Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - Taking Zheng Banqiao as an example, this paper tries to explain the causes and artistic features of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou.
Taking Zheng Banqiao as an example, this paper tries to explain the causes and artistic features of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is the general name of a group of painters and calligraphers with similar styles who lived in Yangzhou in the middle of Qing Dynasty by China. They are also called Yangzhou School of Painting. There are eight "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics". They are Li, Li (single fish), Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Zheng Xie, Gao Xiang and Wang. Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics are mostly middle and lower intellectuals. Some of them are dismissed state and county officials, some are scribes who have not achieved fame, and some are poor painters who make a living by painting. They either grew up in Yangzhou or came here to live for other provinces, and each had a bumpy experience. They have gathered in Yangzhou to sell their paintings and calligraphy works in Yangzhou's prosperous painting and calligraphy market.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics are a group of intellectuals with a sense of justice. They all know the corruption of officialdom and the extortion of wealthy businessmen. Facing the difference between the rich and the poor in real life, combined with their own experiences, they have a strong dissatisfaction with society. They often show deep sympathy for the suffering people and make angry voices on their behalf. However, because they were educated by feudal culture, and the Qing Dynasty was in its heyday, their feelings and dissatisfaction could not break through the barriers of feudal thought. Among them, officials worked hard to build a number to let the people live and work in peace and contentment in order to maintain feudal order. If you have no intention of officialdom, you will lead an honest and clean life, which is not customary and flaunts that you have lofty ideals. And they can't get rid of the economic dependence on landlords, officials and businessmen, so they are often in extreme pain of ideological contradictions and have to compromise to survive outside cynicism. Zheng Xie, the representative of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, left many comments, which can be described as a thinker among the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou. Li (Jia Dan beside the fish) expressed the most painful and intense contradiction in his works and became the main target of attack.
The most prominent artistic view of Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is to attach importance to individual expression. They advocate original style and "independence". They openly declared that their works were for selling money to make a living, tearing the veil that literati and painters once regarded painting creation as "elegant things". On the theme of their works, on the one hand, they inherited the tradition of literati painting, taking plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, pine and stone as the main description objects to show the lofty, aloof and vulgar painters. On the other hand, they also use symbolism, metaphor and metaphor to write poems, which endows their works with profound social content and unique ideological expression. For example, Li's "Wind Bamboo Map" symbolizes stubborn and unyielding character with strong bamboo that is not afraid of strong winds; Huang Shen's "Seeking a Picture" and Luo Pin's "Selling Cattle Songs" show their careful observation of the real society, which directly or indirectly shows social injustice. In terms of painting style, Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics mainly inherited the freehand brushwork techniques in previous paintings, and further developed their expertise in ink painting, shaping objects in a highly concise way, not sticking to the shape of branches and leaves. In pen and ink, they are unconstrained and unconstrained, galloping freely and expressing their feelings directly. Because their works are contrary to the subtle and elegant style of flower-and-bird painting popular at that time, they are often severely criticized by critics and called "strange".
Although the art of Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou was only popular in Yangzhou and its surrounding areas at that time, it had a far-reaching influence on inheriting and developing the traditional ink and wash freehand brushwork in China.
There are different opinions about which painters "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" refer to. Some people say it's eight, others say it's more than eight; Some people say these eight, others say the other eight. According to various writings, there are as many as fifteen people. Because Li Yufen's Introduction to Ou Boluo's Painting and Calligraphy is the earliest and most complete record of the Eight Eccentrics, most people still take the Eight Eccentrics proposed by Li Yufen in the late Qing Dynasty as the standard. Namely: Wang, Zheng Xie, Gao Xiang, Jin Nong, Li Yi, Huang Shen, Li,. As for the painters mentioned by others, such as Hua Yan, Min Zhen, Gao, Li Mian, Chen Zhuan, Bian Shoumin, Yang Fa, etc. , can also be merged because of similar painting styles. Because the word "eight" can be used as an adjective or as a divisor.
"Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" has a wide range of knowledge and is good at poetry. Life was bumpy for most of my life, and I finally embarked on the road of selling paintings for a living. Although they sell paintings, they express their feelings with paintings, and they have higher pursuit in the art of painting and calligraphy, and are unwilling to flow into the ranks of ordinary painters. Their knowledge, experience, artistic accomplishment, profound skill and artistic pursuit of innovative ideas are different from ordinary painters. They reached the realm of new ideas, new compositions and new techniques, created a new generation of painting style, and made immortal contributions to the development of China.
