Information about computers

Computer, commonly known as computer, is an electronic computer for high-speed calculation, which can be used for numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory storage. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and automatically process massive data at high speed. It consists of hardware system and software system, and a computer without any software is called bare metal. It can be divided into five categories: supercomputer, industrial control computer, network computer, personal computer and embedded computer. More advanced computers include biological computers, photonic computers and quantum computers.

John von neumann, the inventor of the computer. Computer is one of the most advanced scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century, which has had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and has developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application to all fields of society, forming a huge computer industry, promoting global technological progress and triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over ordinary schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society.

The application of computers is becoming more and more common in China. After the reform and opening up, the number of computer users in China has been increasing, and the application level has been improving, especially in the fields of Internet, communication and multimedia. From 1996 to 2009, the number of computer users increased from 6.3 million to 6,765,438+million, and the number of networked computers increased from 29,000 to 59.4 million. The number of netizens has reached 3160,000, and there are 670 million mobile users of wireless Internet, among which the number of mobile Internet users has reached1.170,000, ranking first in the world.

Edited on 2016/05-24

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Information about computers

A computer is a machine that uses the principles of electronics to process data according to a series of instructions. Computer can be divided into two parts: software system and hardware system. The first computer was the ENIAC universal computer which was born in the University of Pennsylvania on February 5, 1946. People call a computer without any software installed as bare metal. With the development of science and technology, some new computers are constantly emerging: biological computers, photonic computers, quantum computers and so on. 1954 On May 24th, the transistor electronic computer was born. Chinese name Computembth Computer Fundamentals Electronics Group is the first ENIAC of software system and hardware system.

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Detailed information about computers?

Notebooks and desktops have clear positioning. Laptops define business and portability. On the premise of portability, the performance of the notebook will be severely compressed! As far as the heat dissipation of notebooks is concerned, it has always been criticized. It directly affects the power consumption control of the machine. If the power consumption is high, the calorific value will be high. On the contrary, the calorific value is small. This car, like a car, generally consumes better engine oil. The choice of notebook and desktop is actually very clear. Pursue portable business and don't play games very much. Ordinary office. A notebook is enough. If you are playing games, or some professional fields, it is recommended to choose a desktop. The performance of the mobile graphics card of the notebook is really poor! Price = notebook about 1W performance. Desktop 4000-5000 is ok! With regard to assembly, first of all, 1: You should understand what capabilities each hardware is responsible for. 2. Have some knowledge of hardware. 3. Be clear about your purpose (such as large-scale games, professional fields, ordinary home office). 4. Make clear the main parameters of each hardware (that is, expensive, where is it). 5. There is a friend in the computer city! There are too many main parameters of various accessories. Baidu HI news, make it up.

