What are the general situations of military thought?

1. The carrier of military thought. During the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, military struggle became a major theme of the whole era, so military issues were not only the focus of general concern of military strategists, but also the focus of general concern of politicians, historians and writers. In this environment, a large number of military research and introduction books came into being. According to records, there are more than 100 kinds of military works in the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and dozens of them have been handed down to this day. The famous ones are Taiping Yulan Military Department, General Yuan Gui's Bookstore, Tiger Bell Classic, General Introduction of Martial Arts Classics, Preparation of Dr. He, Seven Books of Martial Arts Classics, Notes on the Seven Books of Shi Qi, Notes on the Eleven Scholars, Amazing Methods of Hundreds of Wars, Military Systems of Past Dynasties, and Records of Guarding the City, etc. Now briefly introduce its representative figures:

The author of Tiger Bell Classic is Xu Dong. It has been four years since Xu Dong wrote the Tiger Bell Classic in Yuxian (100 1), which was completed in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004). Tiger Bell Classic has 20 volumes, divided into 2 10. Volume 1-4 focuses on the use of strategy, strict management of the army, and training of generals; Volume 5, how to identify weather, terrain, enemy camps, etc. The sixth volume introduces water warfare, fire attack, city attack and defense, and attack and defense equipment; Volume 7, collected the flags and drums of operational command, as well as military-related knowledge such as astronomy, calendar, timing and azimuth recognition; Volume 8-9, for the sake of unity, discusses ancient related arrays and self-made arrays such as Flying Birds and Changhong; Volume 10 is Sagittarius, medical, physiognomy; Volume 1 1-20, specializing in six immortals, fugitive armor, stars, the sun and the moon, clouds, climate, wind angle and empty prose. In a word, the former 10 volume (except portraits) has certain academic value, while the latter 10 volume is mostly about feudal superstition. The book is based on the theme of "Plan by people, Plan by people, Plan by people, Plan by people" (Xu Dong's Tiger Bell Classic). It attaches importance to the role of "heaven, earth and people" in the war, advocates winning with all one's strength and emphasizes flexible use of troops. As the first military theory book handed down from the Northern Song Dynasty, it has not only important historical value, but also valuable theoretical value, and has had a positive impact on some subsequent military books.

Ding Du, Ceng Gongliang and so on. The author of Wu is Yao. It was compiled from October in the third year of Qing Dynasty (1043) to April and June in the seventh year of Qing Dynasty (1047). The book is divided into two episodes, each with 20 volumes and the book with 40 volumes. There are subheads in most volumes, and there are some things under them. In addition to the preface made by Injong at the beginning of this book, there is an original preface of Ceng Gongliang's Wu Jing Collection in later collections. The book can be roughly divided into four parts: system, frontier defense, story and yin and yang. Volume 1 ~ 15 in the previous episode is a system, focusing on army building, such as selecting general soldiers, teaching martial arts, general tactics, using vehicles and riding, winning by raiders, marching and camping, military reconnaissance, choosing camp sites, array methods in the current dynasty, ancient and modern battle maps, military terrain, city attack and defense, water warfare raiders, weapons and equipment, reward and punishment regulations, and so on. Volume 16-20 is the frontier defense, introducing Hebei Road, Beifandi, Hedong Road, Shaanxi Road, Xifandi, Chengdu Road, Jinghu South Road, Guangnan East-West Road, state orientation, geographical evolution, mountains and rivers, road passes, military points and military equipment. The development of ethnic minorities along the border in Hebei, Shaanxi and Guangnan provinces is analyzed one by one. The last few episodes (volume 1~ 15) are stories, with the essence of ancient art of war as the topic, and the ancient and modern war example "Ranger" as the evidence, summarizing the experiences and lessons about strategy, general training, principles of running the army, common tactics and fighting under special conditions. Volume 16 ~ 20, written by Yang et al., was ordered to consult the old theory, focusing on the loneliness, emptiness and prosperity in military operations, and the waiting time occupied by Yin and Yang. The military knowledge compiled in General Theory of Wu Jing is very rich, and the military thoughts discussed are also quite comprehensive. In particular, he has made quite new achievements in running the army and guiding ideology of operations. No matter the military knowledge he introduced or the military thoughts he expounded, they are closely linked with reality and targeted. The book also has the characteristics of informative and novel compilation, which occupies an important position in the history of military art and weapon technology in China and has far-reaching influence.

