Geography outline of the second volume of the eighth grade

1. Hainan Province and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province are the best preserved places of primitive tropical rain forests in China. The topography along the Yangtze River in China generally looks low and flat, with plains and hills as the main terrain.

2. The Qinling-Huaihe line in China is roughly consistent with the 800mm annual precipitation line and the 1 month 0℃ isotherm. It is also the dividing line between humid and semi-humid areas in China, the dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone, and the dividing line between Yangtze River and Yellow River.

3. The main crops in southern China are sugarcane and rice; Wheat and cotton are grown in the north. Traditional houses are characterized by steep slopes in the south and thick walls in the north.

4. The lovely tropical rain forest animals in Xishuangbanna are green peacocks, long-billed hornbills, long-tailed apes and Asian elephants. The important problem of ecological construction in the Loess Plateau is that there are more people and less land.

5. The temperature distribution in China is characterized by large temperature difference between north and south in winter and high temperature in summer. The wonders of Xishuangbanna's famous tropical rain forest include trees looking up to the sky, roots, single trees and strangled plants.

6. The inland seas of China include Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait. The Taiwan Province Strait belongs to the East China Sea. The minority in Taiwan Province Province is Gaoshan.

7. The Yangtze River is the "golden waterway" of China, with a navigable mileage of 80,000 kilometers. The Yangtze River in China starts from Shanghai in the east and reaches Panzhihua in Sichuan in the west, stretching for more than 3,000 kilometers from east to west, which is a typical "banded" area.

8. The topography of northwest China is dominated by plateaus and basins. The largest desert in China is Taklimakan Desert. Ya Dan landform formed by common wind in northwest China.

9. The place where China is called "Tropical Animal Kingdom" is Xishuangbanna. The grand traditional festival of the Dai people is the Water-splashing Festival. The pillar industry of Xishuangbanna is tourism.

10. Xishuangbanna is called an oasis on the tropic of cancer, because other places are affected by subtropical high, with little rain, and the local area is affected by monsoon climate with the same period of rain and heat.

1 1. The two special administrative regions of China are the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the recovery time is 1997.7. 1. The first Chief Executive was Tung Chee-hwa; The Macao Special Administrative Region was reclaimed on 1999438+02.20, and its first chief executive was He Houhua.

12. The yellow land in China refers to the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain, and the yellow land is the main producing area of winter wheat, cotton and peanuts in China.

13. The land in northern China is usually called "yellow land" and "black land". The main crops on the "black land" are spring wheat, corn, soybean, sorghum and sugar beet.

14. Among the four geographical divisions, the northwest region is the region with the longest longitude span in China. The natural feature of Qinghai-Tibet region is cold. The animal known as the "boat on the plateau" is yak.

15. From the position of China on the earth, it is located in the eastern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere; From the land and sea position, China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

16. The land area of China is 9.6 million square kilometers. The three administrative divisions of China are provinces, counties and townships. The abbreviation of Jiangsu Province is Anhui.

17. The most prominent natural feature in northwest China is drought. There are few local rivers, most of which are inland rivers. The largest inland river in China is the Tarim River.

18. The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake. The key to harness the Yellow River is sand control. Strengthening soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau is the basis of harnessing the Yellow River.

19. The largest commercial center in China is Shanghai. The "three treasures" in Northeast China are ginseng, velvet antler and mink. Agriculture in northwest China belongs to irrigated agriculture, and agriculture in Qinghai-Tibet region belongs to valley agriculture. Xinjiang agriculture belongs to oasis agriculture.

20. The urban function of Beijing is a political and cultural center and an international exchange center. The largest provincial administrative region in China is Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The geographical coordinates of Beijing are1160e,400n.

2 1. The five special economic zones in China are Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen and Hainan. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China.

22. The place called "Sunlight City" in China is Lhasa. "cornucopia" refers to the Qaidam basin. The main crops in Qinghai-Tibet region are highland barley, wheat and peas.

23. The largest coal energy base in China is Shanxi Province. The largest coal mine in China is Datong. Latitude is an important factor affecting the climate distribution in China.

24. The Himalayas is the highest mountain in the world, with a length of 2,400 kilometers. Of the four plateaus in China, the largest is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The city where Longhai Line and Beijing-Guangzhou Line meet is Zhengzhou.