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Information about computers

Since ancient times, probably no technology has developed so fast as computers. In the 50 years from the first electronic computer to "microprocessor changing the world", computer technology has experienced four generations, and the rapid development has made the predictions of many leading figures in the computer industry a laughing stock. Several recent articles published in The Times of Britain illustrate this problem: 1943, thomas watson, president of IBM in the United States, predicted: "I think maybe five computers can meet the needs of the world"; But in 1996, the global sales of personal computers alone reached 70.9 million units. From 65438 to 0949, the American magazine Popular Mechanics predicted science and technology. At the time of development, I believe that although computers will be heavy in the future, they will not exceed 1.5 tons. However, people are already using PDA. 1957, ken olsen, the founder of American digital equipment company, gave a speech, arguing that it is totally unnecessary for people to use computers at home. However, now computers have entered thousands of households. 198 1, Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, said: "The storage capacity of 640 kilobits (0.64 trillion) is enough for everyone; However, at present, the memory in personal computers is usually 8 megabytes to 32 megabytes. The main reason for the rapid development of computers is the rapid development of integrated circuits. Integrated circuit, also known as chip, is the basic component of computer, which concentrates thousands of electronic components on a small semiconductor silicon chip. 1958, when the integrated circuit came out, only five transistors could be integrated on one chip; From 1970, 1500, 1989,120,000,1995,500,000. Regarding the development speed of integrated circuits, there is a famous Moore's Law, that is, every 18 months on average, the number of transistors in an integrated circuit with the same volume will double, and the performance will also double. In the 28 years since the advent of integrated circuits, the performance of computers has increased by 1000 times, but the price has dropped to one ten thousandth. Today, a 586 desktop computer in the hands of middle school students is equivalent to the sum of computers in the world in the 1960s. This is the main reason why the price of computers has dropped again and again in recent years, but the performance is getting higher and higher. A German engineer once lamented that if the automobile industry develops at such a speed, today a car weighs only 5 kilograms, and the speed is as high as 5,000 kilometers per hour, while the price is only 1 USD. The first generation of computers used electron tubes as logic elements. 1996 is the 50th anniversary of the world's first electronic computer. At the commemorative ceremony held for this purpose, US Vice President Al Gore pressed the button of this computer named "ENIAC", and the two rows of digital lights on the computer immediately flashed to the number "46" with accurate rhythm, indicating that it was born in 1946, and then flashed to "96" 50 times, indicating that this computer has gone through an extraordinary 50 years. This computer is a giant, with 17468 electron tubes and 70000 resistors. 10000 capacitors and 6000 switches, weighing 30 tons, occupying an area of 160 square meters, and consuming electricity 174 kw. When working, it is necessary to stop supplying power to nearby residential areas, and the manufacturing cost is 450,000 US dollars (equivalent to the current120,000 US dollars). However, the calculation speed of this behemoth is only 5000 times per second, which is only a few thousandths of that of today's ordinary personal computers, and the latter can be easily taken away at a price of less than 2000 dollars. 1954 the second generation of computers came out, and transistors replaced electron tubes. Compared with electron tubes, transistors are small in size, light in weight and long in life. High efficiency, low power consumption, etc., and the operation speed is increased from several thousand times per second to several hundred thousand times. The third generation computer was born in 1964, and transistors were replaced by integrated circuits. Compared with transistors, integrated circuits have smaller size, lower power consumption and higher reliability. Due to the adoption of integrated circuits, the operation speed of the third generation computer has increased from several hundred thousand to tens of millions, and its size has been greatly reduced and its price has been declining. In the history of computer development, the fourth generation computer that came out in the early 1970s has special significance. In this regard, as long as we know that "microcomputer" and "network" are the products of the fourth generation computer, it will be clear at a glance. The fourth generation computer is a computer made of large-scale integrated circuits. A high degree of integration makes the computer's central processing unit and other main functions concentrated in the same integrated circuit, which is commonly called "microprocessor". The first microprocessor "4004 Chip" was successfully developed by Intel Corporation in 197 1 year. This chip with 2300 transistors has an area of only 4.2*3.2 square millimeters, but its function is equivalent to a circuit board as big as a house in 1950. Since then, the development of microprocessor is like riding a high-speed train, and the cost performance doubles every 18 months. The advent of microprocessor not only makes personal computers-"microcomputers" stand out and let computers enter the homes of ordinary people, but also truly realizes the application of computer technology in all walks of life. Infiltration in various fields. Because the function of microprocessor is so great and its volume is so small, people can install it on various production tools and daily necessities. Nowadays, people often talk about "mechatronics", in fact, it is to transform traditional machines, communication equipment and household appliances with microprocessors and make them controlled by computer chips. The fourth generation of computers has achieved miniaturization and at the same time, it has also achieved giant. Of course, in terms of volume, today's largest supercomputer may not be comparable to the first computer, but its computing power has reached millions, tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of times that of the first computer. 199665438+February 1 1, the United States spent $55 million to build a supercomputer that can calculate 1.4 trillion times per second. This computer is equivalent to 57 refrigerators, and it can be completed in 15 second with more than 9,000 Pentium chips. China also has considerable strength in the research and development of supercomputers. 1On June 9th, 997, the Yinhe-Ⅲ parallel supercomputer with 1000 billion floating-point operations per second was successfully developed in China, marking a new breakthrough in the development of high-performance computers in China. The use of the fourth generation computer has also changed, and computers have begun to network, and computer networks that have far-reaching influence on society have emerged. Just when the fourth generation computer was in the ascendant, the Japanese put forward the concept of the fifth generation computer in 1992, which immediately attracted widespread attention. The fifth generation computer is characterized by intelligence, which has some functions similar to human intelligence. It can understand human language, think about problems and have the ability of logical reasoning. Strictly speaking, only the fifth generation computer has the characteristics of "brain" and can be called "computer", but so far, although some achievements have been made in the research of intelligent computers, such as the invention of fuzzy computers that can imitate the work of human right brain, there is no breakthrough in general. Scientists predict that by the beginning of 2 1 century, a microprocessor can integrate 1 1 100 million transistors, which is more than 100 times higher than now. Intelligent computers will make a breakthrough, and mankind will usher in an "intelligent era". Then there will be optical computers, superconducting computers and biological computers, and the informationization process of human society will make a qualitative leap.

