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Located in the middle section of China's coastline, at the eastern end of Zhejiang Ningshao Plain, that is, east longitude 120 55' to 122 16' and north latitude 28 5 1' to 30 33'. Zhoushan Archipelago is a natural barrier in the east, Hangzhou Bay in the north, Shengxian, Xinchang and Shangyu in Shaoxing in the west, and Sanmen Bay in the south, which is connected with Sanmen and Tiantai in Taizhou. The total area of the city is 9365 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 1033 square kilometers.

The main mountain ranges in Ningbo are Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain. Siming Mountain, also known as Yushan Mountain, is a branch of Tiantai Mountain, which spans Yuyao, Yinxian and Fenghua counties (cities) and is connected with Shengxian, Xinchang and Tiantai counties. The mountains are undulating and winding, with steep cliffs and dense forests. Siming Mountain, according to records, said: "Around Siming Mountain, there are 800 Li and 280 peaks, which are in phase with each other and have five peaks in the middle. It looks like a lotus and is suspected to be near a star. The top of the mountain is extremely flat and straight, with a square stone like a window connecting the sun, the moon and the starlight, so it is called Siming. " This is the origin of the name Siming Mountain. Tiantai Mountain, the main mountain range is in Tiantai County, and the rest is in Ningbo. Four branches enter from the northwest and southwest of Ninghai County and extend to Zhenhai and the eastern mountainous area of Yinxian County through Xiangshan Port.

Ningbo has a long coastline, winding ports and dotted islands. The total sea area of the city is 9,758 square kilometers, and the total coastline is 1.562 kilometers, including 788 kilometers of mainland coastline and 774 kilometers of island coastline, accounting for one third of the province's coastline.

There are 53/kloc-0 islands in the city, covering an area of 524.07 square kilometers. Ningbo has two bays and one port, namely Sanmen Bay, Hangzhou Bay and Xiangshan Port. These bays are injected by Qiantang River, Yongjiang River and many streams, carrying a lot of sediment and nutrients, which provide rich nutrients for biological reproduction in beaches and offshore areas.

The coastal tides in Ningbo belong to the irregular semidiurnal tide type, with two high tides and two low tides a day. The average high tide level is 3. 14m above Wusong, the highest tide level is 4.86m, the average low tide level is 1.47m, and the lowest tide level is 0.3 1m ... The tidal range of Sanmenwan, Xiangshan Port and Yongjiang River decreases from south to north, and the tide outside Yongjiang Town is located. The urban "Sanjiangkou" suddenly rose during the flood season.

Ningbo is one of the eight major water systems in Zhejiang Province, including Yaojiang River, Fenghua River and Yongjiang River. Yuyao River originates from two lakes in Shangyu County. Fenghua River originates from Bambusa bambusa in Fenghua City. Yuyao River and Fenghua River join the Yongjiang River at the "Three Estuaries" in the urban area and flow northeast to the sea through Zhaobaoshan. The whole Yongjiang River basin is abundant in rainfall and water resources.

Ningbo has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and an annual average temperature of 65438 06.2℃. The average maximum temperature in July is 28.8℃, 1 month minimum temperature is -4.2℃. The frost-free period in the city is generally 230 to 240 days, and the crop growth period is 300 days, which is suitable for the growth of crops such as grain, cotton and oil. The average annual precipitation from May to September is 1300 ~ 1400mm, accounting for 60% of the annual precipitation.

Climatic condition

Ningbo belongs to the north subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. The climate is mild and humid, with four distinct seasons, abundant rainfall and obvious alternation of winter and summer monsoon.

