Dialect grammar of Linyi dialect

1. Suffixes

(1) Noun Suffixes

The common monosyllabic noun suffixes in Linyi dialect are "Zi, Tou, Ba and Han", and the common disyllabic suffixes are "Ba Zi, Tou"

.

There are more nouns with the suffix "zi" in Linyi dialect than in Mandarin. From the corresponding situation, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is that Putonghua belongs to the word < P > that rhymes with children, and Linyi dialect uses "zi" as the suffix, and the other is that Putonghua has no suffix, while Linyi dialect has the suffix "zi". Some of the morphemes before the

suffix "zi" are the same or partially the same as those in Mandarin, while others may be completely different. The suffix "zi" can refer to people,

things or place names and names. The use of the suffix "zi" in place names is the most prominent. Take yinan county as an example. Of the 1,27 natural villages in the county, < P > there are no fewer than 179 with the suffix "zi", accounting for more than 1 % of the total village names. For example:

Putonghua Linyi Dialect Putonghua Linyi Dialect

Raindrops, raindrops, bachelors, bachelors

Branches, branches, nieces and nieces

Millets, millet gardens, vegetable gardens

Noses, nostrils, eyes, spiders, moths, spiders

chins, chins, chins, chins, kingfishers, fishermen

Shiqiaozi (place name), Xindianzi (place name For example:

Putonghua Linyi dialect

Fool mocking; Hanbazi

lame lame; Lame bazi

stuttering; Stuttering

The blind are blind; Blind bazi

deaf and deaf Chinese

(2) Verb suffixes

The common verb suffixes in Linyi dialect are "Ba, Da, You, La, Cha, Bu, Hu, He, Drum, Deng, Hou, Nong" and so on. (

with a horizontal line under the word indicates that it is replaced by homophones), which are described as follows.

① affixes such as "ba, da, you, la, Zha, bu, Hu and he" in Linyi dialect are followed by monosyllabic verbs to form "v ba,

v you, v la, v cha, v bu, v Hu, v he" and other forms respectively, indicating the randomness or repetition of actions. The comparison with Putonghua is as follows.

Linyi Putonghua

Tear Ba and Tear Yi; Tear

and wash; Wash

and rub; Rub it

pinch it; Pinch

pat; Take a picture

and have a stroll; Look around

; Turn

and pull and draw; Draw

pull and pull; Scratch

dig, check and dig; Dig

scrape, check and scrape; Scrape

beat the cloth and pat it; Pat

pick the cloth and pick it; Pick

stir/stir and stir; Stir

to mix/mix and mix; Verbs mixed with affixes such as

can generally be used in an overlapping way, such as tearing, wandering, pulling, digging, and

beating cloth.

② affixes such as "drum, Deng, Hou, Nong, Yao and Leng" in Linyi dialect are followed by verbs to form "V drum, V Deng, V Hou, V Nong,

v Yao and V Leng". Different from the previous group (1), it is generally not used in an overlapping way. For example: hold back the drum, pound, pound, climb, watch

wait, expose, fiddle, fiddle, curse, scatter, flop, stand.

(3) Adjective suffixes

The common adjective suffixes in Linyi dialect are: "Buji, Labaji, Buliu, Buji" and so on, which are mostly derogatory.

For example,

sweet, dark, sour, salty, and silly

(4) The adverb suffix

"price" is only used after a few adverbs, such as sky-high price, all-day price and no price.

"Yi" is only used after the following words, such as: Can, Don't, Yue, Hugh, etc.

2. infix

There is only one infix in Linyi dialect, which is full of disgust. For example, acid does not blacken and dilute does not stain. Pronouns in Linyi dialect can be divided into personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronouns. The first two are mainly introduced here, and the second interrogative pronoun

is shown in the glossary.

