Causes of grape cluster rot

(1) Symptoms The disease mainly damages the ear, and sometimes new shoots and leaves are also damaged. Generally, the ear axis and stem close to the ground are the first to get sick, and water stains appear in the early stage of the affected part, which gradually expands and surrounds the ear axis, making the fruit soft and rotten, and the diseased grains are easy to fall off when vibrating. The surface of rotten fruit produces small gray particles, that is, conidia. In the wet season, the surface of damaged and softened fruit particles breaks and overflows with yellowish mucus.

In the early stage of the onset of Fusarium Wilt, the conidia of brown irregular pathogen appeared to be flooded. In severe cases, the diseased spot was dry, the epidermis was separated from xylem, and the diseased cortex was longitudinally split into a ball. Sometimes calluses appear on the upper part of diseased branches and become tumor-like, which makes the leaves on the upper part of diseased branches turn yellow or reddish brown until they dry up and die. Most leaves get sick at the tip or edge of the leaves first. The initial lesion is waterlogged, light brown, nearly round or irregular, and small gray particles are produced on it, that is, conidia of the pathogen.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. Removing diseased ears, diseased grains and diseased leaves from trees and the ground during the onset period and burying them in a centralized way can not only reduce local reinfection, but also reduce the number of overwintering pathogens. After defoliation in autumn, diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits and other diseased tissues in the garden should be thoroughly removed to reduce overwintering germs.

2. Strengthen cultivation management and reasonable pruning, tie vines in time, remove secondary branches and sparse leaves, create a ventilated and light-transmitting environment, increase the application of organic fertilizer and foliar topdressing, make trees strong and improve disease resistance. In addition, bagging the ear close to the ground can also reduce the infection of germs.

3. Chemical control

(1) Eliminating overwintering germs: Before the grapes germinate in early spring, spraying 3-50 times of sulfur mixture, 200 times of 50% thiram wettable powder or 200 times of 5% carbofuran wettable powder on the trees and the ground has a good effect on eliminating overwintering germs, and can also treat anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew and brown spot.

(2) Spray protection: spraying 500-700 times of 50% thiram wettable powder, 800 times of 50% triamcinolone acetonide wettable powder or 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder on the leaves. Because white rot fungi have strong resistance to copper, spraying Bordeaux mixture has poor control effect.

Three, grape anthracnose

(1) Symptoms The disease mainly damages fruits, and the ear axis and fruit stalk can also be damaged. Grape disease is the most serious in the late coloring stage of nearly mature berries, so it is called late rot. The disease usually occurs at the tip of the ear near the ground. At the beginning, small brown spots similar to water stains appear on the fruit surface, and gradually expand into round dark brown spots with a slight depression. After 2 ~ 3 days, small black spots are produced, which are arranged in concentric circles and are sterile nuclei of bacteria. In rainy and humid weather, pink or orange-red meristems (conidia and conidia) flow out of the disk. In severe cases, the disease spots spread to the whole fruit surface, and the fruit grains became soft and rotten, gradually dehydrated and dried up, hardened and fell off. When fruit stalks and ear axes are damaged, oval book pits will be produced, which will affect fruit ripening. Small round brown spots are densely distributed on the leaves, which turn into a piece in severe cases and turn yellow and fall off.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. Eliminate overwintering germs combined with winter pruning, and remove secondary branches, spikes, tendrils, hard fruits, etc. Leave them on plants and scaffolding, and thoroughly remove dead leaves and fallen leaves, burn them or bury them deeply.

2. The sterilization silk overwinters mainly on 1 annual branches. Spraying 500 times of triamcinolone acetonide or 100 ~ 200 times of thiram arsenic before germination, or spraying 30 times of sulfur mixture, 200 times of 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenol, mixed solution and other powerful fungicides to eliminate overwintering germs.

3. Chemical control was carried out when conidia appeared from the middle and late June to the early July, and 800-10 times, 500-800 times or 200 times half volume bordeaux solution was sprayed every10 day, which achieved good results. However, drugs should be used alternately to improve the curative effect.

Fourthly, grape downy mildew.

