Basic methods of sweet potato planting technology

Sweet potatoes are planted in places with good conditions, so what are the planting methods of sweet potatoes? Here are the sweet potato planting techniques I have carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Planting techniques of sweet potato

1. Seedbed seedling:

Accelerating germination and raising seedlings is an important link in the whole anti-season cultivation. The seedling raising time should be appropriately advanced to the middle of February, and the seed potatoes should be moved into the seedbed in the protected field for seedling raising. The seedbed is protected by double-layer film, and the seed potatoes are arranged neatly. After a layer of fine soil is covered, a layer of plastic film is laid flat, and then a layer of film is covered on the arch frame to improve the ground temperature of the seedbed. Punch holes in the flat plastic film to guide seedlings in time to avoid burning seedlings in sunny days and high temperatures. In 1 month, the seedbed is sprayed with water 1 time every 7 days, sprayed with water and fertilized twice a week after 1 month, and a batch is cut every 7- 10 days (when the plants are as high as 1 cm), and sprayed with water and fertilized twice a week after 1 sterilization.

Second, apply sufficient base fertilizer.

Choose sandy loam plots, and combine ploughing in early spring to apply 2-3 tons of farmyard manure, 0/5 kg of urea/kloc and 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer.

Third, plastic film mulching.

Plastic film mulching can increase the temperature and preserve moisture, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and increase the temperature difference between day and night. Generally, sweet potatoes can be planted with high ridges and two rows staggered, with the total distance of 60 cm, covering 50 cm, small rows of 40 cm, and plant spacing of 33 cm, with about 4,000 plants per mu. The height of the ridge is moderate. If the planting period is too dry, flat cover and flat planting can be used to facilitate seedling growth.

Fourth, timely and early planting.

Timely early transplanting and reasonable close planting: mid-April is the suitable time for seedling transplanting, and it is basically stable when the temperature rises in early spring all year round. The suitable time for sowing and seedling raising is after the end of late frost, when the ground temperature reaches 10cm or above 15℃, sowing can be done at the beginning of last winter or the beginning of the year, and furrows can be cleared when sowing. The side strip is 50 cm wide. In early and middle April, according to the seedling emergence speed of seedbed, the seedlings were sown in different stubbles, and the number of potato seedlings buried in the soil and the number of potato nodes were increased by straight-line flat planting. Insert 3500-4000 plants per mu with a spacing of about 33cm. Transplanting time should not exceed April 20, otherwise it will delay the harvest time and affect the transplanting season of continuous cropping late rice.

Timely and early sowing is the key to improve the yield of sweet potato. Under suitable conditions, the earlier the seedlings are planted, the longer the growth period, the earlier the tubers are, the more tubers are produced, the longer the tubers swell, the higher the yield and the better the quality. Planting seedlings too late, shortening the growth period, few and small sweet potatoes, low yield and poor quality. The suitable time for sowing and seedling raising is after the end of late frost. When the ground temperature reaches above 15℃, plastic film mulching can be appropriately advanced (around mid-April), and sowing can be started. In order to improve the quality of seedlings, seedlings should be removed. Old hard seedling? Moreover, when planting, it is best to classify the large and small seedlings and transplant them separately to make them grow in a balanced way. In order to control the black spot of sweet potato, 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution can be used to soak the seedling base for 2-3 inches, 10 minute. Sweet potato should be planted shallowly on the basis of ensuring survival, and the planting depth is generally 5-6 cm. When planting, the soil should be sealed and the depth should be the same, so that the leaves are exposed on the ground. When watering, the seedlings should be exposed directly, and the seedlings should not be exposed for too long to prevent strong winds from affecting their survival.

Fourth, on-site management

1. Management of rooting and slow seedling stage. The slow rooting stage is from the growth of new roots after planting to the formation of tuberous roots, which lasts about 1 month. After the sweet potato seedlings are fixed, it is necessary to check the seedlings in time to ensure the whole seedlings. After the seedlings are planted, in case of severe drought, they should be watered in time to make the seedlings take root and survive. Generally, it should be watered once after planting, and then cultivated once every 10- 15 days to loosen the soil, raise the temperature, eliminate weeds, promote the rapid growth of plants and facilitate the formation of roots.

