Habits of carp

When it comes to carp, people will think of the Yellow River carp, one of the four famous fish in ancient China, as well as the famous ornamental fish-red carp, mirror carp and many cultured species. Carp is one of the freshwater fishes with the largest species, the widest distribution, the longest culture history and the highest yield.

Carp, commonly known as carp muscle development, hairy seeds and so on. , belonging to CYPRINIDAE. The body is flat and round, the mouth is horseshoe-shaped, and it must be 2 pairs. The base of dorsal fin is long, and both dorsal fin and gluteal fin have thick spines with serrations. The side is golden yellow, and the lower leaf of caudal fin is orange red. Carp usually inhabit the bottom of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds and other water bodies with aquatic plants, and mainly feed on benthos. Strong adaptability, cold resistance, alkali resistance and hypoxia resistance. The breeding season varies from place to place. The Pearl River in March, the Yangtze River in April-May, and the northeast began to lay eggs in June. They can lay eggs in running water or still water, and their spawning places are mostly in aquatic plants, and their eggs are attached to aquatic plants for development.

Carp is the earliest cultured fish in the world. As early as the Shang Dynasty in BC12nd century, pond culture began. According to the Book of Songs, Zhou Wenwang dug ponds to raise carp. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Fan Stupid, a doctor of the State of Yue, strongly advocated the development of pond carp. He thought: "After three years of storage, the income can reach tens of millions of countries. "In ancient China, there was a proverb called' fish farming, bamboo planting, and making a thousand times profit'. In the Zhou Dynasty, carp had become one of the most valuable foods. Zhou Xuanwang won the war against the die-hards, and specially used "turtle-faced carp" to feast his ministers. There is another sentence in the Book of Songs: "Do you eat fish? You must be a carp in the river. According to legend, Confucius gave birth to a son, and Duke Zhao of Lu gave him carp. Confucius thanked the monarch for his gift and named his son carp. Mencius once said, "You can't have your cake and eat it. "Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty believed that carp" is the specialty of fish and the taste of food ". By the Han Dynasty more than 2,200 years ago, pond culture was very common. From the royal family to the landlords, they all manage carp breeding, and gradually develop from self-sufficiency to commercial production. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty was surnamed Li, and "carp" was homophonic with "Li", so carp jumped onto the dragon gate and became a symbol of the royal family. The letter symbols used by the imperial court were also carved into the shape of carp, and the emperor gave the carp-shaped fish to the minister to show his respect. So "keeping carp", "catching carp", "selling carp" and "eating carp" have become the biggest taboos of the royal family, and offenders will be severely punished. During the 300 years in the Tang Dynasty, fish farmers had to find another breeding object and gradually found the most ideal fish-green grass, chain and bighead carp. After the Tang dynasty, although the carp industry was resumed, it could only retreat to a supporting role because of the slow growth of carp.

For more than two thousand years, carp has been regarded as a top-grade fish. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the poet Yang Ji wrote in his poem: "Spring wind and rain wet clothes, and the painting of green water and red makeup was not as good as that of Hanyang Chuanshang. She went to Jiang Lai to buy Wuchang fish." According to the Records of Jiangxia County during the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, the carp produced by the yellow pigeon alum head in Wuchang is "delicious, and it is called Chu fish because it is contested by salted fish people in early winter." There is even a proverb in Huanghuai area that "no old carp is a feast". The ancients also used carp instead of letters. In the ancient Yuefu "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave", there are: "Guests come from afar and leave me a pair of carp; Tell the children to cook carp, there are books in it. " Until now, people still keep the custom of visiting relatives and friends to send carp on holidays. Carp is a symbol of hard work, kindness, loyalty and good luck. New Year pictures with carp as a symbol of auspiciousness and celebration abound, and stories such as "Carp yue longmen" and "Chasing Fish" are even more popular among the people.

It is said that in the Yuan Dynasty, with the increasingly close business contacts between China and Central Asian countries, Persian talents brought carp back to Persia from China. 1 150, carp was brought to Austria from Persia during the European Crusade, and then gradually spread to western Europe.

1367 was introduced into Hungary; 1496 was introduced to Britain; He entered Prussia in 1560, then Sweden (he moved to Russia in 1729; 1830 from Europe to America. Nowadays, carp has become a worldwide cultured fish.