1. Personal pronouns

See the table below for personal pronouns in Linyi.

personal category singular plural

the first person refers to za, me, an, za

the second person refers to you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you and others

the third person refers to him, them and him. The plural "an, za, you n

53" can sometimes exist in the singular, but "an, you n 53" is mostly used in the nominative case, such as "my mother" and "you family"; "za"

is used in the collar case with a reserved tone. (2) The second person plural number generally means plural number without "men". (3) The third-person plural "they" is a new saying

, and it is mainly found in the spoken language of people with higher education in urban areas. The more common saying is "he and others pinch some people".

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Local demonstratives are complicated. Generally speaking, they can be divided into near, far and general.

There is "this" in the near sense, such as: here, this, this, these, this family, what this family looks like, etc. There is also a compound word "Zhang"

which refers to the use of "na" or "pinch", such as: pinch/those, pinch/that, pinch/that family, pinch/that family-like and so on. There is also a consonant

word "capsule".

there are "you" and "Zeng" or "Wei" in general, and their functions are to indicate both near and far fingers.

There are three basic demonstrative pronouns in Yinan area: "this", "pinch" and "that". "this" means near, "pinch" and "that" mean far

. But there are also subtle differences between "pinch" and "that". From the stylistic point of view, "pinch" is the most commonly used and rustic, while "na" is

more written and elegant. From the functional point of view, "pinch" is mostly used to refer to things in front of or near, and "that" refers to things in the distance. When expressing the three distances of near, middle and far, the near refers to "this", the middle refers to "pinch" and the farthest uses "that". Such as

the following sentence:

I don't want this, and I don't want to pinch it. I want that.

Third, the expression of degree

1. Commonly used adverbs of degree

There are several adverbs of degree in Linyi, which are equivalent to "very,

very, very" in Mandarin, indicating that the degree is aggravated. For example:

Qiao Leng, Qiao Dirty, Rare in Beauty, Rare in Speaking, Bitter in Capsule, Smelly in Capsule, Auspicious and Uncomfortable, Auspicious and Clean, Strange Good, Strange Sweet, Coincidentally, Just Hot,

Just Bad, Bad to Eat, Bad to Go

2, Adjective Degree Representation

(1) Comparative and superlative. Generally, the modified

words and the modified adjectives are a relatively fixed combination. For example:

dark, dark, white, green, salty nasal sentence, what's the hurry, rare sweet, extremely cold, hard to collapse

If you want to express the superlative adjective, counties and cities generally take the following two forms: one is based on the comparative "XA"

type, and the overlapping is "XAA". For eXAmple:

dark and dark, brown and yellow, cold and cool, white and white, red and red, salty nasal sentences, quite hard and hard, hard and hard

Another way is to overlap the whole comparative form "xa" into "XAXA", followed by the auxiliary word "de", for example:

Boom, boom, boom, boom. That is, if the expression is positive < P >, it is "big AA" and if it is negative, it is "fine BB". Take Yishui dialect as an example:

Big AA: big long, big fat, big thick, big deep, big high, big wide, big heavy, big thick, big far, big fat

Fat

Fine BB: short, thin, shallow, short, narrow and light. Other counties and cities also have the form of "multiple AA" and "slip BB".

Fourth, the modal particle "Koulai" and the auxiliary word "Le"

1. The modal particle "Koulai"

is frequently used and expresses various meanings.

(1) It means to greet people and call them in order to attract others' attention. For example, Zhao Koulai!

(2) the tone of exclamation and admiration. For example, that son is so sweet!

(3) expressing doubts, such as: What's your name?

(4) expresses a definite tone, for example, "He writes with a good mouth." "I haven't learned to speak!"

Another modal particle composed of "Koulai" is "Don't Koulai" to express a helpless tone, which is equivalent to "I have to do this".

For example, "If you ask me to go, I won't be able to Koulai!" "If she insists on going with him, she won't be able to walk!"

2. The auxiliary word le

The auxiliary word le in Linyi dialect can be divided into le 1 and le 2. "le 1" is used after the verb to indicate the completion of the action;

"le 2" is used at the end of a sentence, which is a modal particle and plays the role of a sentence. In putonghua, both "le 1" and "le 2" are pronounced [l .],

are homonyms, while Linyi dialect is different in pronunciation. "le 1" is pronounced [L.] and "le 2" is pronounced [L.], so write. If the verb

is located at the end of the sentence, then "le 1" and "le 2" are combined and read [l ɑ]. For example:

Have a meal; Three people came; He went.

v. Special usage of "zhe"

Besides the usage of Mandarin, the word "zhe" in Linyi dialect has some special usages.