Why did the author of Dr. He Beilun (hereinafter referred to as Beilun) have problems? He Qufei, a native of Pucheng, Fujian, is a doctor of martial arts in the north, and participated in the revision of seven martial arts classics. Beilun was written during his martial arts training (from five years of Yuanfeng to four years of Yuanyou) and in five years of Yuanyou (1090). There are 26 articles on the North, one of which is a theory. This paper mainly analyzes the success or failure of the rise and fall from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties and the gains and losses of more than 20 important military figures in the use of troops, in order to seek historical reference. It is actually the first collection of comments on military figures in ancient China. Emphasis on strategic issues, close contact with the military reality at that time, and the use of historical creative methods are its outstanding characteristics. The military thoughts involved in the discussion are quite rich, mainly including the simple materialist view of war; The strategic thinking of "foresight", the flexible and changeable operational thinking and the idea of running the army with good soldiers and strong generals. After the book came out, it spread widely. It spread in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The Swedish sociologist Fransell also translated and published the English version of this book.

The author of The Amazing Method of Hundreds of Battles is unknown. Written at the end of Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty. It is a military theoretical work devoted to the study of operational principles and methods. The Book *** 10 Volume is divided into two episodes, each with five volumes, and each volume has 10 battles, making it invincible, hence the name "Amazing Method of Hundreds of Battles". The book contains the attitude towards war, the methods of running the army and the relevant operational guiding principles. It not only summarizes and inherits the essence of military thought before the Song Dynasty, but also develops to some extent. It is also an ancient art book worthy of attention.

The Military System of Past Dynasties was compiled by Chen Fuliang in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is China's first monograph on military system in general history genre. The book ***8 volumes. The contents of the discussion include the military system from Qin Zhou to the Song Dynasty. The first seven volumes are divided into Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Han, Wang Mang, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern Dynasties, Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. The eighth volume is devoted to the military system of the Song Dynasty. The first seven volumes summarize the gains and losses of the military system in the past dynasties by compiling historical materials, annotations and comments, and are often compared with the military system in the Song Dynasty. Volume 8 has no notes and comments, etc. And it is "particularly detailed". The author's arrangement is obviously to provide historical reference for the military system of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Book of Guarding the City consists of three parts: preface (Jingkang's golden words in the ruling and opposition), guarding the city and keeping it secret, and making suggestions for the defense of Dean. The first two are stereotyped writing and the second half is written by Tang. This book mainly expounds the theory that artillery is widely used in urban defense after siege. Its main military thoughts are: advocating the reform of the city defense system; Advocating that defending the city must be "defending the middle and attacking"; Think that it is good to keep people; Emphasize the configuration of advanced guarding city equipment. Because the author of the first two parts of "Guarding the City" personally commanded the guarding city operations, and the latter part described his deeds of guarding the city, the experience it summarized and the theory it put forward were deeply rooted in practice, which had high practical value and academic theoretical value. It was an important military work in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Ten Comments on Meiqin and Nine Comments were written by Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji is not only famous as a poet, but also "quite familiar with the military." Ten Treatises on Meiqin is an article he wrote to the Southern Song Dynasty court. According to later research, it seems to be in the first year of Song Xiaozong trunk road (1 165). Ten Treatise on Meiqin discusses ten issues, such as sizing up the situation, observing the situation, detecting disasters, autonomy, defending the Huai River, opening up wasteland, courage, emblem defense, long service and detailed warfare. This paper analyzes the political and military situation of the Song and Jin Dynasties through the Ten Theories, puts forward the methods to deal with the Jin Dynasty, and demands the government of the Southern Song Dynasty to prepare for the war of resistance against the Jin Dynasty. This paper puts forward many valuable military ideas, namely: correctly understanding the situation; It is necessary to "keep a low profile" and "containment is better than war"; It is necessary to "gather troops for chariots and defend for war"; We should also attach importance to "courage", and the court should be "good at faith and time" and so on. The full name of "Nine Treatises" is "Nine Treatises on Yong Gong in Shangyu", which was written in 1967. It is another important military treatise of Xin Qiji after "Ten Treatises on Meiqin". Xin Qiji called the "Nine Discussions" "a great plan to restore everything". So some of these arguments are the same as Meiqin's top ten theories. However, some new viewpoints were put forward in the discussion of the Ninth National Congress, mainly: advocating "judging before deciding" on the issue of using troops, emphasizing the concentration of troops, and demanding that "Qi Xin should work together to help each other in the same boat" and so on.