Carp, as an ornamental fish, is said to have originated from the red carp raised by Zongshen in the royal garden during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, a minister, Yu, made great contributions to "hunting on behalf of heaven". When he retired to China in his later years, the emperor gave him a red carp as a reward and took him back to his hometown for breeding. This fish looks like a purse, hence the name "purse red carp", which is a specialty of Weiyuan, Jiangxi. Jiangxi Xingguo red carp and mirror carp bred in many places are all carp breeds bred later. Red carp was introduced to Japan in the early days, and was renamed "koi fish" after World War II. It was regarded as an ornamental fish of royalty, nobility and dignitaries. It is also known as the "magic fish" because it is kept in temples and shrines, symbolizing auspiciousness and happiness. The Japanese regard koi fish as a work of art and have the reputation of "living gem" in the water, and have cultivated valuable varieties with high ornamental value, such as Yellow Spot, Taisho Tricolor and Showa Tricolor.

Carp can not only be eaten, but also be used in human medicine to treat diseases. It has the effects of invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, diuresis, eliminating edema, relieving cough and asthma, and promoting milk secretion. Meat can be used to treat portal cirrhosis, chronic nephritis, cough, asthma, puerperal hypogalactia, irregular menstruation or metrorrhagia. Blood can cure mouth and eye deviation; Bile can cure pinkeye and suppurative otitis media.

Carp are widely distributed all over the country. Although there are many kinds and shapes in various places, they are actually the same kind. However, there are 15 species living in southwest China, including Yunnan Lake 1 1 species, Guangxi Xijiang 2 species, Guangxi Qinjiang and Hainan L species and Sichuan Qionghai L species. In recent years, with the rapid development of bioengineering technology, especially the birth of fast-growing transgenic carp, the growth rate of carp has increased by more than 140%, and the taste is more delicious. Commercialization of transgenic carp will open up a broader prospect for carp breeding. Habits and feeding habits of carp

Carp has 2 pairs of whiskers, 3 rows of pharyngeal teeth, 15~22 gill rakes, and thick serrated spines on dorsal fin and gluteal fin. It is an omnivorous fish, likes benthic aquatic organisms, and grows very fast, and the largest individual can reach dozens of kilograms.

Carp is widely distributed and can be seen everywhere in natural water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs and domestic fish ponds. It is the highest yield variety of freshwater fish and the main target fish for fishing. Carp is an omnivorous fish, which eats vegetarian food, but tends to eat fruits and seeds of plants such as grass shrimp, red worms, earthworms, white worms (maggots), rice grains, red diced rice, millet, wheat bran and rapeseed cakes. The eating habits of carp have certain seasonality. It will temporarily change eating habits with the change of air temperature and water temperature, and has obvious selectivity for food. In summer, carp like to dig out the organic matter in the mud, which fishermen call sand washing.

Carp likes running water, and likes to stay at the entrance and exit of ponds and lakes, and the habit of going upstream is more obvious. In still water, I often jump out of the water, like chasing waves, like hiding in muddy places, have strong high temperature resistance, salt resistance and hypoxia resistance, and have outstanding habits of avoiding strong light and liking weak light. So it's easy to catch a cold in bad weather and rainy days without sunshine. In addition, after the carp is hooked, there is a special means of escape. After fishing in the water, they will try their best to pile to avoid disaster. Strong reproductive ability, large amount of eggs, mating and breeding many times in a year, less food intake during breeding, and increased food intake after spawning, so it is easier to catch in the long summer of each year.

Carp likes sweet and fragrant, followed by sour taste. Therefore, bad food can be prepared according to the above principles when fishing with throwing rod and playing bait. The basic ingredients of bad food can be mixed with wheat bran, rapeseed cake, rice and millet, and meat bait, such as shrimp, earthworm, snail meat, cricket and white striped worm, can be used for cross-hook fishing.

Fishing spot: As the saying goes, "spring crucian carp and summer carp" is the golden season for carp fishing, and the fishing spot should be selected according to the habits of carp. The preferred fishing sites are dams in natural waters, such as lakes and reservoirs, entrances and exits, and deep waters downstream of rivers. In autumn, you can choose reservoirs and lakes with slow-flowing areas with back water, and the fishing effect is ideal. Carp is an omnivorous fish, which has become one of the favorite fish species for anglers because of its wide feeding habits and large size.