The four seasons in Ningbo are long in winter and summer (about 4 months each) and short in spring and autumn (about 2 months each). If the average temperature 10 ~ 22℃ is taken as spring and autumn, > 22℃ as summer and < 10℃ as winter, it is generally the sixth spring in March, the first summer in June, the sixth autumn in September, and the sixth winter in 165438+ 10. However, the winter in the western mountainous area is longer than that in the plain area 1 month, the summer is nearly 1 month, and the spring and autumn is slightly longer than that in the plain area 1 day. If spring comes late, autumn comes early. In winter, controlled by Mongolian high pressure, Siberian cold air continues to supplement the south, and the weather is dry and cold. At this time, the north wind prevailed. In summer, it is controlled by the Pacific subtropical high, prevailing southeast wind and continuous sunny and hot weather. In addition to local thunderstorms, there will be a large precipitation process affected by tropical weather systems such as typhoons or easterly waves. Spring is the transition season of winter wind direction and summer monsoon. Due to the frequent intersection of cold and warm air in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the weather is changeable, sometimes cold and sometimes hot, and it is often rainy. Thunderstorms and strong winds often occur along the coast. Autumn is the transitional season when the wind direction in summer turns into the wind in winter. The climate is cooler, but sometimes there are autumn tigers. Because there is often a small cold air going south, frontal activities begin to increase, and rainy weather often occurs. Because Ningbo is surrounded by mountains and seas, the specific geographical location and natural environment make the climate difference obvious and the weather complex, but at the same time, it also forms a variety of climate types. For example, each island has the maritime climate characteristics of low temperature, warm winter and cool summer, humid climate, good lighting conditions and abundant wind resources throughout the year, but it is vulnerable to typhoons; The three-dimensional climate characteristics in the western mountainous areas are obvious, and the light, temperature and precipitation change obviously with height. The water resources are relatively rich, but it is also prone to floods or droughts. However, the vast plains are obviously affected by the monsoon. Ningbo's rich and diverse climate resources provide extremely favorable natural conditions for developing diversified economy. The annual average temperature in Ningbo is 16.3℃, which is the hottest in July, the coldest in L, and the extreme maximum temperature is 39℃. High temperature weather is more in the north, less in the south and less in inland and coastal areas. The extreme minimum temperature is-1 1. 1℃, and there are not many days of low temperature. The first day of stable passing through 10℃ is the end of March, lasting about 237 days, and the average accumulated temperature is 5 100℃. Compared with the plain, the accumulated temperature in mountainous area is less than 1000℃.

The average annual precipitation is about 1400 mm, and the mountainous hills are generally about 30% more than the plains. The main rainy season occurs from March to June (that is, spring rain and plum rain, with monthly rainy days generally exceeding half a month) and from August to September (that is, typhoon rain and autumn rain, with monthly rainy days nearly half a month). Ningbo is usually in mid-June, with the earliest history in the middle and late May and the latest at the end of June. Plum blossoms are in early July, the earliest in mid-June and the latest in early August. Ningbo is a humid and semi-humid area, that is, the income and expenditure (precipitation and evaporation) are basically balanced; In terms of regional distribution, the north is relatively drier than the south.

The annual average sunshine 1900 hours or more. Due to the geographical span of nearly 1.5 latitude, the regional distribution is more in the north and less in the south; However, due to the fog in the western mountainous area, it is less than that in the plain 10% on average.

In a year, due to the obvious alternation of monsoon, there are often low temperature and rainy days in spring and autumn; Rainstorm and flood in flood season; Drought, typhoon, hail and strong wind in summer and autumn; Disastrous weather such as frost and cold wave in winter directly affects agricultural production.

The typhoons that affect Ningbo are mainly concentrated in July-September (process rainfall >; =50 mm or wind speed >; = 17m/s), with an average of 2.8 per year. The rainfall of typhoon process that can cause serious impact >: = 200mm) is 1 almost every few years. Since 1953, four typhoons have landed in Ningbo. The storm surge caused by typhoon is extremely harmful, such as the strong typhoon 56 12 (also known as typhoon in August 1), which caused heavy losses in Xiangshan; Another example is typhoon 97 1 1, and the loss of the whole city exceeds 4.5 billion yuan.

Heavy rain (daily rainfall is 50 mm), with an average of 2-5 times a year, which mainly occurs in plum rain in early June-July and typhoon rainstorm in August-September, with September being the majority; Ninghai has the largest geographical distribution? Heavy rains often lead to floods, such as the flood disaster caused by heavy rains in Ninghai1988 on July 30th.

Drought usually occurs from July to September after plum blossom, especially in Ninghai, Xiangshan and Cixi hilly areas, and the utilization rate of precipitation is not high. Generally once every 2-3 years, and once every 4-5 years in other areas. However, droughts sometimes occur all year round. Some years are summer drought and autumn drought, while others are autumn drought and winter drought.

The probability of hail and tornado in Ningbo is low. Hail usually occurs in spring, summer and autumn from March to September, mostly from noon to evening. Hail in Ningbo is mainly distributed in Yuyao, Cixi, Yinxian and Zhenhai in the northern region, followed by Fenghua. Tornadoes mainly appear from June to September, and July is the most common. Most of Ningbo takes place in Yuyao and Cixi. 1983 September 16 At 3: 42 pm, a tornado occurred in Simian, Yuyao and Zhouxiang, Cixi, causing nearly 2,000 houses to collapse and 2/kloc-0 people were killed. Low temperature and rainy weather generally refers to the late spring cold in spring and the low temperature in spring and autumn. Late spring cold refers to the annual average daily temperature; =0.0 mm, sunshine hours < 2 hours) rainy process. On average 1. 1 times per year; Low temperature in autumn refers to the appearance of daily average temperature.