2. Management of branching and tuber formation stage. With the increase of temperature 30-40 days after planting, the stems and leaves grow faster, and the tuberous roots continue to form and expand. Water and fertilizer management should be strengthened in time. In case of drought, 5-8 kg of urea can be topdressing with water mu, and intertillage as soon as possible after watering.

3. Management of stem and leaf growth and root expansion period. From the first half of July to the end of August, the stem and leaf growth, root expansion and leaf area coefficient reached the maximum. Generally, in this period, control and promotion are needed to achieve ascension. This period is in the rainy season, with high temperature and fast plant growth. In order to prevent excessive growth, 50PPM paclobutrazol solution can be sprayed evenly in the field, and it is better to cover the leaves with liquid medicine without flowing. During this period, the underground roots expand rapidly, and in case of drought, it is necessary to water, but the amount of water should not be too large. In order to promote potato swelling, one bag (12) gram of swelling agent can be added per mu.

4. Management of root swelling stage of stem and leaf decline. After the middle and late August, the stems and leaves will grow slowly until the late growth of sweet potato stops; Nutrients are transported to the root tuber, and the growth center is transferred from the ground to the underground. In management, stems and leaves should be protected to maintain normal physiological functions and promote the rapid expansion of root tuber. Management measures should be taken to ensure that the soil water content is 60-70% of the maximum field water capacity. If the weather is dry for a long time and the soil is dry, the stems and leaves will age prematurely, which will affect the formation and accumulation of carbohydrates and lead to reduced production. Therefore, a small amount of water should be poured in time, but it is not advisable to water sweet potatoes within 20 days before harvesting and planing. In case of autumn waterlogging, the sweet potato leaves should be drained in time to prevent hardening and rot, and the sweet potato leaves will enter the seedling stage before and after the summer heat. In order to prevent premature aging, prolong and enhance the photosynthesis of leaves and promote the hypertrophy of potato pieces, foliar fertilization was carried out. Spray half a catty of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with 30-40 jins of water,/kloc-once every 5 days, twice. If it is used with expansion agent, the effect will be better.

5. Choose the top one. When the main stem of sweet potato grows to 50 cm, pick the terminal bud in sunny morning; When the branches grow to 35 cm, continue to remove the terminal buds. This method can inhibit the overgrowth of stems and vines, avoid nutrient consumption, promote root system expansion, and increase yield by 20%~30%.

6, crack fertilizer. When sweet potato enters the swelling stage of root tuber, cracks will appear in the topsoil. At this time, 750~ 1000 kg of clean water manure and 500 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 50 kg of plant ash can also be soaked and filtered with water respectively) are mixed into the manure, and irrigation along the cracks in the morning and evening can increase the yield by 20%~30% after irrigation.

Fourth, spray mepiquat chloride. When sweet potato seedlings grow to 50~60 cm, spraying 10 ml mepiquat chloride or 20~25 ml growth promoter per mu can control the upper part, promote the lower part, promote the rapid growth of root tuber and increase the yield by 15%~20%.

Fifth, timely harvest.

Sweet potato tuberous root is a vegetative root, and there is no obvious maturity standard and harvest time. But the harvest time is closely related to sweet potato yield, seed storage, storage, processing and utilization, and crop rotation. Early harvest will reduce the yield, and late harvest will be affected by low temperature and chilling injury. The best harvest time of sweet potato is 10 when the temperature drops to 15℃.

Key points of sweet potato planting

Seedbed seedling raising

Accelerating germination and raising seedlings is an important link in the whole anti-season cultivation. The seedling raising time should be appropriately advanced to the middle of February, and the seed potatoes should be moved into the seedbed in the protected field for seedling raising. The seedbed is protected by double-layer film, and the seed potatoes are arranged neatly. After a layer of fine soil is covered, a layer of plastic film is laid flat, and then a layer of film is covered on the arch frame to improve the ground temperature of the seedbed. Punch holes in the flat plastic film to guide seedlings in time to avoid burning seedlings in sunny days and high temperatures. 1 month, spray 1 time water on the seedbed every 7 days, and spray fertilizer and new high-fat film twice a week after 1 month to prevent the infection of germs and protect the seedlings from growing sturdily. (When the plant is as high as 15cm), cut a batch every 7- 10 days, spray fertilizer twice a week from 1 time, and appropriately increase the concentration to ensure the nutrient supply of regenerated seedlings.

Apply sufficient base fertilizer

Choose loam and sandy soil plots, and combine with ploughing in early spring to apply 2-3 tons of farmyard manure, 0/5 kg of urea/kloc and 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer.