In addition, a large number of literature classics, such as philosophy, history, literature, astronomy, geography, science and technology and various government documents, all contain military thoughts to varying degrees. It goes without saying that "official history" such as History of Song Dynasty, History of Liao Dynasty, History of Jin Dynasty and History of Yuan Dynasty, and even many personal writings of unofficial history and celebrities, all contain rich historical materials of military thoughts. Such as Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Three Dynasties North Alliance Committee Compilation, Chronology since Yan Jian Dynasty, Literature General Examination, Secret History of Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian Tatar Records and A Brief Account of Black Tatar; Su Xun's Jia, Su Dongpo's Ji, Wang Anshi's Ji, Sima Guang's Moon Hee and Su Shui, Shen Kuo's Meng Qianbi Tan, Ceng Gong's Longping Ji, Angel's Du Dongnian Pu, Ye Shi Ji and Chen Liang Ji, etc.

2. Main features. The military thoughts of the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties clearly showed the following main characteristics:

First of all, it has a solid theoretical foundation of ancient art of war. The regime in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, especially in Song Dynasty, attached great importance to studying and studying the excellent military and cultural heritage of the ancients. As early as the Tang Taizong Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty, the large-scale work Taiping Yulan had 1000 volumes, including more than 90 volumes of the Ministry of War, accounting for nearly one tenth of the book. After that, Yuan Gui, a large-scale book compiled by Zhenzong Dynasty, has a total of 1 000 volumes, of which Headquarters has more than 60 volumes, accounting for a considerable proportion in the whole book. Then, the General Theory of the Art of War, compiled by Ren Zongchao, "Set up the system before preparing, set up the gains and losses of past dynasties" (Volume 99 of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu), also takes the introduction of military situations of past dynasties as an important content. After Wu Yao was written, Song Renzong personally "gave" a preface to show his attention. In the Zongshen period, the air for studying ancient military theory became stronger, and an unprecedented situation appeared. Among them, the most striking is the revision and publication of the famous Seven Books of Jason Wu. In April of the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Song Shenzong ordered imperial academy Governor Zhu Fu and others to revise the problems of Sun Tzu, Woods, Liu Tao, Sima Fa, Liao Weizi and Li Jing. And carve them. "(Long Edition of Continuing Education as a Mirror) During Yuan Feng's reign (1078~ 1085), seven revised military books, with a total of 25 volumes, were published, becoming the first military textbook in the history of China. Shortly thereafter, 1 1 famous grandchildren also appeared. The annotated author of this book 1 1 person, including Cao Cao, Liang, Tang Liqian, Du You, Du Mu,,,, He Shi, Zhang Yu, etc., provides valuable reference materials for the special study of soldier Sun Wu's military thought. At the same time, after the publication of Seven Books of Jason Wu, domestic bees rose. Among them, Shi's Notes on the Seven Books on the Stone are well annotated, citing more military history and the words of military strategists in previous dynasties, explaining Sun Tzu and seeking the original intention of the book, which is a gratifying achievement in the upsurge of ancient art of war research.

With the deepening of study and research, people's understanding of ancient art of war is also deepening. For example, Sun Tzu once said, "Therefore, the soldiers attack, the enemy follows, the soldiers follow, and attack the city" ("Sun Tzu seeks to attack"). As for what is cutting, cutting and cutting soldiers, the General Outline of Martial Arts has made a clear analysis and profound exposition: "Those who cut attack the enemy's heart and make it impossible; Those who cut off the help of the enemy cannot unite; All the soldiers who are beheaded, combined with the blade of Lux in the field, have to use it "("Wu Qianji Yao "Volume 3). For another example, Sun Tzu's theory of "winning by surprise" was discussed in Li Jingwen Dui in the Tang Dynasty, and Dr. Hebei Lun had a new discussion. Among them, it is pointed out: "The two Jews are fighting each other, which is expected to be evenly matched, and the party's potential is undecided. "However, if the husband comes to help him, then the husband's recipients will be despised. In this method, it is also strange to say that the winner. " (Dr. He Beilun Su Yanglun) This vivid metaphor not only skillfully explains what is the method of "winning by right, winning by surprise", but also explains why it is the method of winning in simple terms.

