What is the annual accumulated temperature in Hongyan Town?

Hongyan Town has a temperate semi-humid climate, which is characterized by drought and little rain in spring; many windy days, changeable weather, concentrated precipitation in summer, and hot and rainy weather in the same season. The climate is humid and frost comes early. The winter is long and cold, with mostly northerly winds. The multi-year average temperature is -1.32~6.1℃, the monthly average temperature is -20.5℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -38.9℃ (January 26, 1990); the average temperature in July is 22.1℃, and the extreme temperature is 40.1℃ (June 25, 2001). The lowest monthly average temperature is -30.8℃ (January 1990), and the highest average temperature is 30.4℃ (June 2004). The average annual temperature range is 52.7°C, and the maximum daily range is 6.5°C (July 26, 2006). The average annual growth period is 143 days, and the annual average frost-free period is 106 days, with the longest being 115 days and the shortest being 100 days. The average annual sunshine hours are 2754.8 hours. The total annual radiation is 106.2 kcal/cm2. The temperature above 0℃ lasts for 200.6 days (generally from April 18th to October 13th). The average annual precipitation is 480-533 mm, and the average annual rainfall days is 92.8 days, with a maximum of 108 days (1984) and a minimum of 69 days (2007). The maximum rainfall in an extreme year is 838.9 mm (1998), and the minimum rainfall in an extreme year is 292.8 mm (2004). Rainfall is concentrated from June to August every year, with the highest rainfall in July.

Hulunbuir is suitable for growing sunflowers

Sunflower cultivation techniques

Sowing

Sowing period: Sowing can be done when the soil temperature is 125px and 5℃. The basic principles of sowing date selection are: first, sow early or late sow as appropriate according to the occurrence pattern of salinity and alkali, so that the seedlings can avoid the harm of salt and alkali; second, sow in spring or summer according to the growth period of the variety; third, sow according to the disease incidence. Regularly adjust the sowing date to avoid disease-prone seasons; fourth, adjust the sowing date according to growth characteristics so that the flowering and grain-filling period avoids high temperatures above 28°C

The germination rate and emergence rate of sunflower are lower than Oil sunflower, its ability to support soil is not as good as oil sunflower. In order to ensure the number of seedlings emerging, the actual sowing rate should be increased by 10-20% compared to the calculated sowing rate. Sunflowers have a strong ability to self-regulate. If the planting density is high, the flower disk will be small and the seeds will be small; if the planting density is small, the flower disk will be large and the seeds will be big. On the premise of ensuring both yield and commerciality, the number of seedlings per 667 square meters should be kept at about 3,000, with row spacing of 60-1750px and plant-to-plant spacing of 30-875px. The sowing rate is determined based on the variety characteristics and cultivation requirements. Generally, 600 grams per 667 square meters are required for artificial on-demand sowing and 700 grams for machine sowing.

With seed fertilizer, sunflower has a longer growth period and the plants are tall. The dosage of seed fertilizer is 5-8 kg of diammonium phosphate applied in holes or strips per 667 square meters, or 10 kg of three-material phosphate fertilizer.

Sowing method: Moisture should be good when sowing, and the depth should be 3-100px. The sowing method adopts: ① artificial or machine-made borders, sowing on demand or trenching and drilling; ② precise on-demand sowing, 1-2 grains per hole. In arid areas, the method of digging deep ditches and covering the ground shallowly can be used to sow seeds in moist soil with good moisture.

Field management

Field management is an important step in cultivating strong plants and achieving high quality and high yield. As the saying goes: "Three days of planting, seven days of management." [3]

Inspection of fields to replenish seedlings. Sunflower is a dicotyledonous crop, and it is more difficult to emerge from top soil. In addition, the soil preparation and sowing quality are not high or there are problems after sowing. Compaction of soil, or damage from diseases, insects, rats, birds, etc. can easily lead to lack of seedlings and ridges. In order to ensure that all seedlings are sown at once, it is necessary to inspect each field and row at the seedling stage; if there are rows of missing seedlings, they must be replanted in time. The seeds should be soaked to induce germination and whitened, and then replanted in time. If there are few missing seedlings, they should be transplanted densely to make up for the thin ones, transplanted with soil (pay attention to the sunny direction of the seedlings), and water the roots well. The survival rate can generally reach more than 95%. Some insurance seedlings can also be grown to ensure the needs of all seedlings.

Thinning and setting of seedlings, seedlings should be thinned out as early as possible to prevent seedlings from being crowded and affecting the cultivation of strong seedlings and even future yields. According to the test: 1 pair of true leaves and seedlings thinned out early, and 2-3 pairs of true leaves planted seedlings each have 1200-1500 florets. Compared with 3 pairs of true leaves thinned out and planted later, each flower disk has 200-300 more flowers, and the yield is 19%-26% higher. As for saline-alkali land and plots with heavy insect infestations, the time for planting seedlings can be appropriately postponed. Determining seedlings as early as possible is conducive to the cultivation of strong seedlings and the development of flower discs. Determining seedlings should be carried out when there are 2 pairs of true leaves

Cultivate and weed 2-3 times throughout the growth period. The first cultivating is carried out in combination with thinning and setting of seedlings when there are 1-2 pairs of true leaves, with a depth of 250px. The second cultivating was carried out one week after the seedlings were established, with a depth of 375px. The third cultivating is completed before ridge sealing, combining ditching, soil building and fertilization, with a depth of 500px. It mainly plays the role of removing weeds and loosening soil, breaking up hardening, conserving water, reducing evaporation, and mitigating salt-alkali damage. Especially in the seedling stage, due to the wide spacing between plants and rows, it is easy for weeds to breed, soil water evaporates quickly, and drought is prone to occur. Therefore, it is necessary to start cultivating and weeding as soon as possible to loosen the soil and conserve moisture. 1-2 pairs of true leaf stage seedlings are combined with thinning and seeding, and shallow cultivating is carried out 8-10 cm, especially the weeds around the seedlings. The second cultivating is carried out 7-8 days after the seedlings are seeded, to protect moisture, prevent drought and promote strong seedlings. It has a good effect; the third cultivating should be before the row is closed. This cultivating should be deep and can be combined with top dressing and soil cultivation.

