I want to know about Korea! ! !

South Korea (Warring States): a vassal state of China during the ancient Warring States period;

Republic of Korea (1948 to present): the present country in the southern part of the Korean peninsula;

Korean Empire (1896-19 10): a country on the ancient Korean peninsula. The Republic of Korea () is a country located at the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula in Northeast Asia. The southwest is close to the Yellow Sea, the southeast is the Korean Strait and Ma Haixia, and the east is surrounded by the East Sea of Korea (the Sea of Japan). North Korea faces the Democratic People's Republic of Korea across the demilitarized zone. Originally the same country as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, after it broke away from Japanese colonial rule, the Republic of Korea was established on 1948 by Li Chengwan, former President of the National Assembly of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, on an equal footing with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

The Republic of Korea is called Korea for short, but in order to distinguish it from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Koreans often call their country "Korea" (), while the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is called "North Korea" (); The people of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China are used to calling their country "North Korea" (? ), and the Republic of Korea is called "Korea" (? )。

Before establishing diplomatic relations with South Korea, People's Republic of China (PRC) always called the Republic of Korea "South Korea". 1992 after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, it was renamed "Korea". Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province have always been used to calling the Republic of Korea "North Korea" or "South Korea". Japan is also used to calling the Republic of Korea "Korea" (かんこく), but now Koreans in China have requested to use Korean pronunciation instead of Japanese pronunciation.

field

The Republic of Korea is located in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, covering an area of about 99,400 square kilometers, bordering the Sea of Japan in the east and Shandong Province in China across the Yellow Sea in the west. The terrain is lower than the northern half of the peninsula, and the terrain is mainly hills and plains. The main river is the Han River, with a total length of 5 14 km. The southernmost tip of South Korea is Maro Island, which is 1 1 km south of Musepu Port in Jeju Island. East longitude 126 degrees, north latitude 33 degrees, covering an area of 0.3 square kilometers, east-west width of 0.5 kilometers, north-south length of10.2 kilometers, altitude of 39 meters, coastline of 4.2 kilometers, and population of 64 people. There is the Chinese character "Korea" on the island.

climate

South Korea has a temperate monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, and the southern part is characterized by a mild maritime climate. March to May is spring and flowers are in full bloom. June-August is summer, with rainfall accounting for half of the whole year, high temperature and high humidity; September ~ 1 1 is autumn, which is the most suitable season for traveling. February from 65438 to February of the following year is winter, and the weather characteristics are similar to those in the northeast. This is a good season for skiing.

Human population

South Korea's population is close to 47.28 million, and the whole country is a single Korean (Korean), and Korean (Korean) is commonly used.

Since ancient times, most Koreans believe in Shamanism. Today, 26% people in Korea believe in Buddhism, and another 26% believe in Catholicism and Christianity. The rest either don't believe in religion or believe in the spread of Shamanism, Taoism, Heaven and Islam in Korea.

politics

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, South Korea established a political system of separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers, and the functions of the three powers were exercised by the National Assembly, the courts and the government respectively. The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, and the executive power plays a leading role in it, which is manifested in the presidential-centered system. Since then, there have been many political events in which the president amended the constitution in order to seek re-election.

Then, after several constitutional amendments and a series of repeated institutional reforms, the presidential authoritarian system gradually moved towards democracy. South Korea's current constitution imposes many restrictions on the president's power to ensure the implementation of democracy. The president has a five-year term and cannot be re-elected.

South Korea implements multi-party cooperation and governance. At present, the main political parties are the Open Kuomintang, the Grand National Party, the Democratic Labor Party, the New Millennium Democratic Party and the Liberal Democratic Alliance.

South Korea's administrative region is divided into one capital, nine roads and six squares. The capital (special city) Seoul. No.9: Gyeonggi Province, gangwon, Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Jeju-do, as well as six wide-area cities: Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan.