Carp is a benthic omnivorous fish that eats both meat and vegetables. The bait spectrum is wide, the snout bone is developed, and it often feeds on mud. Carp is also a low-temperature animal, and its body temperature changes with the change of water temperature, so it does not need to consume energy to maintain a constant body temperature, so the total amount of bait intake is not large. At the same time, carp, like most freshwater fish, belongs to a kind of fish without stomach, with short intestine and fast metabolism, so its feeding habit is to eat less and eat more. The digestive function of carp is closely related to the water temperature, and its feeding is seasonal. Winter (especially under the ice) is basically in a semi-dormant state, and body fat is exhausted in winter. Spring is coming, and it is eager to eat high-protein food to supplement it. As late autumn and winter approach, in order to hoard fat, there will also be a peak period of "grasping food", and it is also based on high-protein bait. So early spring. Fishing carp in late autumn should be mainly based on animal bait such as earthworm and river shrimp. After the spring, with the increase of temperature, the fish's food intake increased, and the quality of bait was not important, and the number rose to the first place. So in late spring, all summer and early autumn, carp are mainly vegetarian. At this time, you should use surface bait and bad food when fishing.

Although carp is a benthic fish, it does not mean that its active area remains unchanged. Seasonal changes, water temperature changes. Changes in wind direction, air pressure, horizon, water quality, water flow, water level fluctuation, dissolved oxygen in water, prey environment, etc. , will change the activity area of fish at any time, so that they are often active to a large extent. If they are in a large area of water, this is called' migration'. Compared with other freshwater fish, carp has the same habits and special habits. These habits are mainly determined by the needs of reproduction, feeding and aerobic survival.

Herb-loving habits All kinds of water plants and aquatic plants thrive in lush waters, and it is also a place where all kinds of plankton and benthos thrive, where fish can eat rich food. Lush aquatic plants are also excellent spawning places for fish. Every spring in the breeding season, these places are places where fish gather.

Top flow habit A pond is often full of streams or canals, which not only brings a lot of fresh bait to the fish in the pond, but also has a high degree of dissolved oxygen at the import and export, making it an ideal place for fish to feed and absorb oxygen. The so-called "flag moves with the wind, fish follow the water" is the truth.

Follow-the-wave habit In a pond with a large water area, when encountering a windy day, the water surface will often set off a big wave, pushing the food such as plankton on the water surface to accumulate in the downwind, and these baits are driven into the water by the waves, so this area has become a natural feeding ground for fish. Where the waves are rough, the dissolved oxygen in the water will definitely be high (this is the same as the aerator in a high-density fish pond). Based on the above two points, fish have developed the habit of drifting with the flow.

Warming habits When the natural water temperature is low, it is obvious that all kinds of fish like to move to the sunny waters for food, rarely move to the shady slopes and shady waters, and will not stay still for a long time in the deep water with low water temperature. In early spring and late autumn, the shallow water on the leeward side is in the daytime.

The sunshine is warmer, so fish like to swim here for food. However, the temperature difference between morning and evening is large, and the water temperature in shallow water area drops rapidly and greatly, so fish usually retreat to the deep water area where the water body is relatively warm. As the water temperature rises and falls day and night, fish will float during the day and sink at night. On the contrary, in hot summer, the shallow waters are cool and pleasant in the morning and evening, and fish like to flock to them. During the day, with the increase of air temperature and water temperature, fish gradually move to the deep water area. At noon in midsummer, when the sun is shining and the heat is unbearable, the fish generally retreat to the deepest part of the pond. If you follow the above rules to "find fish", you can basically find its trace.

Social habits Except catfish and snakehead, most fish like to live in groups. Idioms such as "fish crossing the river" and "crucian carp crossing the river" illustrate this habit. So is carp. On the one hand, it is determined by the same eating habits and living habits. In addition, the movement of fish in groups is also a kind of nature and instinct to avoid enemy harm.

The oxygen content of natural water with aerobic and static habits is generally 8- 12 mg per liter. When it falls below 1 mg, most fish will stop eating, "float their heads" and even die. Crucian carp, catfish, etc. It has strong hypoxia tolerance, but carp can't. Generally, dissolved oxygen is required to be above 5 mg per liter. One of the oxygen in water comes from photosynthesis of aquatic plants and the other comes from surface air. Dissolved oxygen is slow in windless weather and good in big waves. Where there is no oxygen, fish will move sensitively to water with high oxygen content. This is the main reason why fish like grass, streams, waves and beaches. Before the thunderstorm, the air pressure was low, the weather was stuffy and the fish didn't take the bait; As soon as the rain cleared up, the fish snapped; Fish don't like to bite people in the dead water area against the wind, and the waves are rough with the wind, so fish are very active; If there is a population injected with fresh water from outside the fat pond, it is the golden fishing belt. All these phenomena explain the same truth: fish flock to places with high dissolved oxygen. In addition, quietness is also one of the obvious characteristics of fish, and carp is no exception. Fish have developed hearing and are extremely sensitive to sounds, especially some sudden and strange high-intensity sounds. After hearing the sound, they will quickly move away from the sound source. Of course, fish avoiding sound is just a general situation. They are not afraid of some natural sounds, such as waterfalls, wind and waves, running water, rice washing and insects falling into the water, but they like it very much. If it is a high-density intensive pond, the sound of throwing granular feed will even make the fish get together.

