Manchu community, customs and people's feelings! Be detailed and don't talk nonsense!

The population exceeds100000, and more than half of them live in Liaoning Province. At present, Manchu people are mainly distributed in (1) Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the northeast, (2) Beijing and neighboring Hebei province (the inner city of Beijing was divided into the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty), and (3) some important cities within the Great Wall are basically strategic locations for the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty.

Historical distribution

According to the statistics of Qing Dynasty, in 1760, except Northeast China and Beijing, the cities with the Eight Banners soldiers exceeding 1000 were Jingzhou (5535), Jiangning (4 126), Xi 'an (3970), Guangzhou (3906) and Zhenjiang (352/26). Chengdu (234 1), Hangzhou (2232), Zhapu (Pinghu, Zhejiang, 2037), Qingzhou (1807) and Liangzhou (1 105).

Daily eating habits:

Manchu people eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple foods are mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating plain rice, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn (rice+rice), wash it with clear water, then soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer. This kind of cake is made of sticky sorghum, sticky corn and yellow rice. , including bean flour cake, glutinous rice cake, soybean leaf cake, pineapple leaf cake, beef tongue cake, rice cake, boiled cake (jiaozi) and so on. Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Saqima, a Manchu dim sum, has also become a famous pastry in China. The famous ones are the cakes of Qing Dongling, also known as the cakes of Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the cakes of lard snacks in Jingzhou, Hubei.

It is cold in winter in the north, and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often eat sauerkraut (pickles) as their staple food in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of preserving vegetables began in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Boiled white meat vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter. Sauerkraut can be cooked, stewed, fried and eaten cold. Sauerkraut used in hot pot is unique. Side dishes can also be used to serve jiaozi. In Manchuria in the northeast, pickled sauerkraut can be eaten by every household until the next spring. In addition, daily vegetables include radishes and beans. Manchu people love to eat pork and often cook it in white. The restaurant in Shenyang, Liaoning Province is a Manchu restaurant with a history of 100 years. Its white meat and blood sausage is known as authentic Manchu flavor.

Manchu people have many dining customs and etiquette. For example, passers-by can share used cakes and meat, but generally they can't take them away, and they are not allowed to wipe their mouths after eating. When a family eats, the elders don't move chopsticks, and the younger generation never moves chopsticks; It is a habit to invite relatives, friends and neighbors to eat white meat and blood sausage when killing pigs in the New Year.

Manchu surnames are scattered, and typical foods that are representative all over the country mainly include:

Ethnic food:

1 white meat and blood sausage.

② Hot pot (traditional Manchu dishes)

③ Sour soup 9 is a typical food for Manchu people in Xiuyan, Liaoning)

(4) Qing Dongling Pastry (also known as Qing Dongling Pie). It was first used as an offering by the Qing emperor when he went to Dongling to worship his ancestors, so it was also called "sacrificial cake". When making sacrifices, there are dozens of cakes filled with fruit, such as fish cakes, spoon cakes, chrysanthemum cakes, batter cakes, fried Korean cakes, glutinous rice cakes, yellow rice cakes, seven-star cakes, egg cakes, buttermilk cakes, wild grape cakes and sorbet cakes. After the introduction of folk cakes, they are generally divided into two types: large and small. The pie is eight pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling; Cookies are sixteen pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling. The varieties of large and small cakes mainly include Taishi cake, muffin, rose cake, Longfeng cake, hawthorn peach and so on. There are also stuffing-free seven-star ideas, eight-point cakes, walnut cakes and crispy cakes.

Traditional festivals:

Many festivals of Manchu are the same as those of Han nationality. There are mainly Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

Pigs should be killed on holidays, and two or three pigs should be killed in every family during the Spring Festival. On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month (Laba Festival), eight kinds of food such as sticky sorghum and red beans are used to cook porridge, which is called Laba porridge. Eat jiaozi on New Year's Eve and put a white thread in the jiaozi. Whoever eats the white thread will live a long life. Some people put a copper coin in the jiaozi, which means they have money to spend in the new year. Besides, we should eat handmade meat and special snack Shaqima.

The Golden Festival is a day of "national celebration" for Manchu people. 1635 10 13, Huang taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity.

1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Golden Festival: It is the National Day of Manchu. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. 1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Shangyuan Festival: the 15th day of the first month, commonly known as "Lantern Festival". Manchu, like Han nationality, also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao.

Away from all diseases: a festival for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. That night, groups of women traveled far away, or walked on the sand, or rolled on the ice, or had fun, which was called "peer with all diseases."

February 2 nd: commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Tomb-Sweeping Day: When going to the grave to pay homage to the ancestors, it is not the Han people who put money on the top of the grave after making paper money, but put a "Buddha flower" in the grave. "Frodo" is Manchu, which translates into "willow" or "willow branch" in Chinese. According to Manchu belief, willow is the ancestor of man, and man is the descendant of willow. In order to show that there are successors, willows should be inserted in the grave.

Dragon Boat Festival: Manchu people eat zongzi and row dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival, and the customs are the same as those of Han people.

Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over.

Mid-Autumn Festival: Manchu families also eat "reunion dinner" in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Besides, when the moon rises, there will be a moon. That is, a wooden screen is placed on the east and west side of the courtyard, and cockscomb, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the use of moon rabbits. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Laba Festival: Manchu people soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Off-year: Manchu people have the same off-year customs as Han people. The 23rd of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, many festivals of Manchu in every household would be the same as those of Han nationality. There are mainly Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

Golden Festival: It is the National Day of Manchu. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially renaming "Nuzhen" as "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. 1989 10, at the First Manchu Culture Symposium in Dandong, the annual 65438+February 3rd was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Shangyuan Festival: the 15th day of the first month, commonly known as "Lantern Festival". Manchu, like Han nationality, also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao.

Away from all diseases: a festival for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. That night, women traveled in groups of three or five, or walked on the beach, or rolled on the ice, or had fun, which was called "all diseases."

February 2 nd: commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over.

Mountain-opening Festival: Manchu people gather herbs for a bumper harvest after the Mid-Autumn Festival every year or in the middle of September of the lunar calendar (the specific time is uncertain). In the past, Manchu villages in Northeast China prayed for blessings to Changbai Mountain every year, thanking the mountain gods for their generous gifts to herb gatherers, and the ginseng collected during this period should also be enshrined in their own shrines.

Laba Festival: Manchu people will soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Off-year: Manchu people have the same off-year customs as Han people. The 23rd of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, every household will offer sacrifices to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god".

Manchu: Hanging the flag for the New Year.

Manchu is divided into four flags: red, yellow, blue and white. During the Spring Festival, people with red flags hang red flags, people with yellow flags hang yellow flags, people with blue flags hang blue flags, and people with white flags hang white flags. These flags are beautifully patterned and brightly colored, symbolizing the auspicious beginning of the year.

Population and distribution should be sacrificed to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god."