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Information about computers

Is this what you want? 1. Common usage: F 1 displays the help content of the current program or window. F2 When you select a file, it means that "Rename" F3 is to open the Find All Files dialog box F 10 or ALT to activate the menu bar of the current program windows key or CTRL+ESC to open the Start menu CTRL+ALT+DELETE to open and close the program dialog box and delete the selected item in win9x. If it is a file, SHIFT+DELETE will put it in the recycle bin to delete the selected item. If it is a file, it will be deleted directly instead of being put into the recycle bin. CTRL+N Create a new file. CTRL+O Open the open file dialog box. CTRL+P Open the print dialog box. CTRL+S Save the currently operated file. CTRL+X Cut the selected item to the clipboard. CTRL+SHIFT Select a different input method. CTRL+SPACE/ English input method switch. Chinese/English punctuation switch SHIFT+SPACE (space) half angle/switch CTRL+INSERT or CTRL+C to copy the selected item to the clipboard SHIFT+INSERT or CTRL+V to paste the contents of the clipboard to the current position ALT+BACKSPACE or CTRL+Z to undo the previous operation ALT+SHIFT+BACKSPACE to redo the operation undone in the previous step Windows key +D to quickly display the desktop Windows key +M to minimize all open windows. Windows key +CTRL+M will restore the size and position of the window before the last operation. Windows key +E will open the explorer. Windows key +F will open the Find All Files dialog box. Windows key +R will open the run dialog box. Windows key +U will open the tool manager. Windows key +BREAK will open the system property pair. Dialog box Windows key +CTRL+F opens the Find Computer dialog box SHIFT+F 10 or right mouse button to open the shortcut menu of the currently active project. Hold down SHIFT when loading a CD, and you can skip the automatic playback of the CD. Press and hold when opening word to skip the self-starting macro ALT+F4 to close the current application ALT+ Spacebar to open the menu in the upper left corner of the program ALT+TAB to switch the current program ALT+ESC to switch the current program ALT+ENTER to switch the MSDOS window running under windows to switch between window and full screen state ALT+ENTER to select one in WINDOWS Explorer. Object, press this key combination, The property window Print Screen copies the current screen as an image to the clipboard ALT+PRINT SCREEN copies the currently active program window as an image to the clipboard CTRL+F4 closes the current text in the current application (such as in word) CTRL+F6 switches to the next text in the current application (plus shift to jump to the previous window). Coming soon: F4 pops up a drop-down list box ALT+D in the address bar to select all addresses in the address bar ALT+ right arrow key to display the previous page (forward key) ALT+ left arrow key to display the next page (back key) CTRL+TAB to switch between frames on the page (shift to reverse) F5 refreshes CTRL+F5 forcibly refreshes shortcut keys Purpose: In the activation program. The menu bar F 10 executes the corresponding command on the menu ALT+ underlined letters on the menu to close the current window in the multi-document interface program CTRL+ F4 to close the current window or exit the program ALT+ F4 to copy CTRL+ C to paste CTRL+ V to cut CTRL+ X to cancel CTRL+ Z to delete the help showing the selected dialog box item. F 1 Display the system menu of the current window ALT+ SPACEBAR Display the shortcut menu of the selected item SHIFT+ F 10 Display the start menu CTRL+ ESC Display the system menu of the multi-document interface program ALT+ hyphen (-) Switch to the last used window or hold down ALT and press TAB repeatedly. Switch to another window. Use shortcut keys of Windows Explorer: If the current selection is expanded, the left arrow of the parent folder should be collapsed or selected to collapse the selected folder NUM LOCK+ minus sign (-) If the current selection is collapsed, the first subfolder should be expanded or selected, and the right arrow should expand all folders under the current selection NUM LOCK+* Expand the selected folder NUM LOCK+ plus sign (+) to switch F6 between the left and right panes. 