. Among them, Tao is equivalent to China's provincial administrative regions, which are divided into cities, counties (counties), cities (towns) and districts (districts).

military affairs

Implement the system of universal conscription and recruitment of volunteers. The army and marine corps served for two and a half years, and the air force and navy served for three years. The president is the supreme commander of the three armed forces. The existing total force is 69 1 000, including 560,000 army, 68,000 navy and 63,000 air force. Reserve 3.8 million. In 2004, the defense budget increased by 8%, accounting for 3.2% of GDP. The United States has 37,000 troops in South Korea.

economy

South Korea's economy has been monopolized by several chaebol families, and its economic scale refers to the Japanese chaebol model. These chaebols were established after the Korean War. 1995 The four major chaebol in China are Hyundai Group, Samsung Group, Daewoo Group and Lexi Jinxing Group (LG Group). However, after the 1997 Asian financial turmoil, the average asset-liability ratio of 30 consortia reached 379.8%. The original 18 had only four chaebols, but they still dominated the economic development of South Korea. In 2005, the total net profit of the top ten companies in Korea reached $25 billion. At present, Samsung enterprises have mastered about 22% of South Korea's total export value and pay 8% tax every year. Korean media often use the titles of "Samsung Kingdom", "Samsung Republic" and "Lee Kin-hee Era" to describe the influence of Samsung Group on Korean economy. In 2005, South Korea's national income exceeded 16000 US dollars, which has officially surpassed Taiwan Province Province among the "Four Little Dragons of Asia" and got rid of the image of "behind the temple". South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun once said: "By 2065, 438+00, South Korea will achieve the goal of advancing into the top eight in world trade and create an era of national income of 20,000 US dollars."

After 1997, Korean enterprises were reborn, and Samsung, LG and Hyundai became world-famous brands. Samsung even defeated Sony and became the first brother in the global electronics industry. In 2004, South Korea's export growth rate was as high as 3 1%. However, in 2004, the low-income "part-time" workers in South Korea accounted for 37% of the national employed population, and more than 1 of every three workers were part-time workers. These part-time workers are not included in the calculation of unemployment rate. The unemployment rate of employees in South Korea is even much lower than that in Taiwan Province Province, but about 5 million part-time workers are victims of high economic growth in South Korea.

1995 OECD Korea report points out: "after the financial crisis, the reform of large companies in Korea has obviously improved their performance; On the contrary, most SMEs now have problems with their financial structure and operating profits. " South Korea's economic growth has always been dominated by large enterprises. Take Samsung as an example. Samsung's exports account for 22% of South Korea's total exports. It occupies a leading position in the world in the production of liquid crystal displays, mobile phones and DRAM, and the top ten enterprises in Korea account for more than 80% of the total export. But on the other hand, these big companies can't create enough jobs for South Korea. After 1997, large Korean enterprises increased their productivity through layoffs, while small and medium-sized enterprises that rely on large enterprises for survival have no spare capacity to hire excellent employees, so their productivity is lower. In order to improve their competitiveness, large enterprises have to buy parts from first-class overseas manufacturers. At the same time, it broke the tradition of unification in South Korea, and more than a quarter of small and medium-sized enterprises could not survive by large enterprises, which seriously affected the balance of the domestic market. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has formed an indelible shadow of Korea's high economic growth, and the increasingly serious inflation has made the life of Korean nationals increasingly difficult. After the sudden prosperity, the Korean government is faced with serious imbalance in industrial development, polarization between the rich and the poor, and intensified social problems.

culture

A. Clothing culture

Hanbok is a traditional Korean costume made according to the living habits of Koreans, so it can be regarded as synonymous with Korean culture. Hanbok's straight lines and curves coordinate with each other, fully showing the perfect curve of the figure, elegant and tasteful.

The beauty of Hanbok lies in the soft curves of coats and sleeves, and the unique curves of traditional cloth socks (modern socks). In addition, the collar edge of Hanbok coat (white line at the collar) can better set off the harmony and elegance of Hanbok. In particular, the image of Korean women in white linen skirts vividly shows the pure classical beauty of Korean people. The key to express the unique taste of Hanbok lies in the matching of underwear lining. White is the basic color of Hanbok, with different materials and colors according to different seasons and identities.

Now, only when there are festivals or activities at home can Koreans wear Hanbok. Usually, they wear suits. Recently, practical life hanbok has been added to traditional hanbok, which is very popular.

The basic decoration of Hanbok is hanging on a ribbon (in order to fasten the coat, long ribbons are sewn on each of the two front skirts. The ribbon of the blouse hangs in front of the long skirt and also has a decorative effect. There are also hairpins and headdresses worn in the hair.