(1) Grape downy mildew mainly harms leaves, but also harms the tender parts of new shoots, buds and young fruits. Irregular pale yellow translucent oil-soaked spots appear on the front of the leaf, which gradually expand to green, and the edge boundary is not obvious. Most of the small spots are connected into irregular or polygonal lesions, and a yellow-white downy mildew layer is produced on the back of leaves. In the later stage, the lesion turns to light brown, dry and scorched, and leaves fall off in severe cases. The shoots also have oil (or water) soaked spots, and the surface has yellow-white mildew spots, but less than the leaves. The lesion spread rapidly along the longitudinal direction, and the color gradually turned brown and slightly depressed. In severe cases, new shoots stop growing, distort and die. In the early stage of young fruit disease, the diseased part turns light green, and in the later stage, the diseased spot turns dark brown and sinks, producing a layer of white mold, and the fruit hardens and shrinks. When the fruit is half a year old, the diseased part turns brown, the book is concave, and the soft rot is easy to fall off, but there is no moldy layer, and there are not a few diseased fruits shrinking on the tree. Generally, fruits will not get sick from coloring to maturity.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. When pruning in the growing season and autumn, the diseased branches, leaves and fruits should be thoroughly removed and burned centrally.

2. Strengthen management, cut off redundant auxiliary branches and leaves in time during the growth period, and create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season, reduce humidity, and at the same time pay attention to reducing the chance of soil overwintering spores being splashed on leaves by rain. In addition, the disease resistance of trees can be improved by applying more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and adding more quicklime in acidic soil.

(3) Before onset, spray a small amount of Bordeaux solution every 10 day for protection. Spraying 50% Clonidan 5000 times solution, 65% zineb 500 times solution, or 40% Phoxim 200 times solution, or 25% metalaxyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution, or 58% Du Rui manganese zinc wettable powder 600 times solution immediately after onset. In addition, 20000-fold solution of 25% methylprednisolone wettable powder was moistened with 1000-fold solution of zineb, mancozeb and thiram respectively, which can also treat other diseases occurring in the same period.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) grape powdery mildew

(1) Pathogens mainly attack the green parts of grapes, such as leaves, new shoots and fruit ears. Old organs do not get sick. Gray-white toner, namely mycelium and conidia of pathogenic bacteria, began to be produced on the surface of leaves. When the disease is serious, the whole leaf is covered with white powder, which makes it curl, wither and fall off. Sometimes small black spots are produced, which are closed spore capsules. The surface of the lower leaves is brown and mottled, and the whole leaves are scorched in severe cases. After the fruit was damaged, the surface of the fruit was covered with white powder, and brown star patterns appeared after the diseased spots were pulverized, and epidermal cells died. Fruits stop growing and sometimes become deformed and sour. When the fruit grows up, it gets sick when it rains, and the diseased part cracks and rots. The surfaces of fruit stems and new shoots are grayish white, and snowflake-like or irregular brown spots are formed under the powder spots in the later stage, which makes the fruit ear axis and fruit stems brittle, and the branches and vines can not mature well, which affects the fruit quality and yield.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. Pay attention to collect diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits when pruning in winter and summer, and bury them centrally.

2. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water during the growth period, pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention in the rainy season, spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and root compound fertilizer, enhance the tree vigor, improve the disease resistance, timely pick the heart, tie the vine, remove the secondary shoots, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

3. Chemical control: Spraying 3 ~ 50 times of sulfur mixed solution before grape buds swell and germinate, so as to completely eliminate overwintering germs. When grapes get sick after germination, they can be sprayed with 0.2 ~ 0.30 times of sulfur mixture, or 300 ~ 400 times of 50% sulfur suspension, or 500 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl, 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, or 500 times of 25% thiophanate-methyl, generally every 10. In addition, spraying 0.5% surface alkaline water with 0. 1% washing powder is also very effective.

Six, grape brown spot disease

(1) Pathological brown spot disease is only harmful to leaves, and it can be divided into two types according to the size of the lesion and the different pathogens.

1. The brown spot is nearly round, with a diameter of 3 ~ 10 mm, a dark and light brown ring in the center and sometimes a yellow halo around it. When the weather is wet, the surface and the back of the lesion are scattered with dark brown mycoses, that is, conidiophore and conidia of pathogenic bacteria. When the disease is serious, several diseases are linked together to form irregular serious spots with a diameter of more than 20mm, and the tissues of the diseased spots are dry and cracked in the later stage, leading to early defoliation.

