Whose work is cold food?

An outdated festival (Qingming Festival) that started one or two days ago in Tomb-Sweeping Day, when only cold food is served for three days.

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In late spring, Chang 'an city is full of songs and dances, and countless flowers fall. The east wind of the Cold Food Festival blows on the willow trees in the royal garden.

As night fell, the palace was busy lighting candles, and smoke drifted to the house of the prince and the marquis.

To annotate ...

1, Spring City: refers to Chang 'an City in spring.

2. Cold food: One or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day, only cold food was eaten on this day, so it was called cold food.

3. Imperial Willow: Willow in Imperial Garden, Willow in Miyagi.

4. Han Palace: This refers to the Tang Palace. In Tang poetry, "Han" is often used instead of "Tang".

5. Passing candles: Fires are not allowed during the Cold Food Festival, but dignitaries and minions can get kindling through gifts from the emperor.

6. Five Emperors: Five eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, including Shan Chao, Huang Xu, You Ai, Zuo Xian and Tang Heng. They made great contributions to the demise of the group, and Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty named five of them as Hou, which was called "Five Hou" in history.

Creation background

There have always been different opinions about the theme of this poem. Some people think that it is a simple description of the royal style, a intoxication of the spring scenery of the imperial capital, and a celebration of the prosperity of the world, but they don't think that the poet has the meaning of ridicule; Some people think that this is a satirical poem, with clever and subtle brushwork, which is intended to satirize the present through the ancient times, gently criticize the emperor's kindness to the eunuch he trusted, and also reflect the smoldering atmosphere of the eunuch at that time; Others think that the author may not be sarcastic, but the content of the poem will inevitably make readers realize what the author doesn't want to express.

Combined with the historical background, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuch dominated the political affairs, which directly led to the demise of the Han Dynasty. There are detailed explanations in the History of the Later Han Dynasty, The History of the Three Kingdoms and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Since Tang Suzong in the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs have taken power and intimidated the emperor more than in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Especially in the middle and late Tang dynasty, the abolition of the emperor and even life and death were in the hands of eunuchs, and the eunuch's disaster until the demise of the Tang dynasty.

The author of the poem Cold Food lived in Tang Dezong's time, and Tang Dezong was a famous bad king in China's history. Historian Ouyang Xiu commented that Tang Dezong was "despicable, took Qiang Ming as his own responsibility, was ashamed to succumb to the theory of righteousness, and forgot to cheat." . Therefore, he suspected that Fu Xiao despised himself and said that Jiang Gongfu was selling straightforwardness and could not tolerate it. If Qilu and Zhao Zan are used, they will not regret their failure. As well as the difficulties of heaven, deeply punish Ai, and then implement the policy of appeasement. Because the imperial court was weak, the square town was strong, and as for the death of the Tang Dynasty, it suffered from this. "Wu Kui evaluates Tang Dezong" suspect, the trust group is small, and Lu Zhi speaks straight, but see; Pei Yanling, Wei Qumou, and Richie used broken fibers as cunning and relied on their hearts. The world has so far called Dezong the Lord of darkness. "

Poets in the Tang Dynasty often substitute Han for Tang in their works. For example, when Bai Juyi wrote Song of Eternal Sorrow by Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, he said at the beginning that "the emperor of China longed for the beauty that might shake an empire". In this way, it is hard to say that the author's "Cold Food" combines the five eunuchs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the "Han Palace" to describe the Tang Dynasty without irony. Even if the author really doesn't mean irony, readers who know history can easily associate it with this meaning.

works appreciation

Cold food is a seven-character quatrain written by Han Yi, a poet in Tang Dynasty, which describes the customs during Chang 'an Cold Food Festival. Cold Food Festival is an important festival in ancient China, which lasts from winter to the future 105, and one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day. The ancients attached great importance to this festival. According to the custom, every family banned fire and only ate cold food, hence the name cold food.

The first two sentences of this poem describe the scenery of bloom in Chang 'an, Liu Fu. The first sentence is about the gorgeous scene of flowers falling everywhere in Chang 'an, and the second sentence is about the swaying posture of willows under the spring breeze. The last two sentences are both realistic and moral. In the Tang Dynasty, on the Cold Food Festival, the emperor made an order to take the fire of elm willow and give it to the near minister as a sign of his favor. Cold food in Japan should be banned from fire, but candles can be burned in the palace, and the emperor has allowed candles to be burned from the palace and sent to the minister's office. The "five marquis" mentioned in this poem is not a minister of state, but a lucky one around the emperor, so it has a critical meaning.

The artistic achievement of this poem mainly lies in its ingenious conception and rigorous structure. The first sentence points out that cold food, the word "spring" and cold food care for each other, and the word "fly" is light and smart, suggesting that the "east wind" is blowing. "East wind" is a spring breeze, and it also takes care of the "spring" ahead; The second sentence is transferred from the panoramic view of the imperial city to the imperial garden. "Liu" and "Xie" take care of spring and peace at the same time. The last two sentences lead from the imperial garden to the palace, where the emperor "hands a candle" to the courtiers, and the candle explains "sunset", which is related to "light smoke" and corresponds to the topic of "cold food" together; The latter "three" takes care of the former and focuses on the palace, while the former "spreads".

From the content point of view, this poem has changed from scenery to custom; From the perspective of space, Chang 'an City has become a royal garden, from the palace to the door of the powerful; In terms of time, from day to dusk; From the emotional point of view, the scenery leads to discussion.

Cultural Common Sense: Cold Food Festival

Legend has it that Jin Wengong Zhong Er was hungry once during his exile, and he was pushed by mesons to cut off his thigh meat, pretending it was Zhong Er's food. After Jin Wengong returned to the State of Jin and became a monarch, Jiezitui refused to accept the reward and lived in seclusion with his mother in Mianshan. Jin Wengong sent people to burn Mianshan, forcing mesons to push out of the mountain to be an official. As a result, the mother and son were burned to death and never came out of the mountain.

Later, in order to commemorate Jiexiu, Jin Wengong changed Mian Mountain, where Jiexiu lived in seclusion, to Jiexiu Mountain, and at the same time stipulated that fire and cold were forbidden as a sign of mourning. This is the origin of the folklore Cold Food Festival. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the present, the Cold Food Festival has a history of more than 2,600 years. The time of the Cold Food Festival is one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day, and the customs include eating cold food, offering sacrifices and taking an outing. Since modern times, the Cold Food Festival has gradually merged into Tomb-Sweeping Day.

Common sense of literature: ten gifted scholars in Dali period

Han Yi (the year of birth and death is unknown) is one of the ten gifted scholars in Dali. Ten gifted scholars in Dali refer to a group of poets who were active in the Dali period in the middle Tang Dynasty. They were first seen in Ji Xuan Collection by Yao He: "Li Duan, a Zhaojun, was a scholar in Dali for five years. Sing with Lu Lun, Ji Zhongyu, Han Yi, Qian Qi, Si Kongshu, Miao Fa, Cui Yi, Geng Yong and Xia Houdun. "

Dali Ten Talents is a naturally formed school of poetry, and there is no common organization and creative declaration. They are regarded as a school of poetry only because they have the same ideological basis and aesthetic taste, follow the same creative principles and are closely related to each other.

Ten Talents in Dali is good at describing natural scenery and homesickness, with beautiful words and harmonious melody, but monotonous theme style. However, most of them have experienced the official life of the war in the middle Tang Dynasty, so there are also works that reflect reality and express their true feelings.