Eighth grade Hunan Education Edition geography review outline Volume I

Summary of knowledge points in the eighth edition of geography by People's Education Edition

1. China is located in the eastern part of Eurasia, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, on the road with 14 neighboring countries, and six countries face each other across the sea.

2. There is Luchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, near the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

3. There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.

4. The total population of China is 654.38+29.5 million (the fifth census in 2000), accounting for more than one fifth of the world population, and it is the most populous country in the world.

5. The average population density of China is 135 people /km2, which is more than three times that of the world (39 people /km2).

6. China is bounded by Heihe-Tengchong, with dense population distribution in the east and sparse population distribution in the west.

7. There are 55 ethnic minorities in China, of which the Zhuang nationality has the largest number. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast regions, with the largest number in Yunnan Province. Ethnic distribution has the characteristics of "big mixed residence, small settlement".

8. The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east. China has three steps: the first step (Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain) → the second step (Daxing 'anling Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain) → the third step, from west to east: one, two and three.

9. China is divided into cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone from north to south. The main index of dividing temperature zone is active accumulated temperature.

10, the general trend of annual precipitation is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

1 1. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

12, air cooling and drying in winter is one of the main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China; The summer monsoon is warm and humid, forming the rainy season in China.

13, the Yellow River originated in Bayan Kara. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, which is an area with serious soil erosion in China.

14, the Yangtze River originated in Tanggula Mountain. It is the longest, largest and widest river in China. Known as the "water treasure house" and "golden waterway". The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches.

15, Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (from west to east): Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge.

16. Natural resources that can be updated, regenerated or recycled in a short time are renewable resources. Land, forest, water conservancy and hydropower, etc. )

17, some natural resources are always used less, which are non-renewable resources. (oil, mineral resources, etc.). )

18. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land. Cultivated land, woodland and grassland are all agricultural land. Construction land is non-agricultural land. The proportion of all kinds of land use is not reasonable, mainly due to the shortage of cultivated land and forest land, the shortage of reserve land resources and the prominent contradiction between man and land.

19. Cultivated land and woodland are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region, with a humid climate. Grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland areas where the annual average precipitation is less than 400 mm.

20. China is a water-deficient country. The total water resources in China ranks sixth in the world, but the per capita water resources are only a quarter of the world average, ranking behind 1 10.

2 1. Affected by monsoon climate, the seasonal and regional distribution of water resources in China is very uneven. In terms of time allocation, precipitation in China is concentrated in summer, with less in winter and spring; From the perspective of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and lacking in the north. The construction of reservoir can effectively regulate the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity. Inter-basin water transfer is an effective way to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions.

22. Saving water and protecting water resources is one of the important ways to solve the problem of water shortage in China.

23. Traffic plays an important role in regional economic development, and it is also compared to the "pioneer" of economic development.

24. Railway lines, highway lines, air routes and air routes are the "lifelines" of China's economic development. The traffic network density in the eastern region is high, while that in the western region is low. Railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China.

25. "↓ (↑)" in the train timetable means "no stopping" and the running direction of the train (up and down).

26, the use of animals, plants and other biological growth and development laws, through artificial cultivation to obtain products of various departments, collectively referred to as agriculture. Agriculture is the basic industry supporting the construction and development of national economy. Crops include grain crops (rice, suitable for wheat rice in the south and wheat in the north), oil crops (two main producing areas in the Yangtze River rape belt and Huanghuai peanut area), sugar crops (sugar cane in the south and sugar beet in the north) and cotton (three cotton areas in southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin).

27. Industrial production is mainly a process of obtaining natural resources from nature and processing and reprocessing raw materials (mineral products and agricultural products).

28. Industry is the leading factor of national economy, the main source of national financial revenue, and the fundamental guarantee of national economic autonomy, political independence and national defense modernization.

29. High-tech industry is an industry with electronic information industry as the "leader", and its products are high in science and technology. The characteristics of high-tech industry: the proportion of scientific and technological personnel in employees is significant; A large proportion of sales revenue is spent on research and development; Product update is fast.

China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

The key and difficult points of geography this semester are mainly in the second and fourth chapters, and the review should focus on the second half. Highlights of this volume: P4 figure1.4; P7 figure1.7; P 10 form; P22 Figure 2.2; P32 Figure 2.14; P33 Figure 2.15; P36 Figure 2.17; P48 Figure 2.32; P53 Figure 2.36; P68 Figure 3.9; P79 Figure 3.21; P89 Figure 4.4; P9 1 Figure 4.6; P98 Figure 4.11; P 100 figure 4.13; P 10 1 Figure 4.14; P 102 figure 4.16; P 107 figure 4.22; P 1 10 Figure 4.25 and its significance; P 1 1 1 Figure 4.26; P 1 12 figure 4.27; P 1 14 Figure 4.30 and its significance.