2. The brown spot of the small brown spot is nearly round, with a diameter of 2 ~ 3 mm and the same size. A diseased leaf may have several to dozens of diseased spots. At the later stage, dark brown molds, namely conidiophore and conidia, were produced on the back of the lesion.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. In order to eliminate overwintering bacteria, fallen leaves should be cleaned and burned in time after autumn, and diseased leaves should be thoroughly cleaned, burned or buried in winter.

2. Strengthen management, tie vines, pick cores, remove secondary branches and old leaves in time, create ventilation and light transmission conditions, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Apply more organic fertilizer and spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 3 ~ 4 times to improve the disease resistance of trees.

3. Before the buds swell in early spring, spray 3-50 times of sulfur mixed solution in combination with other pests and diseases, and spray 65,438+0 times of Bordeaux solution (65,438+0: 0.5: 200), 500-600 times of zineb solution or 50% carbendazim 80 every 65,438+00 days after the leaves are unfolded. Alternate application has a good effect.

Seven, grape wilt

(a) It is mainly used to cut the ear axis, fruit stalk and fruit grain, and sometimes it is also used to cut leaves. At the early stage of the disease, irregular color spots appeared at the base of the small fruit stalk, and there were inconspicuous dark brown halo at the edge, which gradually expanded and cut the fruit stalk, causing the fruit to lose water and wither. In the later stage, it gradually shrinks and becomes purple-black hard fruit, and sparse black spots are produced on the surface of the diseased fruit, which is the spore generator of pathogenic bacteria. Dead fruit hangs on branches for a long time, which is one of the main differences between the disease and anthracnose and white rot. When the leaves are susceptible to diseases, round dark brown spots appear on the leaves, and the middle part turns gray with small black spots on it, which are conidia and ascomycetes of pathogenic bacteria.

(two) to eliminate the overwintering bacteria, and to clean up and bury the diseased fruits and leaves in time.

1. Strengthen the management of Xuanyuan Garden, tie vines, pick cores and remove secondary shoots in time, and create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of trees. Timely drainage to prevent diseases.

2. After chemical agents are used to control falling flowers, white rot and anthracnose are combined for control. Spray a small amount of Bordeaux solution 3 ~ 5 times, that is, every 10 day/time, mainly on the ear, which can be controlled generally.

Eight, grape stem blight mainly harms vines, and sometimes it also harms new shoots and fruits. Prevention and control methods are:

(1) Before scraping the diseased vines, the epidermis of the diseased parts should be scraped off in time, and after the tissues are exposed, 50% multi-bacteria wettable emulsion or sulfur mixture residue should be applied.

(two) to eliminate germs, in the growing season or winter pruning found diseased branches should be cut off in time, centralized burning.

(3) Spraying 3-50 times of sulfur mixture before germination, and combining with other diseases during the growth period. In May and June, a small amount of 200 times Bordeaux mixture was sprayed on the vines for control.

Main pests and their control techniques

First, the grape-winged moth

Grape winged moth is also called feathered moth. It belongs to LEPIDOPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA. In Shandong. Common in Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, it is one of the main pests in grape producing areas.

Victims' complaints

Grape wing moth mainly harms grape branches and vines. Larvae eat new shoots and old vines, usually from the base of fierce or petiole. The damage is gradually expanding, and there is brown insect dung in the cave, which is a sign of the harm of the insect. After larvae eat branches and vines, they feed in the direction of tender vines. In severe cases, the upper branches and leaves of damaged plants will die.

(2) Prevention and control methods

First, during the period when adults lay eggs and newly hatched larvae harm young shoots, seize the opportunity to spray 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days, and the effect is better for three consecutive times. The following liquid medicines can be selected: 50% dichlorvos EC 1500 times, 40% omethoate 1000 ~ 1200 times, triadimefon 3000 times, chlorpyrifos 20 times, or triadimefon 65438 times.

Second, check frequently in winter and summer, and cut off, burn or bury decaying vines in time. If the vine is rotten, it can be dipped with absorbent cotton in 200 times of 50% dichlorvos or 1000 times of liquid, and stuffed into the rotten hole to kill the larvae.