Cultivation techniques of sweet potato

First, select improved varieties.

Except for some edible sweet potatoes, most of them are used for feed processing and starch processing. Therefore, high starch sweet potato varieties Yushu 868, YS86, Xiangpu 1 and SL? 19, xiangshu 17 and other varieties, these varieties have high flour yield, stable yield, strong stress resistance and higher planting efficiency than ordinary varieties.

Second, cultivate strong seedlings.

Seedling requirements are complete, neat, uniform and Miao Zhuang. There are three kinds of seedling raising methods: hotbed seedling raising, film seedling raising and open field seedling raising, and hotbed seedling raising is generally used for high-yield cultivation.

(1) hotbed propagation

1, seedbed selection

Choose a place with low groundwater level, convenient drainage and shelter from the wind and the sun. Take the loose soil where sweet potatoes have not been planted for 5 years as the seedbed, and plough and rake carefully before seedling raising.

2. Seedbed production

Seedbeds are generally made about 1.3m wide, which is convenient for film mulching. The length depends on the terrain and needs (generally, the seedbed is about 10m2 per mu) and the depth is 40? 50cm (using manure, crops and straw as heating materials), and digging the bottom of the bed into a turtle back shape.

3. Fill something hot.

After the bed pit is dug, fresh pig manure, crop straw and other brewing hot materials are placed in layers, with a thickness of about 50cm. If the proportion of straw is too large, pour some fresh human excrement and urine to promote fermentation. Then put 5 on something hot? 8 cm thick fertile soil. If you don't dig a hole, make a pile bed on the flat ground and seal it with mud to prevent heat dissipation.

4, timely sowing

Sowing in hotbed can be about 1.5 months before sowing, and sowing in open field requires soil temperature above 14℃. According to the past experience, the hotbed seedling raising in our city is generally carried out in early March, and the seedling raising in the open field is delayed 10? 15 days. To select medium (150? 220 grams), the potato pieces are robust, the skin color is bright, there is no disease spot, and the seed consumption per mu (field) is 75? 90 kg, seed density 13cm? 16cm, and the seeding rate per square meter is 22.5? 25 kilograms. Disinfect the seeds before sowing, and soak the seed potato 10 minute with 700 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl or 500 times solution of 25% carbendazim. When sowing, the head of the potato block is facing up and the bottom is facing down. The big potato row is deep and the small potato row is shallow. After sowing, the soil should not be too thick. As long as the seed potato is not exposed, it can be covered with plastic film and covered with low arch to keep warm.

5. Seedbed management

(1) We should adhere to the principle of temperature control, that is, early high-temperature germination, medium-temperature seedling raising and late low-temperature hardening, and mainly adjust the temperature control by covering and uncovering the arch film. Before the seedlings were all in full bloom, urging was the main task. Keep the bed temperature at 30? When the temperature exceeds 30℃, the film should be uncovered in time to cool down, and the potato seedlings will grow to 6? At 7 leaves, it is mainly transferred to hardening seedlings. When the temperature is not lower than 20℃, uncover the film, 3? After five days of hardening, you can cut and raise seedlings. The second is to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, and the seedbed should not be too dry or too wet. When the seedbed soil turns white, water should be poured to keep the seedbed soil moist, and decomposed dilute manure and urine water should be applied after each seedling, so as to improve the yield of potato seedlings. At the same time, pay attention to intertillage weeding.

(2) Plastic film mulching for seedling raising. The seedbed is covered with plastic film instead of brewing heat. This seedbed is labor-saving and material-saving, but it is greatly affected by the weather and the bed temperature is difficult to control. Sowing time is delayed by about 7 days compared with hotbed seedling raising.

(3) Raising seedlings in the open field. Sowing in the open field is simple, which saves labor and materials, but the amount of seeds used is large, and the emergence of seedlings is small and slow. The sowing time is limited by local climatic conditions, and the daily average temperature is required to pass 15℃ stably, which is generally carried out in late March in our city.

Third, field cultivation.

(1) Deep tillage and ridge tillage

1, deep ploughing

Sweet potato is a root crop, and the soil requires deep soil layer, loose soil, good ventilation and moderate fertility. Deep tillage can thicken the living soil layer, improve aeration, strengthen water storage capacity and promote the release of soil nutrients. Therefore, whether flat cultivation or ridge cultivation, deep tillage is an important measure to improve the yield of sweet potato.