The types of shoes are embroidered satin shoes, leather shoes, clogs worn when it rains, and sandals.

B. Korean food culture

* Daily diet-Korea has a rich food culture. Korea is a traditional agricultural country, with rice as its staple food since ancient times. Each place has its own unique ingredients and cooking methods. Especially pickles and soybean paste (fermented soybeans). Fermented and pickled foods are more developed. These foods are welcomed by countries all over the world.

1, dining etiquette

In the past, Koreans were very particular about food etiquette. When eating, you must dress properly and behave properly. When dining with the elders, the elders should move chopsticks first, and the younger generation can move chopsticks. In addition, people should not see the food in their mouths or make any noise when eating. You can't use chopsticks and a spoon at the same time. After eating, others can't leave before the elders leave.

2. food

Rice is the staple food of Koreans. The dishes are mainly soup and casserole stewed with thick soup. In addition, there are mixed vegetables with vegetarian dishes (salt, soy sauce, salt and pepper, sesame oil, garlic and onion are needed for mixed vegetables) and seafood sauce (pickled seafood). These dishes often appear on Korean tables. The main cooking methods of Korean food are roasting, frying, boiling and steaming.

Korean food is characterized by seasoning. Most Korean dishes are served with soy sauce, onion, garlic, sesame salt, sesame oil, pepper and Chili powder.

Kimchi is a unique fermented food in Korea. Koreans cannot eat without kimchi.

The main material of kimchi is Chinese cabbage. When making, Chinese cabbage is soaked in many seasonings (Chili powder, garlic, ginger, onion and radish, etc.). In order to ensure the preservation and maturity of the product, it must be placed at low temperature.

Delicious kimchi must be preserved at a certain temperature, and then fermented properly, so that the taste can come out and it can be preserved for a long time. Smart ancestors used appropriate storage methods according to seasonality and regionality, and then made delicious kimchi.

Kimchi has many functions. When kimchi is cooked, it is antibacterial. Vegetables made of kimchi contain a lot of cellulose, which can prevent constipation and enteritis. When kimchi matures, it will produce a large number of lactic acid bacteria, which can inhibit the production of undesirable bacteria. Moreover, kimchi also helps to prevent adult diseases, and plays a great role in preventing obesity, hypertension, diabetes and indigestion.

In Korea, according to different situations, the dishes and staple foods on the table are also different. The dining table in daily life is called' rice bed' in Korea, and it is divided into 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 dishes according to the number of side dishes (dishes are the method to calculate the number of side dishes, excluding rice, soup and kimchi). Rice and soup should be placed in front of the diners, and soup should be placed on the right side of the rice. Soy sauce is in the middle Hot food and meat are on the right, and cold food and vegetables are on the left. There are spoons and chopsticks on the right side of the rice bed.

In Korea, there is a custom of making some special foods according to different seasons. The food that comes out at this time is not only delicious but also nutritious. These are Korean food cultures, from which we can see the wisdom of Koreans:

Ginseng chicken soup is to put glutinous rice, ginseng, garlic, jujube and so on. Put water in the chicken's belly, boil it thoroughly in the pot and take it out. Ginseng and chicken are a good match and are often eaten in summer. Especially after sweating a lot, eating delicious ginseng chicken soup is really comfortable. (Photo supplement of ginseng chicken soup)

The barbecue uses fat beef, which is not only fresh and tender, but also not spicy. The children like it very much. Add onion, sesame salt, ginger, sesame oil, etc. Cook in soy sauce for 30 minutes before eating (never more than 30 minutes, or it will taste bad).

Cold noodles are a unique food in Korea. According to historical records, it has been a very popular food since the Korean era.

Put some starch in the flour and knead it thoroughly. Take out the noodles and put them in a big bowl. Put the sliced meat, fried beef, cucumber, cabbage and eggs in a bowl. Noodle soup is made of beef, chicken and pheasant, or radish pickle soup. Then add vinegar and mustard and you can eat. This kind of cold noodles is called Pingyang cold noodles. There is also a cold noodle called Xianxing, which is made of potato starch produced in that place and can be eaten with seasonings such as seafood and sole.