25. The largest lake in China is Qinghai Lake. The soil color in Sichuan Basin belongs to purple soil. China is currently revitalizing the heavy industry base in Northeast China. Dalian is the largest shipbuilding and chemical base in this area.

The Tropic of Cancer runs through the four southern provinces of China, and the arrangement of the provinces from east to west should be Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. From Shanghai to Kunming, the east-west railway trunk lines are connected in turn, and the order should be Shanghai-Hangzhou line-Zhejiang-Jiangxi line-Hunan-Guizhou line.

27. The province where Wudalianchi volcano was formed is Heilongjiang Province. Nadam Convention is a grand traditional festival for ethnic minorities in China, and it is also a Mongolian festival. Among the four plateaus in China, Inner Mongolia Plateau is the second largest and the flattest plateau.

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country adjacent to China on land and in the world. Scientists in China are called "the father of hybrid rice in the world" Yuan Longping. The area with the lowest average temperature in summer in China is the Qinghai-Tibet area.

29. According to the world time zone, China * * * spans five time zones. Each time zone spans longitude 150 degrees. The important reason for Chengde Mountain Villa's high popularity in China is the terrain. The largest comprehensive industrial base in China is the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou area.

30. Koreans in China mainly live in the northeast of China. Among the four plateaus in China, the Loess Plateau is a topographical region with "thousands of valleys broken".

3 1. The ancient poem "Reaching the Peak, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky." refers to the famous Mount Tai in China. "Black land" refers to the northeast plain of China. Taihang Mountain runs northeast-southwest.

32. The largest nickel mine producing area in China is Jinchang, Gansu. The largest plateau lake group in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lake group. Among the energy mines in China, coal ranks first in the world.

33. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. The Three Gorges Project under construction is located in Xiling Gorge of the Three Gorges.

The provinces where the Yangtze River meets the Yellow River are Qinghai and Sichuan. Precipitation in most parts of China is mainly concentrated in summer.

35. The "Three North" shelterbelt refers to the northwest, north China and northeast China. Oil is the most harmful pollutant to marine living resources. The land use type in southern China is mainly paddy field, while that in northern China is dry field.

36. The main climate type in northern China belongs to temperate monsoon climate. The main climate types in southern China belong to subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate. The dividing line between pastoral and agricultural areas in China is the annual precipitation line of 400 mm.. Lianyungang is both a seaport and the eastern "bridgehead" of the second Eurasian continental bridge.

37. Zhongguancun, the first high-tech industrial park in China. The mode of transportation with the lowest freight rate and the largest volume is waterway transportation. China's three important international airports are Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The four famous rice markets in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

38. The railway line known as "the first line of China" is Daqin Line. It has the characteristics of flexibility, and the door-to-door transportation mode is road transportation.

39. The main livestock breeds in Tibetan pastoral areas are yak, Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat. The main livestock species in Inner Mongolia pastoral area are Sanhe horse and Sanhe wine. The main livestock breed in Xinjiang pastoral area is fine-wool sheep. Tan sheep come from Ningxia.

40. The main mode of transportation in China is railway transportation. The grain crops in the Loess Plateau are mainly drought-tolerant sorghum and millet. The tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, China is mainly formed by tropical monsoon climate.

4 1. The "land of plenty" in the south of China did not form a desert, mainly due to the monsoon climate with the same rain and heat. The ground vegetation in northwest China is roughly grassland-desert grassland-desert from east to west, and the main factor causing this difference is moisture.

42. When the direct sun is 23.50 north latitude, the order of daylight saving time in the following cities (Guangzhou, Harbin, Wuhan and Beijing) from long to short should be Harbin, Beijing, Wuhan and Guangzhou.

43. The existing forest land in China is mainly concentrated in the northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The largest natural forest area in China is the Northeast Forest Area. Known as the "Water Tower of China", the "Three Rivers" in the source area of the Three Rivers refer to the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River. The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Province.

44. The two agricultural areas in Qinghai-Tibet region are Huangshui Valley and Southern Tibet Valley. The industrial bases centered on Yichang and Chongqing are electric power and metallurgical industrial bases. Wuhan-centered industrial belt is an important position of China's steel and textile industry. Steel and coal industrial bases centered on Panzhihua and Liupanshui. The industrial belt formed by Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou is the largest comprehensive industrial base in China.