3. With WINDOWS key, you can use the following shortcut keys of Microsoft natural keyboard or any other compatible keyboard with Windows logo key. Purpose shortcut key: cycle through the buttons on the taskbar. The WINDOWS+ tab displays all files found. WINDOWS+ F shows the search computer. CTRL+ WINDOWS+ F displays help. WINDOWS+ F 1 displays the run command. WINDOWS+ R displays the start menu. WINDOWS displays system gender dialog box WINDOWS+ BREAK displays WINDOWS Explorer WINDOWS+ E Minimizes or Restores All Windows+D Undo Minimizes All Windows SHIFT+ WINDOWS+ M IV. Use shortcut keys of my computer and Windows Explorer: Close the selected folder and all its parent folders. Hold down the SHIFT key and click the Close button (only applicable to My Computer) to return to the previous view ALT+ left arrow key to move forward to the previous view ALT+ right arrow key to view the previous folder Backspace V. Use the shortcut key in the dialog box: Cancel the current task ESC If the current control is a button, click it, or if the current control is a check box, select or clear the check box, or if the current control is an option button. To click this option, the space bar clicks the corresponding command ALT+ underlined letters, click the selected button ENTER to move backward on the option, Ctrl+SHIFT+ TAB to move forward on the option, and Ctrl+TAB to move forward on the tab. If a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box, to open the folder at the next higher level, the backspace key is used to open Save To or refer to F4 in the Save As or Open dialog box to refresh the Save As or Open dialog box F5 VI. You can use the following shortcut keys when you select an item by using the shortcut keys of desktop, my computer and Windows Explorer: Shortcut key of destination: There is no "autoplay" function when inserting a CD. Hold down the SHIFT key to copy the file. Hold down CTRL and drag the file to create a shortcut. Hold down CTRL+SHIFT and drag a file to delete an item immediately without putting SHIFT+ Delete Recycle Bin: display Find All Files F3 to display the shortcut menu APP of the item. Copy the contents of the key refresh window F5 Rename the item F2. Select all items CTRL+ A to view the properties of the items ALT+ ENTER or ALT+ double-click the application key using Microsoft natural keyboard or other keys compatible with the application key. Seven. The shortcut of Microsoft magnifying glass is here, using the combination of Windows logo key and other keys. Shortcut Usage Windows Logo+Print Screen Copy Screen to Clipboard (including mouse cursor) Windows Logo+Scroll Lock Copy Screen to Clipboard (excluding mouse cursor) Windows Logo +PAGE UP Toggle Inverted Color. Windows logo+PAGE DOWN switch follows the mouse cursor Windows logo+ up arrow to increase magnification Windows logo+ down arrow to decrease magnification VIII. Use the shortcut key of auxiliary option shortcut key to switch filter key to switch right SHIFT for eight seconds to switch high contrast switch left ALT+ left SHIFT+ print screen to switch mouse key to switch left ALT+ left SHIFT+NUM LOCK to switch sticky key to switch shift key five times to switch key to switch num lock for five seconds 1. Common usage: F 1 displays the help content of the current program or window. F2 When you select a file, it means that "Rename" F3 is to open the Find All Files dialog box F 10 or ALT to activate the menu bar of the current program windows key or CTRL+ESC to open the Start menu CTRL+ALT+DELETE to open and close the program dialog box and delete the selected item in win9x. If it is a file, SHIFT+DELETE will put it in the recycle bin to delete the selected item. If it is a file, it will be deleted directly instead of being put into the recycle bin. CTRL+N Create a new file. CTRL+O Open the open file dialog box. CTRL+P Open the print dialog box. CTRL+S Save the currently operated file. CTRL+X Cut the selected item to the clipboard. CTRL+SHIFT Select a different input method. CTRL+SPACE/ English input method switch. Chinese/English punctuation switch SHIFT+SPACE (space) half angle/switch CTRL+INSERT or CTRL+C to copy the selected item to the clipboard SHIFT+INSERT or CTRL+V to paste the contents of the clipboard to the current position ALT+BACKSPACE or CTRL+Z to undo the previous operation ALT+SHIFT+BACKSPACE to redo the operation undone in the previous step Windows key +D to quickly display the desktop Windows key +M to minimize all open windows. Windows key +CTRL+M will restore the size and position of the window before the last operation. Windows key +E will open the explorer. Windows key +F will open the