Tea has been a favorite snack food for Koreans since ancient times. The so-called' tea ceremony' is to know yourself through drinking tea and cultivate a kind and tolerant mentality. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, tea was introduced to the Korean Peninsula during the period of the Silla Dynasty's Empress Shande. The Korean era is the golden age of Korean tea culture. In North Korea, the tea ceremony once declined, but since the end of North Korea, under the leadership of Ding Ruoyong, Kim Jong-hye and Yi Cao, the tea ceremony has been re-developed.

Tea is a drink. Tea leaves are picked in early spring, processed and soaked in boiling water for drinking. Generally, 60-70℃ boiled water is used to make tea. Brew for * * * 3 times. The first cup is mainly fragrant, the second cup is mainly flavor, and the third cup is mainly maintenance. Good tea should be fragrant and taste good. Especially when drinking tea, it should give people a soft feeling. The so-called' five pleasures of drinking tea' usually refers to the sound of boiling water, the warmth of teacups, and the color, fragrance and taste of tea. Generally speaking, drinking tea helps to restore spirit, improve memory, prevent cancer, detoxify and lower cholesterol. Recently, there are many clubs that like drinking tea, and the tea culture in Korea is also developing.

3. Living culture

Han Tai refers to houses built by traditional Korean architecture. In Korean architecture, the natural environment is always considered as the most important factor. The difference of Korean traditional architecture lies in its harmonious collocation with natural scenery. Most of Hanwu's building materials also come from nature, mainly using stones, wood and soil. Doors and windows are also made of Korean paper (Korean traditional paper) made of wood, which fully shows the beauty of nature. The roofs of traditional Korean houses are made of tiles or straw. Wealthy families use tiles, while ordinary people live on the roofs of straw-woven farms. Both of them fully demonstrate the attitude and wisdom of Koreans to get along with nature.

The house made of tile is called tile house, and the house made of straw is called straw house. The wall of the tile house is made of mud, with round tiles on it, and the wall of the straw house is made of Huang Shoudan or shrubs.

Stick enough paper on the door and breathe naturally. There is also proper sunlight entering the room.

The biggest feature of Korean guest rooms is that they are equipped with' Shi Wen' (fire pit heating system). Shi Wen refers to the heat conduction mode of heating under the kitchen pit. The stove mouth is placed in the general kitchen, and the biggest house is usually built next to it.

Hanwu has a yard. Korean gardens are also integrated with nature on the premise of adapting to the surrounding natural environment and not destroying the surrounding landscape. Some second-class (Korean feudal ruling class) gardens have added artificial beauty on the basis of natural beauty, which embodies the perfect combination of man and nature. The structure of ordinary people's houses is generally that there is a yard in front and a sauce jar platform in the sun at the back. There are soy sauce jars, yellow sauce jars and Chili sauce jars on the sauce jar platform, and flowers are planted around the sauce jar platform.

The spatial composition of the house is the main living space composed of back room, cloister, annex room, cloister and other annex rooms, and the ancestral hall space where ancestral spirits are placed. Influenced by Confucianism, the back room is strictly divided into female space and male space, and each space has obvious class nature.

traffic

Many airlines have opened flights between Seoul and major cities in the world. South Korea has Incheon, Gimpo, Gimhae, Jeju International Airport and many ports, and two major airlines, South Korea and Asiana, regularly fly to China 14 city. There are direct flights to Seoul from Beijing and Hong Kong, and liner flights to Incheon from Weihai, Qingdao and Tianjin. The sailing time takes 20 to 24 hours.

At present, Seoul and Busan have subways; The city bus fare is cheap, but because the route is only marked in Korean, it is a little inconvenient for foreign tourists to take it.

Taxi fares are slightly cheaper than in other countries, and taxis are always available. Railway branches and trunk lines connect almost all parts of the country, and expressways can also lead to major cities and tourist attractions in the country. There are sightseeing boats along the coast. Visitors can enjoy the beautiful coastal scenery by boat and enjoy the best service.

A brief history of this country

1, early history

Korean history can be traced back to 57 BC. The initial feature of ancient Korea was to form a clan society of small city-states, and then the small city-states gradually merged into a tribal alliance with complex political structure, and finally formed a kingdom.