45. The world-famous "West-to-East Gas Transmission" started in Lunnan and ended in Shanghai. Judging from the differences in climatic conditions and agricultural production in China, an important geographical dividing line between north and south is the Qinling-Huaihe line.

46. The area where crops are harvested three times a year in China is Hainan Province. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in China starts from Hangzhou in the south and ends in Beijing in the north. At present, navigable river sections are located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

47. The iron and steel industrial corridor is the iron and steel industrial base of Baoshan in Shanghai, Maanshan in Anhui, Wuhan in Hubei, Chongqing and Panzhihua in Sichuan. The automobile industry corridor is the automobile industry base in Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan and the automobile and motorcycle base in Chongqing.

48. The two peninsulas where apples are abundant in China are Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula. It is hot in summer in the south, and Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are also called "three furnaces" in China. Chengdu Plain is called "Land of Abundance".

49. Among the resources in Taiwan Province Province, camphor is the most productive agricultural product in the world. Known as the "pioneer" of economic development is transportation. The main oil fields in China are Daqing in Heilongjiang, Liaohe in Liaoning, Huabei in Hebei, Shengli in Shandong, Zhongyuan between Lu Yu and Karamay in Xinjiang.

50 long staple cotton is mainly produced in Xinjiang, China. Hong Kong is known as "shopper's paradise" and "Oriental Pearl", and it is a tourist attraction. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.

52. Postal code 10009, 10 represents the first-level administrative division, 00 represents the next-level administrative division, and 09 represents the delivery office code. The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region is Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain.

53. The vegetation in southern China is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, while that in northern China is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. The reason for this distribution is temperature. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is developed.

54. Beijing has a history of 3000 years, and it was first called thistle. Historically, the dynasties with Beijing as its capital were Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The pattern of the old city of Beijing was formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Taiwan Province Province covers an area of 36,000 square kilometers and has a population of more than 22 million.

55. The topography of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The west, north and northeast are surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the northeast is the North China Plain (also known as the Huanghuaihai Plain). Beijing belongs to a typical warm temperate continental monsoon climate, characterized by long winter and summer and short spring and autumn.

56. The pattern of the old city of Beijing is convex. Before this, the old city has undergone several changes, and the natural reason for the changes is mainly water. Beijing in the future will become a modern metropolis.

57. Hong Kong is located on the east side of the Pearl River Estuary on the southeast coast of the motherland, adjacent to Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, and Macao is located on the west side of the Pearl River Estuary, adjacent to Zhuhai City of the province.

58. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island.

59. Hong Kong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China, which practice the capitalist system, while the mainland of China practices the socialist system. The main ways for Hong Kong and Macao to expand their land area are "going up the mountain" and "going to the sea".

60. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center, tourism center and an international free trade port. The topography of Taiwan Province Province is dominated by mountains, of which Yushan is the highest peak. The economic relationship between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is essentially complementary and mutually beneficial.

6 1. Taiwan Province Province, including Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby, is the largest island in China. Located in the southeast of Chinese mainland, facing Fujian across the Taiwan Province Strait. Taiwan Province Province is rich in forest resources and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Camphor Tree is the most famous tree species.

Taiwan Province Province is known as the "Pearl of the Southeast Sea of the Motherland". In addition to this reputation, there are also rice warehouses on the sea, sweet islands in the East, land of fruits, sea of forests, salt storage in the southeast, kingdom of aquatic products, treasure of mineral resources and land of camphor.

63. Taiwan Province Province focuses on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy. Representatives of high-tech industries in Taiwan Province Province are in Hsinchu Science Park. The distribution characteristics of industries in Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in the western coastal areas.

64. The favorable factors for the development of export-oriented economy in Taiwan Province Province include a large number of educated and trained workers, numerous ports on the island, attracting foreign investment and vigorously building export processing zones, and Taiwan Province Province's policy of encouraging the development of export processing.

65. The largest desert in China is the Taklimakan Desert, which is located in the Tarim Basin. The only outflow river in China that flows into the Arctic Ocean is the Irtysh River. The longest inland river in China is Tarim River.