In some fields, due to rain and other reasons, the topsoil becomes hardened after sowing and before emergence, which affects the emergence of seedlings. Pre-seedling loosening or "shovel germination" can be carried out. Saline-alkali land is also prone to salt damage to seedlings, so the "boring hoeing method" can be used. Before the seedlings emerge, shallowly shovel the saline-alkali soil around the seed buds to facilitate seedling emergence. Dry land should be hoeed early, frequently, and after rains to store water and conserve moisture; especially in saline-alkali lands, cultivating and loosening the soil after rains can reduce alkali damage. In some places, raking is used to cultivate and weed before planting; in some places, subsoil plows are used to loosen the soil between bamboos, and the results are very good. However, it is not suitable to be used in dry weather. Since 2000, herbicides such as trifluralin and prometryn have been gradually promoted in sunflower-producing areas, with good results. For example, trifluralin mainly eliminates monocotyledonous weeds. Use 300 grams per acre and add 20 kilograms of water. Spray evenly on the ground 10 days before sowing and rake it into the soil. If pesticides are applied after sowing, the dosage should be reduced and sprayed within 3 days after sowing to avoid phytotoxicity after emergence. Trifluralin is also very effective in eradicating redang (parasitic grass). Saltgrass is effective in killing broadleaf weeds. Use 200 grams per acre and add 20 kilograms of water. Spray 3 days after sowing and rake it into the soil. There are currently many types of herbicides, and they must be applied strictly according to the instructions to achieve the best results.

Furrowing and top dressing are carried out during the third cultivating period, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. 5 kg of diammonium phosphate, 10 catties of urea and 5 kg of Biconia fertilizer per 667 square meters are mixed evenly and then applied to the soil. By digging trenches and cultivating soil, we ensure the growth and development of secondary roots, prevent lodging, and reduce basal branches below the cotyledon node.

Furrow irrigation is used for irrigation. The method of reducing the amount of water injected each time can effectively prevent lodging. Delaying the headwatering time can effectively control the height of sunflower plants. Generally, for varieties with a plant height of 1.5 meters, watering should be carried out when the flower bud diameter is 4-125px, with the second water at the early flowering stage and the third water at the grain filling stage. For varieties with a plant height of about 2 meters, head watering should be carried out 4-5 days before flowering (drought is serious, watering should be advanced), second water should be watered 6-7 days after head watering, and third water should be watered during the grain filling period.

Pollination should be carried out in a timely manner with artificial assisted pollination. Use "opposite flower disks", "powder puffs", "cotton gloves" and other methods to pollinate each other between flower disks, or collect the male parent's pollen and gently apply it to the female parent's stigma with a small brush. Pollination takes place 3-4 times during the blooming period.

Drought prevention and drought resistance According to the water demand pattern and drought tolerance of sunflowers, generally from sowing to emergence, it is necessary to master top seeding or wet sowing, soaking seeds before sowing, etc., which have good drought prevention and drought resistance effects. . From the budding stage, the above-ground part of the seedlings grows slowly and the roots grow very fast. You can squat the seedlings without watering. From the budding to flowering stage, water demand accounts for 43% of its total lifetime demand, which is a critical period. According to experiments, the yield per mu after watering once during the budding stage is 150.5 kg, the yield per mu after watering twice during the budding and flowering stages is 180.6 kg, and the yield per mu after watering three times during the budding and flowering stages is 205.6 kg. The yield per mu without watering is only 65 kilograms. Irrigation methods are mainly divided into two types: water storage irrigation before sowing and irrigation during the growth period. Water storage irrigation is divided into three types: autumn irrigation, winter irrigation and spring irrigation. Mainly in northern China, autumn irrigation is carried out from early November to before the surface freezes, with deeper water penetration and better water retention; winter irrigation is carried out after freezing, which has the effect of loosening the topsoil; and spring irrigation is carried out from March to before sowing. The evaporation loss of water is large, and the topsoil is easy to become loose and knotted. If irrigation is carried out in autumn and winter in saline-alkali land, the amount of water should not be too large. After irrigation, measures such as mopping and raking should be adopted to avoid damage from salt-alkali. For irrigation during the growth period, the border irrigation method is used in areas where borders are planted and irrigated together. Small borders are irrigated with less water, while large borders are irrigated with faster progress. Furrow irrigation is implemented in ridge farming areas, with the water being irrigated to a depth of two-thirds of the ridge height, allowing the water to gradually penetrate into the roots. Prevent ridge soil from compacting. It is necessary to overcome the phenomenon of flood irrigation, which not only wastes water, causes uneven irrigation, and hardens the soil, but also causes the groundwater level to rise and cause salinization. Irrigation of saline-alkali land generally uses a method of combining flood irrigation and drainage, which plays the role of leaching salt and washing alkali. After irrigation, when the surface of the land is about to dry out and becomes white, the soil should be loosened in time to protect moisture and suppress the rise of saline-alkali. In some places, after the dry season, methods such as high soil cultivation and deep ditching are still required to drain and prevent waterlogging during the rainy season. Drought-resistant irrigation should gradually promote advanced water-saving irrigation measures such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation in places where conditions permit, and the effect will be more significant.