Second, it was closely related to the actual military struggle at that time. This feature is obvious not only in the pertinence of the above ideas, but also in the guiding ideology and content setting of some art books. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, in view of the fact that generals were "making the past serve the present", Renzong determined such a guiding principle when compiling the general outline of martial arts: on the one hand, he should "complete the outline"; On the other hand, it is necessary to make the generals "fight against strong enemies and see the scale of each plan" ("Wu Yao, Imperial Preface of Emperor Renzong"). At the same time, in view of the actual needs of the military struggle with Liao and Xixia, the book not only lists five volumes of Frontier Defense Records, but also records the geographical situation of mountains and rivers, paved roads and traffic roads in the border in detail, and also creates a "local custom" in the "system" for the generals to understand the customs and habits of people along the border, especially in the north and northwest regions. It is also pointed out that only by understanding the characteristics of "long soldiers are bows and arrows, short soldiers are knife chains, advantages advance, disadvantages retreat" can we "always use my strengths, attack my weaknesses, lure them with what I like, and attack them with what I hate" (Volume 9 of the first episode of Wulin General).

Third, pay attention to its wide application in practice. Obviously, many viewpoints in military thought in this period were not all new achievements, but were put forward by predecessors. However, strategists and thinkers in this period had a deep understanding of the predecessors' thoughts and closely combined with the military struggle at that time, which injected new vitality into the ideas put forward by predecessors and made them be applied in a wide range of fields. The idea of running the army according to law has always been emphasized by the ancients. But in the past, the idea of running the army according to law was often mainly reflected in strict military discipline; During the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was implemented in all aspects of military construction, such as military management education, military training, formulation of reward and punishment laws and regulations, standardization of upper and lower relations, combat operations, battlefield discipline and so on. For another example, the idea of elite soldiers and sharp weapons was also advocated by the ancients. During the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, this idea of strengthening weapon construction was also widely used in all aspects of weapon manufacturing and management. Based on the development of production and technology, the quantity and quality of cold and hot weapons in this period greatly exceeded the development level of its previous generation.

3. Historical position. The military thoughts in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties are thoughts with the characteristics of the times, and they are a part of the military artistic achievements in the whole period represented by the Song Dynasty, which occupies an important position in China's military thoughts in the past dynasties. In addition to its rich thoughts and the above-mentioned main characteristics, it also inherited the essence of predecessors' military thoughts, and put forward some valuable new viewpoints according to the actual situation at that time.

For example, in terms of war goals, he inherited the previous thought of "conquest and strength" and put forward the idea of "one country under the world" with the goal of "recovering homeland" or "governing the Central Plains by the people"; In the aspect of winning or losing the war, it inherited the previous thought of advocating a just war, and put forward the idea of winning a just war, emphasizing the human factor and relying on the people. On the issue of imperial army, it inherited the centralization thought of predecessors, and highlighted the thought of "strong military power" and the thought of preventing civil servants from insurrection to maintain social stability; On the issue of running the army, he inherited the predecessors' thought of running the army according to law, and proposed that army building must be comprehensively legislated and take the track of "legal system"; In war and operational guidance, he inherited the predecessors' ideas of resourcefulness, preparation and flexible use of troops, and put forward the idea of "knowing success is great", not sticking to the ancient art of war, insisting on "keeping a low profile" and "defending the middle and attacking the middle", and building a stronghold and using risks according to the actual situation. On the issue of stationing troops, he inherited the previous thought of stationing troops on the solid border, and put forward the thought of "internal and external system" and the national defense thought of "regional defense" to prevent samurai from sitting up. In weapon construction, he inherited the thought of predecessors' elite soldiers and sharp weapons, and put forward the idea of strengthening the development of guns and firearms and other elite soldiers and sharp weapons, and so on.

It is precisely because the military thoughts in the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties developed in the process of "inheritance" and were embodied in the process of development that they made great contributions to enriching the treasure house of military theories in China, played an important role in connecting the preceding with the following, and had a far-reaching positive impact on the formation and development of military thoughts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.