Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan (Asia and Europe), Panama (North and South America), Egypt (Asia and Africa), the United States (North America and Oceania), Indonesia-Asia and Oceania.

5. Area of four oceans: Pacific Ocean (decrease), Atlantic Ocean (increase), Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean; The arctic ocean is the place that spans the most longitude; The latitude is the Arctic Ocean.

6. The change of land and sea is mainly caused by the change of crust and the rise and fall of sea level, and human activities can also cause the change of land and sea. According to plate tectonic theory, the global lithosphere can be roughly divided into six plates; The main plates have been moving; Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the crust at the plate boundary is relatively active. The world volcanic seismic belt is concentrated at the junction of plates. Alps, Himalayas, Mediterranean, Rocky Mountains and Andes belong to plate collision. The Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea and the Rift Valley in East Africa belong to plate extension.

7. Topographic features of seven continents: (Topographic features of an area include altitude, topographic relief, topographic types and distribution. )

Asia-the terrain is complex, the terrain is high in the middle and low around, the plateau mountains are vast, and the plains are distributed around the mainland;

Europe-low-lying, mainly plain, with many plains in the middle and mountains in the north and south; North America, Oceania-three topographic regions (west, middle and east) are arranged in north and south; South America-western mountainous areas, eastern plains and plateaus are alternately distributed.

8. Submarine topography: continental shelf (generally less than 200 meters deep), continental slope, continental uplift, trench, ocean basin and ridge.

Three. Weather and climate

1. People often use sunny rain, wind and rain, cold and hot to describe the weather.

2. In the satellite image, white represents the cloud area, green represents the land and blue represents the ocean. Thick clouds are generally rainy areas.

3. Making weather forecast is mainly accomplished by remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and other geographic information technologies.

4. The air quality is related to the quantity of pollutants in the air, which can be expressed by pollution index.

5. In a day, the temperature appears around 14, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise. The difference between the temperature and the lowest temperature is called diurnal range, which is sunny, cloudy, inland and coastal. The difference between the average monthly temperature and the lowest monthly temperature in a year is called annual range. The annual temperature difference is large inland, small coastal area, large mid-latitude and small high-low latitude.

6. The temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes. This is because different latitudes receive different solar radiation; At the same latitude, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high. In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the elevation. About every rise 100 meter, the temperature drops by 0.6℃.

7. Precipitation is the general name of water vapor condensate falling from the atmosphere to the ground, including liquid rain, solid snow and hail, among which rainfall is the main form of precipitation. According to the amount of rainfall per unit time, the meteorological department divides rainfall into light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and heavy rain.

8. There are differences in the spatial distribution of global precipitation. There is more precipitation at the equator, less precipitation at the poles, more in temperate coastal areas and less in inland areas; The precipitation near the Tropic of Cancer is generally more on the east coast of the mainland and less on the west coast of the mainland.

9. The influence of topography on precipitation distribution is that there is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

10. Climate generally includes two elements: temperature and precipitation. The main factors affecting climate include latitude position, land and sea position, topography, atmospheric circulation and human activities.