The influence of sunspots on climate

From 70 to 80 N, the number of sunspots is positively correlated with precipitation.

From 60 to 70 N, the number of sunspots is negatively correlated with precipitation.

From 50 to 60 N, the number of sunspots is sometimes positively correlated with precipitation, and sometimes negatively correlated.

The influence of sunspots on the earth's climate has not been thoroughly studied, only that there is such a correlation. There is a period of 1 1 year, but the period of eleven years in recent years is not obvious. Maybe humans think their influence on the climate is getting bigger.

About what you said, "Why does a piece with lower temperature bring ultraviolet rays?" Have you seen the distribution map of the solar radiation belt? The abscissa of the graph is the wavelength distribution of solar radiation, not the temperature. Those with wavelengths less than visible light belong to the ultraviolet region, and those with wavelengths greater than visible light belong to the infrared region. (Visible light is divided into red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple, and the wavelengths are arranged from big to small. The larger ones are called infrared rays and the smaller ones are called ultraviolet rays, which are invisible electromagnetic waves. )

Obviously, the sun is the source of light, heat and life itself on earth. Even in history,

In the previous era, human beings would certainly worship the sun as a god, which is the first one we know.

The monotheist was Pharaoh Ihnaton who won the throne of Egypt in BC 1379.

Think of the sun as the only god. In the Middle Ages, the sun was a symbol of perfection, although

But it is not considered as a god in itself, but it is undoubtedly considered to represent the perfection of God.

The ancient Greeks were the first people to have a concept of the actual distance from the sun. Alistair's

Observations show that the sun is at least several million kilometers away from us, so according to what the naked eye can see,

Judging from its size, it must be bigger than the earth. However, size alone does not give people depth.

Unforgettable impression, because it is easy to imagine the sun as a kind of light composed only of immaterial matter.

A big ball.

It was not until Newton's time that we knew that the sun was not only bigger than the earth, but also much more massive.

On earth. At the same time, we also know that the earth moves around the sun in a certain orbit accurately, which is

Because the earth is influenced by the strong gravitational field of the sun. We now know that the sun

From the earth1.5×108km; The diameter is 1, 392,000 kilometers, which is 1 10 times the diameter of the earth.

Its mass is 330 thousand times that of the earth and 745 times that of all the planets in the solar system combined.

In other words, the sun occupies 99.86% of the solar system, which is overwhelming in this system.

The leader of everything.

However, we should not pay too much attention to its size; In fact, it is not perfect.

Celestial bodies-if we define perfection as brightness like medieval scholars.

Flat and spotless.

Towards 16 10, Galileo used his telescope in the dusk fog.

Observing the sun in the haze, I see black spots on the sun gear every day. According to these.

Sunspots move steadily on the surface of the sun as they approach the edge of the sun.

Shorten, Galileo concluded that these sunspots are part of the sun's surface, and at the same time,

It is inferred that the sun rotates once on its axis in a little over 25 Earth Days.

Of course, Galileo's discovery was strongly opposed; Because according to the old idea,

This is simply an insult to the gods. German astronomer Cynar also observed these.

Sunspots, but he thinks these sunspots are not part of the sun, but some circles.

The small celestial body in which the sun rotates is only darker against the bright sun gear.

Just, but Galileo won the debate.

1747, Scottish astronomer Wilson saw it near the edge of the sun.

There is a sunspot. Seen from the side, it is a little concave, as if it were on the sun.

A crater. This point was adopted by W Herschel in 1795. Herschel

According to Samuel, the sun is a dark and cold celestial body with a layer of burning gas around it.

Surrounded. According to this view, sunspots are holes through which you can

See that cold celestial body inside. W. Herschel guessed that on that cold celestial body

There may be some creatures living there. Please note that good scientists will do the same.

Putting forward some reckless theories seems to be in the knowledge background at that time.

Reasonable, but with the accumulation of more evidence in the future, it finally proved to be very

A ridiculous mistake. )

In fact, sunspots are not really black. They are the only species on the surface of the sun.

Some cold areas, so it looks darker. However, if mercury or gold

If a star runs between the earth and the sun, it will show a real small on the sun gear.

Black circle. If this circle moves near the sunspot, people will find it.

Sunspots are not really black.

However, even a completely wrong view will be useful, because W. Herschel's view

This method has increased people's interest in sunspots.

Schwabe, a German pharmacist who loves astronomy, has encountered a real problem on this issue.

Breakthrough. As he worked all day, he couldn't stay up at night to watch the stars, so he tried to give it to him.