China's painting has a long history, in which literati painting flourished from the Tang and Song Dynasties, gradually enriched and developed, and formed a complete theoretical system, leaving a large number of works, which is the pride of China's painting. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many painting schools in China, each with its own characteristics. Yushan and Loudong, headed by the "Four Kings", have the greatest influence, while in Yangzhou, the painting style of "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou", headed by Jin Nong and Zheng Xie, has been formed. These painters inherit and carry forward the tradition of Chinese painting, but they have different views on inheriting the tradition and creating methods. Yu Shan, Lou Dong and other painting schools emphasize copying and learning from the ancients, take observing the ancient law as the principle, take strengthening the ancient law as their own responsibility, and pretend to be "authentic". Their creative method, as Wang Hui, an "authentic" painter, said, is "a great achievement to paint with the straight ink of Yuan people, to transport the mountains and valleys of Song people and to polish the charm of Tang people". They followed the ancients and followed suit, and their works were mostly imitations of ancient masters (of course, there were also antique creations), which formed a rigid situation and bound the painter's hands and feet. "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" also respects tradition, but it is different from "authentic". They inherited the creative methods of Shi Tao, Xu Wei and Zhu Da. , did not copy the ancient laws. For example, Zheng Banqiao worships Shi Tao and he learns from Shi Tao. He also "stayed half, learned half, and never learned all."
Shi Tao has an important influence on the formation of the artistic style of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics". He put forward "learning from nature" and "using my method", opposed "mudding", required painters to absorb creative materials in nature, and emphasized that works should have strong personality. He believes that "the ancients could not bear my face; The hearts of ancient people could not enter my stomach. I feel my heart spontaneously and show my eyebrows. " Shi Tao's painting thought laid a theoretical foundation for the emergence of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" and applied it to practice. "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" found inspiration from nature, sought themes from life, and wrote books by itself, not willing to be like others, which was refreshing at that time. People often regard their rare things as weird, so they feel strange about the works of "Eight Eccentrics" that express their hearts and gallop freely, and call them weird. There are also some painters who are used to tradition. They think that the paintings of "Eight Eccentrics" are beyond the limits, so they belittle the Eight Eccentrics, saying that they are partial teachers and heretics, and that they are "unconventional and only popular in thyme". Admirers praised his works for their bold brushwork, getting rid of the shackles of the established method and the ancient method, breaking the rigid situation at that time, bringing new vitality to China's paintings and influencing and nurturing later artists such as Zhao, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi.
2. Where is the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou"?
There are different opinions about where the "Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou" is. Some people think they are strange, but in fact, they are not. Eight eccentrics have experienced ups and downs themselves. They are full of injustice and infinite anger, and show deep sympathy for the poor. They attack ugly things and people with the keen insight and kind sympathy of intellectuals, whether in poetry or painting and calligraphy. This kind of thing is not uncommon in the history of China, but it is not uncommon. People will naturally treat it as "strange". However, their daily behavior did not go beyond the scope of ethics at that time, nor did they indulge like Jin literati-playing dumb and laughing. They communicate with officials and celebrities, attend poetry receptions and behave like normal people. Therefore, it is unreasonable to assume that they are "weird" from their life behavior. Now we can only study them in their works.
Eight eccentrics don't want to take the road that others have started, but want to find another way. They want to create "articles that show the sky and the ground, words that shock thunderstorms, words that curse ghosts, and paintings that have never existed in the past" to stand on their own feet, that is, to be different from the ancients, not to follow the customs, and to have a unique style. Their works violate people's appreciation habits and make people feel novel, so they feel a little "strange". As Zheng Xie himself said, "Writing is unique, and calligraphy and painting are not appreciated by ordinary people. The Tang Dynasty had its own country, and the people laughed at me as a Banqiao monster. " At that time, people had different opinions on them, and the most important one was that they deviated from the "authentic", which also explained the main reason why they were called "weird". Yangzhou Eight Eccentric Painters broke through the shackles of "authenticity" and, on the basis of inheriting the tradition, concentrated on their own creation and development, trying to create a new painting style with their whole life.
"Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou" refers to Zheng Xie (Banqiao), Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, Li, Wang and Li who were active in Yangzhou during the reign of Qing Qianlong. Where are they "weird"
They hated the vulgarity, treachery and flattery prevailing in the officialdom at that time. Except, Li and San, the other eight people took "Lu Lian" and "Jie Zhitui" as models all their lives and refused to be officials until their death. Even Zheng Banqiao, an official, is different from an ordinary official. When he took office in Shandong, he first dug hundreds of holes in the wall of the old government and led them to the street, saying it was "impolite of former officials" and asked him to be honest and clean.
Most of the interests of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" are integrated into poetry, painting and calligraphy, and will never whitewash peace. They use poems and paintings to reflect people's sufferings, vent their inner anger and anguish, and express their pursuit and yearning for beautiful ideals. This is the case with Zheng Banqiao's Fierce Class, The Road of the Master and Escape from the Wilderness.
Eight eccentrics like painting plum, bamboo, stone and orchid best. They use the arrogance of plum, the coldness of stone, the height of bamboo and the delicate fragrance of orchid to express their interests. Among them, Luo Pin also loves to draw ghosts, and the ghosts in his works are various, and he explained that "there are ghosts everywhere", and the characteristics of ghosts are that "when you are rich, you will follow the wall snake, and when you are poor, you will be ridiculed". This is not drawing ghosts, but clearly tearing off the skins of corrupt officials who cling to the trend and oppress the poor through ghosts and returning them to their true colors.
In that era when the feudal system was extremely cruel and the literary inquisition flourished, they dared to be different and unconventional. No wonder a governor shook his head and called it "strange, strange".