2. Ridge farming

Compared with flat cultivation, ridge cultivation has the following advantages: ① It is convenient for irrigation and drainage, which is beneficial to drought and waterlogging prevention. (2) Deepen the soil layer and expand the range of root activities. (3) Increasing the contact surface between the soil and the outside, increasing the light receiving area of the soil and the temperature difference between day and night. According to 1999 experimental results in Tangxi Village, Doulishan Town, Lianyuan City, the high-ridge double-row cultivation of sweet potato increased the fresh potato by 540 kg per mu compared with the common cultivation method, and the yield increased by 24%. Ridge raising mode and specification: According to 1m, the ridge raising height is 30? 40cm, the ridge surface is in a small arch shape, and each ridge crosses two rows (row spacing is 40? 50cm), plant spacing of 26? 33cm, 4000 per mu? 5,000 plants should be ridged horizontally to prevent soil erosion.

(2) Fertilization

Sweet potato is a potassium-loving crop, and the requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 1:3. Based on the principle of heavy application of potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, scientific fertilization is appropriate. According to the law of fertilizer demand for sweet potatoes and production experiments, a high-yield mound with a fresh potato yield of about 3000 kg per mu requires 3000 kg of decomposed manure per mu. The special formula fertilizer for sweet potato with 30% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content is 4000 kg, 35? The base fertilizer is 40 kg, applied when ridging, and topdressing twice when ploughing. After transplanting, Xinman 5? Topdressing seedling fertilizer at 10cm and applying urea 5? 7 kg, drenched in water, 50? For 60 days, 30% special fertilizer for sweet potato 10 kg and 5kg potassium sulfate were applied with intertillage.

(3) Reasonable close planting

The planting density of sweet potato should be determined according to the variety, soil fertility, fertilization level and planting method. Generally, the planting density of short vines is about 6000 plants per mu, while the planting density of long vines is sparse, generally 2500 plants? 3,500 strains.

(4) implantation

1, sowing time: timely early sowing is beneficial to increase production. Understand that the upper limit of planting should be the stable temperature of 18℃. Generally, it can be planted in late April to ensure high yield of sweet potato, and strive to complete planting in late May.

2. Cutting seedlings: The cutting time depends on the planting time. The average seedling height is 20? 25cm cuttings. When cutting seedlings, cut them flat on the two nodes off the ground, and insert them while cutting.

3. Planting method.

There are two main types.

① Direct insertion

When the soil is wet after the rain, the potato seedlings are short, only 4? 5 knots, potato seedlings buried vertically 2? Section 3, exposure 1? Two knots. Its advantages are deep transplanting, absorbing moisture and nutrients in the lower layer, drought resistance and barren resistance, high survival rate and labor-saving transplanting. The disadvantage is that the lower part is buried too deeply, the ventilation is poor, there are not many knots in the soil, and the number of potatoes per plant is small.

② Oblique insertion method

High-yield cultivation of sweet potato generally adopts oblique planting method. Require potato seedlings 5? 7 knots, buried 2? 3 knots, revealing 2? Four nodes, the advantage is that the number of tubers per plant increases, and it is easy to produce large potatoes near the soil surface, but the disadvantage is that the drought resistance is slightly worse than that of direct insertion.

(5) Site management

1, check the seedlings to make up the vacancy, and ensure the whole seedlings.

After sweet potato is planted, it is often caused by drought, pests and diseases or improper planting. So, after inserting 3? Check the seedlings in time for 7 days to make up for the loss, and focus on managing the replanted potato seedlings to catch up with the previous seedlings.

2, intertillage weeding

Before potato vines cover the fields, the soil is exposed, which is easy to harden and breed weeds. Tillage is a particularly important management measure at this stage, generally 2? Three times. After the survival of potato seedlings, the first intertillage is carried out, every 10? /kloc-intertillage again in 0/5 days, and finish the third intertillage before the potato vines grow all over the field. There are many weeds in the field, and the grass can cover 70? 100ml spray 50 kg of water for chemical weeding.