The story of carp yue longmen:

In the East China Sea, a large group of golden-backed carp, white-bellied carp and gray-eyed carp heard that Yu Wang wanted to select talents who could jump into the Longmen to protect it, so they went up the Yellow River in droves.

Before seeing the shadow of Longmen, the grey carp was stunned by the sediment of the Yellow River, so it turned around and swam back to the Yellow Sea effortlessly. Unfortunately, I met a fish, turtle and sea monster with a big mouth. I am so sad.

But the golden-backed carp and the white-bellied carp, arranged in a long snake array, took turns to fight the vanguard, fought the wind and waves, and worked hard day and night, and finally swam to the foot of Longmen. They put their heads out of the water and looked up at the Longmen: I saw a big white marble pillar folded on both sides of the magical Longmen. The jade pillar is carved with lifelike stone dragons. The dragon circled around the jade pillar until it reached the top of the Baizhang pillar. In Longmen, the water waves are soaring, and bright silver water droplets splash on the faucet, which is just a strange color picture of "two dragons playing with pearls" The background is blue sky and white clouds, reflecting the stone couplets on both sides of Longmen: "dragon, dragon, dragon, dragon, dynasty." This scenery is more beautiful than Penglai wonderland.

After seeing the beautiful scenery, carp and Yu Wang signed up for the exam together. Yu Wang was overjoyed and said, "ichthyosaur was originally a species. Jumping into the dragon gate, it becomes a dragon. "

Hearing this, the carp immediately puffed its cheeks and wagged its tail, making it jump up with all its strength. Unexpectedly, they just jumped out of the water more than ten feet high and fell on the water, which has been very painful. But they are not discouraged, but practice hard day and night. In this way, I practiced straight for 7749 days and could jump 7749 feet at a time. But there is still a long way to go to jump on that hundred-foot dragon gate.

Seeing that carp are willing to practice hard, Dayu ordered them and said, "What a big group of fish!" " A golden-backed carp was greatly inspired by Wang's words, and said to the group of fish, "Isn't saying' what a big group of fish' exactly what inspired us, Qi Xin, to make concerted efforts to leap into Longmen?" The fish shouted, "Thank you, Yu Wang! "

Carp happily shook their heads and wagged their tails, bulging their eyes and slapping the water with their tails, only to hear the thump of "fat" constantly. Jump 7749 feet, one by one in mid-air, hold your breath, jump 7749 feet. Just two feet away, Yu Wang fanned a wind with his hand, which made the fish jump, and the fish jumped on the Longmen they longed for day and night.

It is said that a golden-backed carp called an air cushion for all the fish. All the companions jumped on the Longmen, but they stayed at the foot of the Longmen. It thought, why don't I jump on the gantry with hydraulic power? It happened that the Yellow River water was rushing on the boulder in the middle of Longmen River, and the water splashed dozens of feet high. Golden-backed carp suddenly jumped out of the water, jumped on the wave peak and slammed the waves with its tail. The fish jumped up, but unexpectedly jumped between the blue sky and white clouds. Suddenly, it landed lightly on the Longmen, like a dragon descending from the earth. Dayu was surprised when he saw it, and then he lit red on the head of this golden-backed carp. In an instant, the fish dragon changed. Golden-backed carp becomes an auspicious thing-Huang Jinlong. Dayu ordered Huang Jinlong to lead carp to protect Longmen. According to the legend of the strange old man, people who used to fish on the Yellow River, if they caught red-headed carp, immediately put them back in the Yellow River. This is the place where the school enrolls students and lists, and the practice of red names comes from this.

Hancheng has many literati since ancient times, so it is called "Hidden Dragon Gate". There is also a "Longmen Academy" in Hancheng. There is a brick-carved "Fish Leaping Dragon Gate" on the zhaobi of the gate of the Confucian Temple.

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