66. The topography of Xinjiang can be summarized as "three mountains and two basins", in which the topographic feature of Xinjiang is that the Tianshan Mountains divide Xinjiang into two parts, the Junggar Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south.

67. Located on the western border of China, Xinjiang is the largest province in China. The most prominent natural features are scarce precipitation and arid climate. Urumqi, the capital city, is located in Junggar Basin.

68. The agricultural feature of Xinjiang is oasis agriculture, which is rich in cotton, sugar beet and many kinds of fruits and vegetables based on unique light and heat conditions. The red series in Xinjiang are: tomatoes, pomegranate, medlar and so on. The reason is that there is a lot of heat and sunshine in summer, which is beneficial to the coloring of fruits and vegetables. The reason why melons and fruits are particularly sweet: The large temperature difference between day and night in summer is conducive to the accumulation of sugar in melon and fruit sugar crops. The hot and dry summer climate and stable irrigation water sources make Xinjiang a production base of high-quality cotton in China. Xinjiang is rich in oil and gas resources, accounting for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China, so it has become an important energy base in China.

69. There is an ancient water conservancy facility in Xinjiang-Karez, which is distributed in the oasis area, avoiding a large amount of evaporation caused by the spontaneous flow of water. The main crops of "oasis agriculture" are wheat, corn and sorghum.

70. The surface landscape in northwest China has four characteristics: ① Plateau and basin-dominated terrain with obvious wind erosion. ② From east to west, the surface landscape presents the characteristics of grassland-desert grassland-desert vegetation change. (3) There are few rivers and many inland rivers. (4) Farmland, towns and cities are mostly distributed along rivers or foothills.

7 1.( 1), west-east gas transmission project: Lunnan-Shanghai, Xinjiang. The provincial capital cities are Zhengzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai.

(2) Benefits brought by the West-East Gas Transmission Project to the East and West:

① Local natural gas resources can be developed on a large scale. ② Natural gas products can be transported to the eastern market in large quantities. (3) It can rapidly increase local fiscal revenue. ④ It can promote the development of other related industries and increase employment opportunities. ⑤ It can alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region. ⑥ Natural gas is a kind of clean energy, which is very beneficial to the environmental improvement in the eastern region.

Significance to the starting point: develop oil and gas resources in the west, develop economic construction in the west, and turn resource advantages into economic advantages; (2) Impact on the destination: alleviating the shortage of energy supply in the eastern region and improving the energy consumption structure; (3) Impact along the route: promote the development of related industries in provinces and regions along the route.

72. The northwest east is the vast and magnanimous Inner Mongolia Plateau; In the west, majestic mountains and huge inland basins alternate. Northwest China is the region with the largest east-west longitude span in China.

There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the main agricultural base. Summer is hot and sunny, and the temperature difference between day and night is large (climate). Suitable for the growth of various crops. In oasis areas with abundant water resources, people build water conservancy facilities such as diversion canals, irrigation canals and karez, and develop irrigation agriculture with distinctive characteristics.

74. The key to agricultural development in arid areas is to make rational use of water resources and select suitable crop varieties.

75. In addition to technical improvement and improvement, agricultural development should also be oriented to: deep processing of agricultural products, brand benefits of Grape Valley, agricultural industrialization and development of characteristic agriculture. It is necessary to obtain both economic benefits and ecological benefits.

76.( 1), Northwest Hetao area, Ningxia Plain, Hexi Corridor, Tianshan foothills: irrigated agriculture (water source: river water, melting snow and ice).

(2) Yarlung Zangbo River basin and Huangshui River basin in Qinghai-Tibet region: valley agriculture. (3) Xinjiang: oasis agriculture.

77. The export-oriented economy in the Pearl River Delta region came into being in the 1980s. The favorable conditions for its emergence and development are: superior geographical location (close to Hong Kong and Macao); Convenient land and water transportation; Many places are famous "hometown of overseas Chinese", which is convenient to attract a large number of foreign investment, introduce advanced technology and equipment, management methods and the latest industrial and commercial science and technology information, and establish a large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises with excessive demand for labor, such as textile and garment manufacturing, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, toy manufacturing and so on.