1. Used after verb words, it means to do another action after completing some actions or reaching a certain state in the future. "Zhe" is sometimes followed by time adverbs "Zai", "Jiu" and the second verb word, and sometimes it is not. Even if there is no second

verb, there is actually a second action behind "zhe", which can be supplemented according to the context. It means "...

later". For example:

Wait until you have eaten; Buy it and say it; Let's go! -wait for me to lock the door

2. For example,

I'll help you if the money is not enough.

Leave me alone, and I won't suffer from this crime (if it were me, I wouldn't suffer from this crime).

if it were someone else, no one would touch him. If it were anyone else, no one would touch him. )

Sixth, the statement of complement

1. Possible complement

(1) There are two representations of positive Linyi dialect, one is: verb+complement+modal particle+la; The other is: neng+verb+complement+la.

The comparison with Putonghua is as follows:

① verb+complement+modal particle+la ② neng+verb+complement+la Putonghua

I can afford it. I can afford it. Affordable.

it's moved. It can be moved. It can be moved.

I'm going up. Can go up. You can go up and down.

(2) The common forms of negative Putonghua are "verb+bu+complement" and "verb+bu". Linyi dialect has only the first one, which is the same as

Putonghua, and there is no second one. Instead, it is in the form of "can't+verb". For example:

Linyi dialect and Putonghua

You can't go to that place. You can't go to that place

you can't say that. You can't say that.

you can't underestimate him. You can't underestimate him.

2. locative complement

locative complement refers to the structure of "verb+zai/Dao/Jin+locative phrase". Linyi dialect often omits the preposition "zai" and the verb "Dao, Jin" with tendency

, and the verbs are directly combined with the locative nouns. Sometimes, you can also use "put aside" instead of "in,

to". For example:

Linyi dialect: books are placed on the table; The book is put on the table; The flowerpot is on the windowsill; The flowerpot is on the windowsill.

Putonghua: the book is on the table; The flowerpot is on the windowsill.

VII. Comparative Sentences

The comparative sentences in Linyi dialect are basically the same everywhere, but Yishui and Yinan in the east are not exactly the same as Pingyi in the west.

1. In Yishui area, the comparative preposition "bi" is called "Bei". How old is he (how old is he)?

no one in the whole village is rich by him.

you don't get more attention from him (you don't have more attention than him).

2. It means that one party is not as good as the other. Linyi often says "don't follow", "don't give", "don't hide" and "don't rush", for example:

He doesn't follow/give/hide/catch up with you (he is not as tall as you).

will you go with me/not give me/not hide me/not drive me away (you might as well go with me).

play with dragons and tigers, but don't play with soil.

Playing with guns and birds is not the same as picking up dung and grass.

3. There is another structure "noun+adjective/verb+verb+noun" in Linyi, which is quite different from Mandarin. The comparison is as follows:

The weather is getting colder every day (the weather is getting colder every day).

he doesn't respect you (he is no taller than you).

when it comes to cold, there is nothing colder than the northeast.

If you care about your grandchildren, you should try to save gold.

plant wheat early, and make manure late (planting wheat early is better than making manure late).

give a hand when you are poor, and help when you are rich.

VIII. Complex sentences and related words

The complex sentences in Linyi dialect are also different from those in Mandarin. Divided into three categories.

1. Coordinate relationship

Common words are "one door ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Let's eat whatever we say; Let's talk and eat.

2. Choice relation

Common expressions are "either ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… For example:

Either you go, or I go, or we both go; Either you agree, or you disagree, or you abstain.

3. Trade-off relationship

Common ones are "I'd rather …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Even if I go, I can't ask you to go; Let him go, I might as well go.