Looking for something to do during the day, I finally decided to observe sun gear and look for something close to the sun.

Planets, planets passing in front of the sun can confirm the existence of these planets.

1825, he began to observe the sun, so he often saw sunspots. A little later.

After a while, he forgot the planet and began to describe it. It changes every day.

Sunspots with variable positions and shapes. As long as it is not cloudy, he observes the sun every day.

It has been persisted for 17 years.

1843, he declared with great confidence that these sunspots did not follow.

Unexpectedly, there is a cycle, year after year, more and more sunspots; one

Reach the peak; Then the number gradually decreases until there is almost no; So a man

The new cycle begins again. We now know that this cycle is a bit irregular, but it is very flat.

The average is about 1 1 year. Schwabe's discovery was not taken seriously (after all, he

Just a pharmacist); Until the famous scientist Humboldt 185 1 year was in one of his sciences.

This cycle is mentioned in the book Universe. Be accepted by people.

At this time, German astronomer lamont of Scottish descent was measuring the earth's magnetic field.

Strength. He found that the intensity of the earth's magnetic field rose and fell regularly. United States, 1852

Chinese physicist Sabin pointed out that this cycle coincides with the cycle time of sunspots.

In this way, sunspots had an impact on the earth, so people began to have a strong.

Interest in the study of sunspots. Every year, the sun in Zurich is given according to a formula.

The number of sunspots, this formula was obtained by Swiss astronomer Wolff 1849 in Zurich.

First put forward. (He also took the lead in pointing out that the rise and fall of aurora incidence is also related to sunspots.

The cycle is harmonious. )

Sunspots seem to be related to the solar magnetic field and appear on the magnetic field lines.

At the exit. 1908, three centuries after sunspots were discovered, Haier detected them.

Strong magnetic field related to sunspots. Why does the solar magnetic field have those?

Performance, why does it appear on the surface of the sun at an uncertain time and place, and why?

Will its intensity increase or decrease with some irregular periods? These problems so far

Still belongs to the unsolved mystery of the sun.

1893, American astronomer Mond discovered sunspots in order to establish Galileo.

The information of sunspot cycle in the first century was tested by all the early reports.

He was surprised to find that 1645- 17 15 did not report sunspots.

Tell me. Important astronomers like J.D. Cassini have searched for sunspots and

Commented that they didn't find any sunspots. Mond sent this on 1894.

It has been published and published again in 1922, but his work has not been taken seriously.

The sunspot cycle has been fully proved, with a period of 70 years.

It seems incredible that there are almost no sunspots in time.

In 1970s, American astronomer Eddie came across this report.

After careful investigation, it is found that there is indeed a so-called Mond minimum. He not only repeated Mond.

Studied and investigated from many areas, including the Far East, collected with the naked eye.

Observed super-large sunspot reports-these are all information that Mond did not get.

These records can be traced back to the 5th century BC, and there are usually 5 ~ 10 observations per century.

Record. There are also gaps, one of which spans Mond minima.

Eddie also checked the report about the aurora. The frequency and intensity of aurora are as black as the sun.

The cyclical ups and downs of children. The results show that there are many such reports after 17 15 and 1645.

There were many before, but there were none in 1645- 17 15.

Furthermore, when the solar magnetic field is active and there are many sunspots, the corona will fill the sun.

Coronal rays are very beautiful. When there are no sunspots, the corona looks like a dime.

Tasteless smoke. You can see the corona during the solar eclipse; Although astronomers in the17th century

I seldom travel to observe the solar eclipse, but there was an eclipse during my stay in maunder minimum.

Reports, such reports are always about the one with no or few sunspots.

Corona like

Finally, when the sunspot is maximum, a series of events will occur, producing carbon-14.

Our output is lower than usual. Therefore, the content of carbon 14 in tree rings can be analyzed.

The fluctuation of 14 determines the maximum or minimum period of sunspots. This analysis also proves that

In fact, we have learned a lot about the existence of maunder minimum in earlier centuries.

Mond minimum.

Eddie's report pointed out that in the recent 5000 years, there are about 12 cycles, each

The duration of the second maunder minimum ranged from 50 to 200 years. For example, at 1400.

15 10 has a Mond minimum.

Since the sunspot cycle has an impact on the earth, we may ask, Mond pole.

What is the short-term impact on the earth? This effect can be said to be related to the cold period. 17th century.

Before 10, the winter in Europe was very cold, which was called the Little Ice Age.

Period. During 1400- 15 10, maunder minimum is also very cold.

All the Norwegian immigrants in the world have disappeared because it is too cold to survive.