78. The cooperation between Hong Kong and Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is based on the basic model of "front store and rear factory", with Hong Kong and Macao playing the role of "store" and the Pearl River Delta region playing the role of "factory". Before Hong Kong and Macao, after the Pearl River Delta, close cooperation, is vividly called "the front shop and the back factory".

79. The development of cities and towns in the Pearl River Delta region marks a major change in land use pattern, which is mainly due to the prosperity of export-oriented economy and the major adjustment of industrial structure.

79. Urbanization can promote economic development, improve people's living standards and social progress, but it can also bring a series of environmental problems (water pollution, declining air quality, piles of garbage, less green space, etc.). ) and social problems (traffic congestion, vehicle congestion, noise pollution, housing shortage, etc. ).

80. The natural factors that cause soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: ① bare and broken ground, high valley density, less flat land, more slopes and lack of vegetation protection; ② Loose loess structure, pores and vertical cracks; Many substances are easily soluble in water. ③ Precipitation is concentrated in July and August. Human factors, including people's reclamation, mining, road construction and other activities, make the surface loose.

8 1. Most parts of the Loess Plateau belong to temperate monsoon climate, with hot summer and cold winter, and precipitation concentrated in summer and autumn. The terrain along the Yangtze River is low and flat, and the terrain is mainly plain and hilly.

82. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau has taken away the fertile soil on the surface and reduced the crop yield. Increase, expand and deepen the valley. As a result, the cultivated land area is reduced; It also transported a lot of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which caused great difficulties in river regulation and flood control.

83. The three famous buildings in the history of China are Yellow Crane Tower, Yueyang Tower and Wangtengting Pavilion. The difference in topography between the upper reaches and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is that the upper reaches are mountains, while the middle and lower reaches are plains and hills.

84. The area along the Yangtze River belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, with hot summer, mild winter and distinct four seasons. There is abundant precipitation, and the annual precipitation is above1000 mm. For a long time to come, the development of China will still be the first.

85. The Yangtze River is rich in nonferrous minerals and other resources, such as tungsten mine in Dayu, Jiangxi, antimony mine in Lengshuijiang, Hunan, lead-zinc mine in Lengshuikou Mountain and copper mine in Dexing, Jiangxi. Iron ore is mainly produced in Daye, Hubei, Maanshan, Anhui and Panzhihua, Sichuan, coal is mainly produced in Panzhihua, Sichuan and Liupanshui, Guizhou, and natural gas is produced in Zigong, Sichuan.

86. The city known as the thoroughfare of nine provinces is Wuhan. The largest city in China is Shanghai and the largest port in China. The main cities along the Yangtze River are Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai.

Along the Yangtze River, the coastal economic belt running through the north and south, and the vast area in the west constitute the pattern of the English letter "H".

87. Located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, Shanghai is the largest port in China.

The world of 88.2 1 century is a world of economic globalization. On the other hand, human beings are facing problems such as population, resources and environment, which need the joint efforts of all countries in the world to solve.

89. To achieve sustainable development, a region needs to make full use of favorable geographical conditions, rationally transform unfavorable geographical conditions and develop its economy according to local conditions. At the same time, we should also pay attention to strengthening the ties between regions, giving full play to their respective advantages, division of labor and cooperation, mutual benefit, full use of resources and complementary advantages.

78. The Loess Plateau starts from Taihang Mountain in the east, reaches Wushaoling Mountain in the west, Qinling Mountain in the south and the Great Wall in the north. Across Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other provinces.

79. The loess material in the Loess Plateau is formed by wind. The main landforms of the Loess Plateau are loess tableland, loess headland and loess beam. The areas with serious acid rain pollution in the Yangtze River basin and its vicinity are acid rain areas in southwest, central and east China.

80. Four Geographical Regions of China: According to the differences in geographical location, nature and human geography, China can be divided into four geographical regions.

① The basis for dividing north and south is: climatic conditions (Qinling-Huaihe line).

② North China and Northwest China: precipitation (400 mm annual precipitation line).

③ The basis for dividing the Qinghai-Tibet region into three regions: south, northwest and north: topographic factors (high altitude).

82. Name two basic national conditions of our country: vast territory and great regional differences; China is a developing country with a large population and a low per capita GNP.