3. Stems and vines management

Don't turn over the vines, don't mention the vines. There is a traditional habit of turning vines all over our province. The reason is to break the adventitious roots, avoid growing into small potatoes, and facilitate weeding. Facts have proved that turning over vines disturbs the natural growth state of stems and leaves, causes artificial mechanical damage and overlap, reduces photosynthetic efficiency, and at the same time breaks adventitious roots, reduces the absorption of water and nutrients, and also restricts growth, leading to yield reduction. Therefore, we should actively change the traditional habits in the management of vines, so as not to turn over vines and not to mention vines.

4. Integrated pest control

The main diseases of sweet potato are black spot, root rot and potato blast. The main prevention and control measures are to pay attention to reasonable rotation on the basis of selecting disease-resistant varieties, pull out diseased plants in time when they are found in the field, and irrigate them with Dixintong 1000 times solution. The main pests are grubs, leaf roller moths, Spodoptera litura and so on. Attention should be paid to weeding the fields. When the field pests are serious, 2.5% triadimefon 500 times solution can be used for control.

5, drought prevention, drought resistance

On the basis of timely and early transplanting, it is necessary to apply seedling fertilizer early to promote potato vines to cover fields early and improve drought resistance; Secondly, intertillage should be done before potato vines grow all over the field to prevent soil hardening; The third is not to turn over the vines, not to mention the vines; The fourth conditional place can be watered in the morning or at night when the drought is serious.

(6) timely harvest

The tuber harvested from sweet potato is vegetative and has no obvious signs of maturity. The harvest period of sweet potato is mainly determined by temperature. Generally speaking, when the local average temperature drops to about 65438 05℃, the harvest begins. Generally, it is appropriate for our city to harvest before the first frost in the middle and late October of/kloc-0. Early contraction shortens the time of root expansion, and the yield and flour yield are low. At the same time, potatoes harvested at higher temperatures are easy to cause? Burn the cellar? , can not be safely stored. If the harvest is too late, low temperature will reduce starch content, increase sugar, reduce flour yield and reduce storage resistance.

The value of sweet potato

nutrition

Sweet potato tuber contains 60%-80% water, 10%-30% starch, about 5% sugar and a small amount of protein, oil, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and ash. If 2.5Kg fresh sweet potato is converted into 0.5Kg grain, its nutritional components are higher than rice and flour except fat. In addition, sweet potato is rich in vitamins (carotene, vitamins A, B, C and E), and its starch is easily absorbed by human body.

1. carotene

Do you have vitamin a? Eye protector? Vitamin A is converted from carotene. Sweet potato is rich in carotene, which can provide rich vitamin A. The content of vitamin A can be as high as 40mg/ 100g of fresh sweet potato. Carotene can be converted into vitamin A after being absorbed by human body. Vitamin A can maintain normal visual function.

2. Edible fiber

The fiber content of sweet potato is 10 times that of rice flour. It has fine texture, does not harm the stomach, can accelerate the peristalsis of digestive tract, help defecation, clean the digestive tract, shorten the residence time of toxic substances in food in the intestine, reduce self-poisoning caused by constipation, reduce the concentration of carcinogens in the intestine, and prevent hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer. At the same time, cellulose can absorb some glucose, reduce the sugar content in blood, and help prevent diabetes.

3. Combination of sugar and protein

Sweet potato is rich in mucin, which is a mixture of polysaccharide and protein. It has a special protective effect on human body, and can keep the lubrication of digestive tract, respiratory tract, joint cavity and membrane cavity and the elasticity of blood vessels. Because this substance can prevent arteriosclerosis caused by the deposition of substances on the arterial wall, it can prevent the atrophy of connective tissue of organs such as liver and kidney, slow down the aging of human organs and improve the immunity of the body. Sweet potato also contains glycoprotein, which has good anti-mutation, hypolipidemic and immune enhancement effects.

4. Potassium

Sweet potato has high potassium content, which can alleviate the disadvantages caused by excessive salt intake. Potassium is also an important factor to protect the heart. Because potassium is an alkaline element, the pH value of sweet potato is 10. 1, which is a physiological alkaline food and has the function of neutralizing body fluids. Proper consumption of sweet potato is conducive to maintaining the acid-base balance of blood and to people's health, development and intellectual development.

5. Anticancer substances

There is a sweet potato called? Deoxyepiandrosterone? Physiologically active substances can prevent colon cancer and breast cancer, and greatly promote the activities of brain cells and endocrine glands, thus delaying mental decline and increasing human resistance. It contains more carotene, lysine, plant fiber and dehydroepiandrosterone, which can prevent intestinal cancer and breast cancer.