2. The grape nodule aphid belongs to HOMOPTERA and LEPIDOPTERA. It has occurred in some vineyards in Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Taiwan Province and other places, but has not been found in other areas. Once the vineyard occurs, it will cause serious harm, so it has been listed as the main quarantine object at home and abroad.

(1) The damaged grape root nodule aphid is seriously harmful to American varieties, which can harm both roots and leaves, and mainly harms the roots of Eurasian varieties and European and American hybrids. The root is damaged, the end of the fibrous root expands, and a rhombic nodule with the size of a small grain of rice appears, forming a larger nodular process on the main body. The leaves are damaged and many granular galls are formed on the back of the leaves. Therefore, grape nodule aphid can be divided into nodule type and leaf gall type. In the rainy season, nodules often rot, which leads to the split and fall of cortex and the destruction of vascular bundles, thus affecting the absorption and transportation of nutrients and water by roots. At the same time, the affected roots are easily infected by germs, which leads to root rot, tree weakness, leaves becoming smaller and yellow, and even defoliation, which affects the yield, and in severe cases, the whole plant dies.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. Strengthening quarantine The only transmission route of grape phylloxera is seedlings, which are in quarantine; When planting seedlings, special attention should be paid to the existence of aphid eggs, nymphs and adults in rooted soil. Once found, it should be treated with chemicals immediately. The method is as follows: soak the seedlings and branches in 50% phoxim 1500 times solution or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times solution or 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times solution for 2 minutes, and then immediately.

2. Soil treatment For vineyards or nurseries with nodule aphids, carbon disulfide can be used for irrigation. Methods: 8 ~ 9 holes were drilled every 1m2 around the grape stem at a depth of10 ~125cm. Inject 6 ~ 8g of liquid medicine into each hole in spring and 4 ~ 6g of liquid medicine into each hole in summer, and the effect is good. But it can't be used at flowering and harvest time to avoid phytotoxicity. You can also mix 500g of 50% phoxim with 50kg of fine soil, 25kg of medicinal soil per mu, apply it at 3 ~ 4 pm, and then turn it into the soil.

(3) selecting rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids; Rootstocks such as Harmony, Freedom, Hepingjin 1 5A, which have strong resistance to root nodule aphids, have been introduced in China and can be selected.

Third, the grape short bearded mite is also called the grape red spider. It belongs to Acari, Acari. This insect is one of the important pests in grape producing areas in China, and it is common in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places. In recent years, there is a tendency to aggravate injuries in other fields.

(1) Larvae, nymph and adult are the victims of new shoots, petioles, leaves, fruit stalks, ear stalks and fruits. When the base of the new branch is damaged, the epidermis produces brown granular protrusions. The petiole is damaged in the same way as the new tip. When the leaves die, brown rust spots appear on both sides of the veins. In severe cases, the leaves turn green and yellow, and the withered coke falls off. Fruit stalks and ear stalks change from brown to black after being killed, which is fragile and easy to fall off. At the early stage of injury, the fruit is light brown rust spots, the surface of the fruit is rough and hard, and sometimes it cracks vertically downward from the pedicel. The color and sugar content of ripe fruit decreased at the late stage of injury, which had a great influence on the yield and quality of grapes.

(2) Prevention and control methods First, before the cold comes, peel off the old bark and burn it to eliminate the overwintering female adults. 2. When winter buds germinate in spring, spray 30 stone sulfur mixture +0.3% washing powder; In July and August, the population density is high, so it is necessary to spray 800 ~ 1000 times of 40% dicofol to kill live insects.

Four, grape gall mites, also known as grape rust ticks or felting disease. It belongs to Acari, Carniidae. The insect is widely distributed, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places.

(1) The damaged grape gall mite mainly harms the leaves, and initially produces light irregular spots with different sizes on the back of the leaves. Subsequently, the surface of the leaves is convex, and the back of the leaves is concave, showing a white fluffy felt, so it is called felt disease. In the later stage, it gradually turned from brown to brown, and the leaves shrank and were uneven. In severe cases, it can also hurt buds and young fruits. It also produces fluff on it.

