What is Four Treasures of the Study whose tomb was stolen?

Throughout the history of China, Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty should be the biggest antique player and collector. He reigned for 60 years and was the father of the emperor for four years. During this period, he widely collected famous paintings, ancient stickers, rare antiques and various jade seals. Even after his death, he regarded these treasures as a funeral; However, on July 2nd, 1928, Sun Dianying, a bandit warlord in Dongling, dug up two mausoleums, Cixi and Qianlong, in the name of exercise, and looted the buried treasure!

First, the jade seal "the treasure of eight treasures"

The word "seal" became noble in the Qin Dynasty. Before the Qin Dynasty, this name could be used in both official seal and private seal. After Qin unified the six countries, it was stipulated that only the emperor's seal could be called "seal" and the subjects' seal could only be called "seal".

Emperor Qianlong had more than 1800 seals in his life, ranking first among emperors in previous dynasties, which was 15 times that of his grandfather Kangxi and10/times that of his father Yongzheng. The seal on the edge of Qianlong is a milestone he set for his long life and a barometer of his mood.

He won the battle and made a seal to commemorate it; Copied poems should be decorated with seals; The 70-year-old "Gudi" and its supporting "I am still diligent", and the 80-year-old "Babao" and its supporting "self-improvement" all show the spirit of being young.

Emperor Qianlong, who became emperor in the second year of Jiaqing (1797), used a very straightforward seal. It says "Return to politics or teach politics". Obviously speaking, although my son became emperor, I still have the final say on major issues.

When Qianlong was in office, it was engraved with the seal of the first emperor, and the content was "the treasure of Qianlong's royal view". On the fourth day of the first month of the first year of Qianlong (1736), Yong Zhengdi had passed away for more than four months, and the sad atmosphere of mourning was replaced by the celebration of changing the number.

The 25-year-old young emperor asked the eunuchs around him to take a bronze seal material to the imperial edict of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and ordered that the words "the treasure of Qianlong royal tour" be engraved on it.

The person in charge of the work took the order with trepidation. Six days later, the eunuch was asked to submit two drafts of seal script to Gan Long, one was yin (white) and the other was yang (red). After carefully reading it, the emperor gave an answer: no.

In another 40 days, the carefully crafted bronze seal will be handed over. As a rich king in the four seas, Qianlong has eight "treasures of Qianlong Imperial View" in his life, and the seal materials are extremely rich, including jasper, white jade, sapphire and jet.

After years of war, a considerable part of the Qianlong Imperial Seal was lost overseas. The most valuable thing that existed at that time was the "treasure of eight treasures" mentioned above. It was made in the 55th year of Qianlong to celebrate the 80th birthday, and it is the largest piece of Qianlong Imperial Seal.

The seal was printed on many important collections of the Qing court, such as Twilight in Autumn Mountain by the Palace Museum in Beijing and Duck with Willow Leaves and Luyan by the Shanghai Museum.

The jade seal is now hidden in Britain. Because it is going to be auctioned at Sotheby's in London, the starting price has reached 600,000 pounds, which has caused a crowd of netizens to watch. Many netizens think that this is another challenge to China, and relevant parties should come forward to get these cultural relics back; Some people even called on Christie's in France to auction the bronze statue of the animal head of Yuanmingyuan last time.

Second, the Kowloon Sword.

Jiulong sword is not a traditional sword of Han family, but a Mongolian style machete. The body of the sword is slightly curved, five feet long, and the hilt is special, with nine golden dragons carved on it. But these nine dragons were carved according to the meaning of "ninety-nine to one" in the Book of Changes of the Han Dynasty. In Zhouyi, nine to one means samsara.

The scabbard is made of precious shark skin, inlaid with rubies, sapphires and Jin Gangzuan, which is priceless. Gan Long is familiar with Hanshu, knowing that Heaven is reincarnation, and so are people and dynasties. It is impossible to rule and enslave the Han nationality forever. This means that Gan Long was buried with this sword, and he will be enslaved forever through reincarnation.

After casting the sword, cold air filled people, as if there were ghosts on it. Fog will be generated around the sword, and the nine dragons on the hilt will leap in the fog. Kowloon sword is a female sword, and it is ominous to use it in the Yang world.

It was Sun Dianying, the warlord of Dongling mentioned above, who brought the Kowloon Sword back to earth. In order to avoid "the tragic situation of bandit troops digging and stealing Dongling", legal action is called for. He gave the treasure beads contained in Cixi's mouth to Song Meiling, the two largest ones in Qianlong Zhu Chao to Dai Li, and the "Golden Watermelon" to Song Ziwen, ready to dedicate the most precious "Jiulong Sword" to Chiang Kai-shek. 1939, Sun Dianying gave Dai Li the most precious Kowloon sword and asked him to give it to Chiang Kai-shek.

At that time, during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Dai Li ordered Ma Hansan, a military spy, to try to send this sword to Chungking and give it to Chiang Kai-shek. Ma Hansan knew that this Kowloon Sword was priceless, and he wanted to keep it for himself. He didn't want Ma Hansan to be arrested and defected by the Japanese in 1940, so he gave him the priceless Kowloon Sword.

After the Japanese surrendered, Ma Hansan, who had been concerned about the whereabouts of the sword, learned that the sword was hidden in the home of the great spy Chuan Dao in Beiping, quickly arrested Chuan Dao Yoshiko and found the sword from her home.