Baekje (65438 BC+08-660 AD) was a kingdom of tribal alliances, which developed from a small city-state located south of the Han River near Seoul today. Baekje developed into a centralized country ruled by nobles during the reign of King Xiaogu (346-375).

Kingdom of Guangxi (57-562 AD)

Silla Kingdom (57 BC-935 AD), located at the southernmost tip of the Korean Peninsula, was originally the weakest and most backward of the three countries. But geographically far away from the influence of China, it is the latest to accept the influence of China culture. Its social class characteristics are obvious, and later it produced a unique "Flower Lang Tuan" and developed Buddhism.

2. Unify Silla

In the mid-6th century, Silla Kingdom conquered the neighboring Kaye Kingdom (1 a group of city-states developed in the south of the Korean Peninsula from the mid-6th century). Because Goguryeo and Baekje, the autonomous regimes in China's frontier, jointly invaded Silla and turned to Tang for help on the eve of Silla's demise. Tang Yiyi destroyed Baekje and Koguryo and preserved the existence of the Korean nation.

Silla occupied the central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula at the beginning of the 8th century, and entered the heyday of prosperity in the middle of the 8th century. Silla has always wanted to establish an ideal Buddhist country, and Buddhist temples were established during the period of unifying Silla. However, due to the princes and nobles indulging in comfortable and luxurious life, the worship of Buddhism in the kingdom began to decline. In addition, there were conflicts with regional leaders who claimed sovereignty in occupied Koguryo and the southern end of Baekje. In 935 AD, King Silla formally surrendered to the newly established Koryo dynasty.

3. Koryo

Although the Korean peninsula is often invaded by foreign countries, it has been ruled by a single government since it was unified by Silla in 668 AD. Wang Jian, the founding monarch of the Koryo dynasty, was a general under the rebellious Prince Gong of Silla. He chose his hometown Song Yue (now Kaesong in North Korea) as his capital. He named his kingdom Koryo, hence the name of Korea. The Koryo dynasty, represented by the prosperity of celadon and Buddhism, made brilliant cultural achievements. At the end of the Korean dynasty, the conflict between scholar-officials and warriors and the struggle between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism led to the decline of the Korean dynasty. Mongols invaded Korea in 123 1 year. Although the Korean people fought bravely against the Mongols, North Korea has been a vassal state of Mongolia for nearly 1 century.

1392, General Li Chenggui established a new dynasty-Korea. The early rulers of Korea supported Confucianism as the guiding philosophy of the kingdom to offset the dominant Buddhist influence in the Korean era.

The rulers of North Korea govern the country with a good moderate political system. The imperial examination system is the main way to select officials. During this period, the imperial examination became an important way to be an official. The Confucian-oriented society attaches great importance to the study of knowledge and despises industry and commerce.

During the reign of the fourth generation of King Sejong (14 18- 1450), North Korea's culture and art flourished unprecedentedly. At the initiative of King Sejong, scholars from royal academic institutions created the Korean character "Training Andrew".

King Sejong attached great importance to astronomy. Sundial, water leakage, astronomical chart and celestial globe are all made by him. Later, he passed the throne to his son Wenzong (reigned 1450- 1452). 1452 Wenzong died, and the prince who was only 1 1 years old succeeded to the throne.

1455, the uncle of Duanzong, Shouyang Dajun, usurped the throne of the young king and became the sai-jo king (1455- 1468 reigned). He promulgated a code called Guo Jing Grand Ceremony, which became the cornerstone of the dynasty's rule.

1592, Japan invaded Korea and prepared to launch a war of aggression against China. At sea, General Li Shunchen (1545- 1598), the most respected figure in Korean history, commanded the "Turtle Boat" to fight against the Japanese army and won a series of brilliant victories. This "turtle ship" is considered to be the earliest armored warship in the world.

On land, the armies of peasants and monks who volunteered to fight in the war also heroically killed the enemy. With the death of Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Japanese army began to retreat and the war ended on 1598. But this war left disastrous consequences for Korea and China in the Ming Dynasty. During the war, a large number of Korean craftsmen, including ceramic craftsmen, were robbed to Japan.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the "practical learning" movement in South Korea began to prevail among enlightened literati. They want to build a modern country through practical study.