Find All Files dialog box. Windows key +R will open the run dialog box. Windows key +U will open the tool manager. Windows key +BREAK will open the system property pair. Dialog box Windows key +CTRL+F opens the Find Computer dialog box SHIFT+F 10 or right mouse button to open the shortcut menu of the currently active project. Hold down SHIFT when loading a CD, and you can skip the automatic playback of the CD. Press and hold when opening word to skip the self-starting macro ALT+F4 to close the current application ALT+ Spacebar to open the menu in the upper left corner of the program ALT+TAB to switch the current program ALT+ESC to switch the current program ALT+ENTER to switch the MSDOS window running under windows to switch between window and full screen state ALT+ENTER to select one in WINDOWS Explorer. Object, press this key combination, The property window Print Screen copies the current screen as an image to the clipboard ALT+PRINT SCREEN copies the currently active program window as an image to the clipboard CTRL+F4 closes the current text in the current application (such as in word) CTRL+F6 switches to the next text in the current application (plus shift to jump to the previous window). Coming soon: F4 pops up a drop-down list box ALT+D in the address bar to select all addresses in the address bar ALT+ right arrow key to display the previous page (forward key) ALT+ left arrow key to display the next page (back key) CTRL+TAB to switch between frames on the page (shift to reverse) F5 refreshes CTRL+F5 forcibly refreshes shortcut keys Purpose: In the activation program. The menu bar F 10 executes the corresponding command on the menu ALT+ underlined letters on the menu to close the current window in the multi-document interface program CTRL+ F4 to close the current window or exit the program ALT+ F4 to copy CTRL+ C to paste CTRL+ V to cut CTRL+ X to cancel CTRL+ Z to delete the help showing the selected dialog box item. F 1 Display the system menu of the current window ALT+ SPACEBAR Display the shortcut menu of the selected item SHIFT+ F 10 Display the start menu CTRL+ ESC Display the system menu of the multi-document interface program ALT+ hyphen (-) Switch to the last used window or hold down ALT and press TAB repeatedly. Switch to another window. Use shortcut keys of Windows Explorer: If the current selection is expanded, the left arrow of the parent folder should be collapsed or selected to collapse the selected folder NUM LOCK+ minus sign (-) If the current selection is collapsed, the first subfolder should be expanded or selected, and the right arrow should expand all folders under the current selection NUM LOCK+* Expand the selected folder NUM LOCK+ plus sign (+) to switch F6 between the left and right panes. 3. With WINDOWS key, you can use the following shortcut keys of Microsoft natural keyboard or any other compatible keyboard with Windows logo key. Purpose shortcut key: display the button WINDOWS+ TAB on the taskbar circularly; display and find all files WINDOWS+ F display and find computer CTRL+ WINDOWS+ F display and help WINDOWS+ F 1 Show Run Command WINDOWS+ R Show Start Menu WINDOWS Show System Properties Dialog WINDOWS+ BREAK Show WINDOWS Explorer WINDOWS+ E Minimize or Restore All Windows+D Undo Minimize All Windows SHIFT+ WINDOWS+ M IV, Use shortcut keys for my computer and Windows Explorer: Close the selected folder and all its parent folders, hold down the SHIFT key and click the Close button (only applicable to my computer) to move back to the previous view ALT+ Left arrow key to move forward to the previous view ALT+ Right arrow key to view the previous folder Backspace key V, use shortcut keys in the dialog box: Cancel the current task ESC If the current control is a button, click the button; If the current control is a check box, select or clear the check box; Select or clear the check box if the current control is an option button. To click this option, the space bar clicks the corresponding command ALT+ underlined letters, click the selected button ENTER to move backward on the option, Ctrl+SHIFT+ TAB to move forward on the option, and Ctrl+TAB to move forward on the tab. If a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box, to open the parent folder, please open Save As or consult F4 in the Save As or Open dialog box to refresh the Save As or Open dialog box F5 6. When you select an item using the shortcut keys of the desktop, My Computer and Windows Explorer, you can