1in March, 946, Dai Li went to Beiping No.1 prison to interrogate the female Kawashima Yoshiko, and was shocked to learn that Ma Hansan, the stationmaster of Scout Beiping Station, was arrested, defected and possessed Kowloon Sword in disguise. Take the initiative to hand over the sword and give it to Dai many treasures, antiques, calligraphy and painting.

On March 17, Dai Li set off from Qingdao with Kowloon Sword and flew directly to Nanjing, but the weather was bad and the plane crashed. When Shen Zui recovered the Jiulong Sword from Jiangning farmers, the scabbard and hilt had already been completely burned. So Shen Zui put it in the coffin and buried it with Dai Li's body.

But strangely, four people who took the Kowloon Sword: Sun Dianying, Ma Hansan, Kawashima Yoshiko and Dai Li, all died, and the legend of the curse of Qianlong Sword spread. Things have changed. When the secret of Kowloon Sword was revealed, everything was gone. Perhaps for this national treasure, turning it into a spring mud in Purple Mountain is also a good destination. Dragon sword is not a tradition of Han family.

Third, Fuchun Shan Jutu.

Fuchun Shan Jutu is a paper ink painting with a width of 33 cm and a length of 636.9 cm. It is the representative work of landscape painting master Huang (1269- 1354). He began to paint when he retired to Fuchun Mountain in 1347, and completed this painting, which was called "the first wonder of landscape painting" by later generations at the age of 80 in 1350. It has been used for more than three years.

During Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, when Shen Zhou hid this painting, he asked someone to write an inscription on it, but it was hidden by the other's son. When the painting reappeared in the market and was sold at a high price, it was hard for Shen Zhou to care and could not be bought, so he had to recite a volume to comfort himself. After that, it passed the hands of Fan Shun, Tan Zhiyi, Dong Qichang and Wu Zhengzhi.

During the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the son of Wu, a bibliophile in Yixing, was even more treasured. When the country changed, he only fled with thousands of words written by Fuchun Shan Jutu and Master Zhiyong.

The obsessed collector chose to bury Fuchun Shan Jutu with him on his deathbed. Fortunately, he was already in the fire and was robbed by his nephew, but several renju holes were burned in the middle, which broke into two parts, one big and one small, and the first part was burned.

/kloc-In the 1930s of 0/8, Fuchun Shan Jutu entered the hands of Angie, a famous Korean salt merchant, and eventually became the collection of Emperor Qianlong of 0 1746.

Fuchun Shan Jutu is a paper ink painting with a width of 33 cm and a length of 636.9 cm. It uses the traditional "three distances" and composition method to describe the charming scenery of Fuchun Mountain in early autumn with exquisite brushwork: rugged peaks, long autumn waters and remote trees. Huang once outlined the beautiful scenery of Fuchun Mountain, which really can be said as follows: a peak is like a shape, a tree is like a state, magnificent and endless, with endless changes.

No wonder painters of all ages regarded witnessing this painting as a great blessing in life! Emperor Qianlong couldn't put it down after reading it, and kept it with him. He often took it out to enjoy it, and wrote poems and inscriptions in the blank of a 6-meter-long scroll, stamped with the imperial seal.

Fuchun Shan Jutu, the national treasure, was stolen from Dongling by warlord Sun Dianying, and the second half of it ended up in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The first half of "Leaving the Mountain" experienced tortuous inheritance, and was collected by Zhejiang Museum on 1956.

1999, painters and calligraphers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait launched the activity of combining Fuchun Shan Jutu. They gathered at the picturesque Fuchun River. According to the ancient copy, they copied a scroll about 65 cm long in the "Painting Burning" and burned it. They copied it in advance with their own Fuchun Shan Jutu.

Fourth, the silk quilt in Dalagni.

The funerals of emperors, queens, princes, etc. all have clear regulations. In the Qinghui Hall. Dalagni quilts can only be covered after the death of people above the prince, and the regulations on the patterns and colors of quilts are more detailed.

"Silk reeling Dalagni quilt" (hereinafter referred to as quilt) is a special buddhist supplies for the funerals of emperors and empresses in Qing Dynasty. Strictly divided into six grades in terms of texture, color and quantity, this quilt made of Tibetan antelope velvet, roebuck velvet and silk belongs to the top grade. It is said that it was dedicated to Emperor Qianlong as a living Buddha to cover his body.

This silk Dalagni quilt is 2m long and1.38m wide, and it is bronzed. There are four kinds of words on it. The main body is a stupa, which is full of Sanskrit and Dalagni scriptures, surrounded by exquisite and complicated patterns.

This treasure was first discovered by accident at an auction in Beijing. It is understood that this lot was originally hidden in a yellow satin cassock in the late Qing Dynasty. Before it was discovered in the cassock, it was bought by an amateur collector for 90,000 yuan. In the two auctions in 2008 and 20 10, they were sold for 65.5 million yuan and 654.38+300 million yuan respectively, which is a big leak!

Only the emperor can use yellow, and the queen can only use bright yellow. Dalagni Jing is a religious article of tantric school. According to legend, covering the dead can make the dead cross over. The form of this tomb originated in the Yuan Dynasty.

"Silk reeling" is called the sacred product in weaving, and it is a high-grade silk art that has been lost in China. Due to the difficulty of weaving, a decent fabric takes at least a few years to complete, and its preciousness is called "one inch of silk reeling and one inch of gold".

Silk reeling represents the peak of China's silk weaving technology, and double-sided silk reeling is the most important in silk reeling. This technology reached its peak in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, and then gradually declined, and even now it can't reach the technological level at that time.