They strongly suggest improving industry and agriculture, and advocate a drastic reform of the land distribution system. Unfortunately, conservative aristocratic rulers are not ready to adapt to this drastic change.

In the late Korean dynasty, the conflict between the government and the upper class continued. In order to correct this bad political situation, South Korea's Yingzu (reigning 1724- 1776) adopted an impartial strategy, successfully consolidated the imperial power and achieved political stability.

Zheng Zu (reign time 1776- 1800) continued to implement the policy of justice after he succeeded to the throne, and established the Wang Library to collect Wang's documents and records. He also promoted other political and cultural reforms. During this period, the "practical learning" movement flourished. Many outstanding scholars have written many articles about the progress of industrial and agricultural reform, but the government has not adopted their suggestions.

4. Japanese occupation and Korean independence movement.

/kloc-In the 9th century, South Korea remained "closed to the outside world" and resolutely opposed the western requirements for establishing diplomatic relations and trade. Since then, some Asian and European countries with imperialist ambitions have competed to exert influence on the Korean Peninsula. After defeating China and Russia, Japan forcibly annexed South Korea in 19 10 and began colonial rule.

Japanese colonial rule inspired the patriotism of the Korean people. The Japanese even forbid Koreans to teach in Korean in schools. This assimilation policy angered Korean intellectuals. 1 965438+In March 20091day, Koreans launched a nationwide protest, and thousands of people died.

Although the "March 1 independence movement" failed, it strengthened the unity of the Korean nation and inspired the spirit of patriotism. This movement led to the establishment of provisional Korean governments in China and Shanghai, and an organized armed struggle against Japanese colonialists in Manchuria. The Korean people still commemorate the "March 1 independence movement" every year and make it a national holiday.

Until 1945, when Japan was defeated, the Korean people lived in dire straits. Japan continued to exploit South Korea economically during its colonial rule.

5. Establishment of the Republic of Korea

The Korean people rejoiced in Japan's defeat in World War II, but they were unhappy for a long time. The economic recovery did not immediately bring them the national independence they bravely fought for.

On the contrary, the ideological differences caused by the cold war led to the division of the country. South Korea's efforts to establish an independent government failed because American troops occupied the southern part of the peninsula and Soviet troops controlled the northern part of the peninsula.

In June 1947+0 1, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution demanding that South Korea hold general elections under the supervision of a United Nations committee.

However, the Soviet Union refused to implement United Nations resolutions and refused to allow the United Nations Commission to enter northern Korea. Therefore, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a new resolution calling for holding elections where the committee can reach. South Korea's first presidential election was held in May 1948 south of the 38th parallel. This line eventually divides the Korean peninsula into two parts: north and south.

From 65438 to 0948, Li Chengwan was elected as the first president of the Republic of Korea. At the same time, the * * * party regime under the leadership of Kim Il Sung was established north of the 38th parallel.

1On June 25th, 950, North Korea launched a large-scale invasion to the south for no reason, which triggered a three-year war involving foreign troops such as the United States and China. The whole peninsula was destroyed. 1953 a ceasefire agreement was signed in July.

The Korean people suffered nearly 3 million casualties in this war, and millions of people were displaced and separated. During the Li Chengwan administration, serious social unrest continued.

At that time, South Korea's democracy was not mature, and the country experienced great political and economic difficulties. President Li Chengwan finally stepped down in April because of the student-led uprising. Zhang Mian of the Democratic Party formed a government and established the Second Republic in August 1960.

However, the new government was overthrown by a coup staged by Major General park chung-hee on 6 May. The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction headed by park chung-hee took over the legislative, executive and judicial power of the government.

Park chung-hee was elected president in the election of 1963. Park chung-hee government is committed to rapid industrialization, and achieved high-speed economic growth known as the "miracle of Hanjiang River" in 1960s and 1970s. However, park chung-hee's rule was accompanied by strict restrictions on people's political rights and civil liberties.

1979 After the assassination of President park chung-hee in June, there was a martial law transition period. Acting President Cui Guixia resigned in August 1980, and Quan Doo-hwan, the leader of the once powerful military officer group, was elected President by the National Assembly (Electoral College).

The democratic movement rose in the 1980s. 1987 Amend the Constitution and restore the system of directly electing the President.