Deng Tuo once wrote that "the strange names of Yangzhou were blown by the Song Dynasty, and Lan Zhuying was accompanied by the sound of books", which can be regarded as a summary of their "strange" characteristics.
-"Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou" In fact, there were more than eight important painters active in Yangzhou painting at that time, about 16 or 7, and "eight" was not an exact number. According to the earliest records: Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Zheng Xie, Li (fish list), Li, Wang, Gao Xiang,. So it is called strange because they are eccentric, eccentric and strange when painting, and most of them are strong-willed, aloof and arrogant, and their behavior is wild, so they are called "eight eccentrics".
Jin Nong (1487- 1764), whose real name is Shoumen, whose real name is Dongxin, a native of Hangzhou, is called the head of the Eight Monsters. He is well-read and versatile. He began to paint after the age of 50 and was poor all his life. He is good at flowers and birds, landscapes and figures, especially at ink painting and plum blossom. His paintings are simple and simple in shape, elegant in layout and novel in conception. His works include Meme Map and Moon Flower Map. He created a kind of official script, calling himself "lacquer script", which has another interest.
Huang Shen (1687— 1768) was born in ninghua, Fujian. When I was a child, my family was poor and I benefited a lot from learning Huai Su's calligraphy. He painted in cursive, created his own style, was good at freehand brushwork, and had the highest attainments in figure painting. Most of the works are based on immortal Buddhism and Taoism, and there are also many works that reflect the life of the lower classes. His works include Drunk Sleep and Su Wu Pastoral.
Li Yu kg-* 6] Dan (1686-1762), born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. He liked painting since he was a child and became famous when he was sixteen. He used to be the magistrate of Tengzhou, Shandong Province. Influenced by Xu Wei and Shi Tao, his painting style is extensive, eclectic, dripping with ink and elegant in color, so that "ink and wash blend into interest". His works include "Okra Map" and "Jade Map of Pine and cypress".
Li (1695— 1755) is a native of Nantong, Jiangsu. He served as a county magistrate and magistrate for about 20 years. Be friends with Jin Nong and Zheng Xie, and be good at painting pines, bamboos, plums and orchids. In his later years, he painted plums as a metaphor. He wrote in the poem: "This plum blossom is ordinary and there is no pen to read. The painter doesn't understand the customs at any time and is furious. " His works include Fish Tour Map and Xiaoxiang Wind Bamboo Map.
Gao Xiang (1688— 1753) was born in Yangzhou and Xitang. Gaoxiang lived a hard life and was aloof. He admired Shi Tao all his life. He is good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, and likes to paint plum blossoms with sparse branches. His works include "Finger-flick Pavilion".
Wang (1685— 1759) was born in Xiuning, Anhui. My family was poor when I was a child. I live in Yangzhou and sell paintings for a living. I am poor and happy, studying art and good at painting plums. Together with Jin Nong and Gao Xiang, he is also known as the "Four Great Painters of Plum Blossoms", and his works include The Picture of Mei Mei.
Luo Pin (1733— 1799), whose real name is Xunfu, was originally from Shexian county, Anhui province, and moved to Yangzhou. He is a disciple of Jin Nong. He is the youngest of the eight eccentrics, but he has a high level of knowledge and extraordinary writing style. He has been an official all his life, selling paintings for a living and being down and out all his life. His works include Ghost Fun Map and Drunk Zhong Kui Map.
Zheng Xie (1693— 1765) was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. He is a scholar of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and he is a scholar of Qianlong. He used to be the magistrate of Fanxian County and Weixian County in Shandong Province. He offended his boss by opening a warehouse to help the victims, resigned angrily and lived in Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living. He is particularly active in thought, quite original, highly accomplished in poetry and painting, and good at painting bamboo, orchids and stones. He also created a six-and-a-half-part calligraphy style that integrates original works, cursive script, official script and seal script. People call it "a street paved with stones". He is a painter with strong people's character. When he was a magistrate in Wei County, he drew a bamboo picture for the magistrate. The inscription reads: "Zhai Ya is lying listening to the drizzling bamboo, which is suspected to be the voice of the people's suffering. Some small officials in Caozhou County always care about their feelings. "
"Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" have similar life experiences and thoughts and feelings. Most of them came from the intellectual class, some refused to be officials all their lives, some passed the imperial examination and became small officials, but they were dismissed or resigned one after another, and finally made a living by selling paintings. Their lives are relatively poor, and they are well aware of the corruption in the officialdom, forming a character of contempt for powerful people and debauchery, and expressing their inner resentment with the help of calligraphy and painting.
Most of their art is based on flowers and birds, with freehand brushwork as the main expression. They attach importance to individuality and strive for innovation in their creation, which breaks through the traditional aesthetic norms to varying degrees and has certain anti-traditional significance. Their works have a strong subjective color, which is refreshing. But at that time, they were not fully understood, and even regarded as "leftists" and "criticized". In fact, it is they who have created a new situation in painting and broadened the road for the development of flower-and-bird painting.
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