(2) Prevention and control methods

1. Remove pathogens. When diseased leaves are found in the growing season, they should be removed in time, buried or burned in a centralized way.

2. Chemical control: Spraying 50 lime-sulfur mixture before germination or spraying 0.5 ~ 1.50 lime-sulfur mixture during germination in early spring has good control effect. Medication after germination is better than medication before germination.

3. Disinfection of seedlings: soak seedlings and cuttings in warm water at 40℃ for 5-7 minutes, and then move them into warm water at 50℃ for less than 5-7 minutes to kill Lepidoptera mites.

Five, grape mealybug, grape mealybug, also known as Conway mealybug. It belongs to HOMOPTERA, Coccidae. Grape producing areas in China are all distributed, especially in Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Sichuan. Besides harming grapes, it can also harm peaches and figs.

(1) The damaged adults and larvae suck juice at the back of leaves, the shady side of fruits, the rachis of spikelets, the stalk of spikes, etc. , affecting the growth and development of fruits. Fruit or ear stalks are killed, and the surface is brown and greasy, which is not easy to be washed away by rain. In severe cases, the whole ear is covered with white cotton wool. The damaged fruit has poor appearance, reduced sugar content and even lost commodity value.

(2) The control method should be pruned reasonably to prevent the branches and leaves from being too dense and not to create a suitable environment for the mealybug. Second, when pruning in autumn, remove dead leaves, peel off old skins, brush off wintering eggs and burn them centrally. Thirdly, in the incubation period of each generation of larvae, spraying 50% triazophos EC 2000 times, 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times, or 50% chamomile EC 800 ~ 1000 times. When the ear is damaged, 300 ~ 400 times of 25% phoxim EC can be used to soak the ear to kill the larvae in the ear.

Six, ten-star ladybug leafhopper ten-star ladybug leaves are also called ten-star ladybug or golden flower. It belongs to COLEOPTERA, Cicadellidae. This insect is widely distributed in Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces.

(1) The damaged ladybug leafhopper eats plant buds and leaves as adults and larvae. Leaves are often bitten into holes, and mesophyll is eaten tightly, leaving only veins.

(2) Prevention and control methods First of all, clean the countryside, focus on burning the fallen leaves, peel off the old upturned skin and burn them. Second, protect natural enemies, natural enemies, parasitic bees and flies in pupal stage, and spray less pesticides to protect natural enemies. Artificial killing is carried out by using the suspended animation and rotation habits of larvae. Thirdly, spraying 90% trichlorfon and 40% dimethoate emulsion 800 ~ 1000 times has a good control effect. Seven, grape thrips, grape thrips is also called tobacco thrips. It belongs to thrips. The insect has been widely distributed in grape producing areas in China, and its harm to grapes has been increasing in recent years. According to the report of Shenyang Agricultural University (1989), in the investigation of grape concentrated producing areas in Gai County, Liaoning Province, the rate of damaged plants was as high as 100%, the rate of ear injury was 69.8%, the rate of ear injury was 48.2%, the rate of damaged plants in serious vineyards was as high as 100%, and the rate of ear injury was over 75%, which led to the following problems. Thrips is a new grape pest.

(1) The main victims of grape thrips are nymphs and adults, and the sap of epidermal cells of young fruits, young leaves and new shoots is sucked by a file suction mouthpiece. The young fruit did not change color when it was killed, but the damaged part dried up and shrank the next day, forming small black spots, which affected the appearance of fruit particles and reduced the commodity value, and even caused fruit cracking in severe cases. The damage of leaves is destroyed by the purity of green leaves. Green macula appears first, and then leaves become smaller, curled, deformed, dry and sometimes perforated. The growth of new buds is inhibited.

(2) Prevention and control methods First, clean up the weeds in the vineyard and burn the dead leaves. Secondly, spraying 40% omethoate 1000 ~ 1500 times before flowering, or spraying 50% malathion emulsion, 40% nicotine sulfate and 2.5% rotenone 800 times, all have good effects. Thirdly, the grape can be sprayed with 2000 ~ 2500 times of low-toxicity and high-efficiency insecticide chlorhexidine or deltamethrin, and checked about 5 days after spraying. If the insect situation is still serious, a second spray should be carried out immediately. /TechHtml/5/3/9/39232.html