According to the new constitution, another general, Lu Taiyu, was elected president. During Lu Taiyu's administration, democracy made great progress, which laid the foundation for the election of the first civilian president in 32 years.

Jin Yongsan, an activist who has been engaged in the democratic movement for a long time, was elected as the candidate of the ruling party on 1992.

1997, Kim Dae-jung, leader of the new political national assembly of the main opposition party, was elected president. Kim Dae-jung's government, known as the "national government", is the first government in the history of Korean constitution to be produced by the peaceful transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition party.

Roh Moo-hyun's government, that is, the "national participation government", was established on February 25th, 2003, and is the16th government in Korean history. Roh Moo-hyun's government put forward three major goals: "building democracy for the people", "building a balanced development society for the people" and "welcoming the peaceful and prosperous Northeast Asia era".

Roh Moo-hyun's government is the product of national strength. Citizens who cherish principles and reason voluntarily raise funds for election activities, thus enabling Roh Moo-hyun to win the presidential election.

Most importantly, Roh Moo-hyun's government was established on the basis of universal participation. Therefore, from the beginning, citizen participation will play a key role in the future operation of the government.

Lang.

Hangul is an alphabetic script, which was created in 1446. According to research, before this, Korean was written in Chinese characters, and Korean itself was the original result, with one word and one sound. Pronunciation is based on China's phonology, the human body's pronunciation organs and the letters created by heaven, earth and people. Korean * * * has 40 letters, including 265,438+0 vowels and 65,438+09 consonants.

Since ancient times, Koreans have had an inherent language different from Chinese, but the lack of the inherent language has brought a lot of inconvenience to the written life. Therefore, for a long time, South Korea had to borrow Chinese characters, that is, the writing of the Han nationality in China. Considering this reality, King Sejong of South Korea created a scientific and original Korean script that is worth showing off in the world. Since then, the Korean people have been using their own writing and language completely different from that of the Han people in China. Therefore, Koreans have become one of the only nations in the world who think in their own language.

Korean script is the original script formulated and published by King Sejong and scholars in Jixian Hall during the Korean period from 65438 to 0446. Korean Chinese characters are a very scientific phonography, characterized by easy learning and organization, and any pronunciation can be expressed at will. Therefore, the view that phonography's Korean characters are combined with ideographic Chinese characters should be corrected. It is wrong to describe Korean characters in textbooks in China and the United States as being created by combining or imitating China.

In a textbook in the Philippines, Korean and Japanese are compared, and it is considered that although they do not belong to the same language, they are related to each other, and that the writing in Korean is based on China's writing method.

It is questionable that some foreigners want to find the roots of Korean culture through China. It is also wrong to know that Korean characters are influenced by Chinese characters in China. This understanding of foreign scholars should be corrected immediately.

Correcting People's Pronunciation was promulgated on 1446. Textbooks in Taiwan Province Province not only misremembered the year, but also used the very inappropriate title "Lee Korea". This issue will be discussed in detail in item 16.

Religious belief

A. Buddhism

Buddhism was introduced into Korea in the 2nd century (AD 372), when Koguryo was a small animal, Lin Wang, which had a great influence on Baekje and Silla. Buddhist temples and Seokguram designated by the United Nations as world cultural heritage are works of art of Silla Buddhism. Buddhism has a long history and has a great influence on Korean culture. Up to now, there are many high-value Buddhist heritages such as architecture, sculpture, painting and handicrafts in Korea.

B. Christianity

1882 After the establishment of diplomatic relations with the United States, Christianity was introduced to South Korea. Because of the contradiction between Christianity and the basic values of Korean society, early believers were persecuted. However, Christians actively participated in the anti-colonial movement, and the church also promoted the development of education, so it was gradually accepted by the public. At present, Korean churches are still carrying out missionary activities overseas, and about 25% Koreans in South Korea believe in Christianity.

C. Catholicism

Initially, it was the envoys of the Ming Dynasty in Korea who introduced western learning to South Korea. 65438-0784 was baptized for the first time in Beijing. After returning to Korea, he established a Catholic church. Despite the cruel persecution at that time, many people still believed in Catholicism. Now there are more than 2 million Catholics.

D. Confucianism

Confucianism emphasizes "benevolence"