Cultivation techniques of pepper

Pepper planting technology and management

Carry out soil preparation

Pepper has a long growth period and weak root system. In order to make it blossom and bear fruit continuously, it must have good soil conditions and nutritional conditions. Before planting, turn the ground to the depth of 10~ 15cm. Apply 5000 kilograms of manure per mu, add calcium superphosphate 1.5 kg ~ 20 kg, short irrigation and short row as ditches, and the ditches are connected, so there is no water in the fields after the rain.

Field planting

Timely planting promotes early rooting. Early seedling development is the main principle to master the planting period and post-planting management. Pepper should be planted in ditch or flat land, covered with shallow soil when planting, and then gradually ridged and closed. After planting, squatting seedlings only by drought will damage the root system, so the seedling management of pepper should be small or not, and promote it to the end.

planting density

Pepper plants are compact and suitable for close planting. The experiment shows that the close planting of pepper has great potential to increase production, especially the green pepper that has been growing until autumn. Proper close planting is conducive to early ridge sealing, because the surface is covered and shaded, the soil temperature and soil humidity change little, and the roots will not be exposed to the sun after heavy rain, which plays a role in promoting roots and strengthening seedlings. Generally, the production density of green peppers is 3000~4000 holes per mu (double plants), with the row spacing of 50~60cm and the plant spacing of 25~30Cm. Generally use two or three 1 min. Planting methods include large ridge single row close planting, large and small ridge close planting, and large ridge double row close planting, all of which can obtain higher yield.

Tiantuan management

Pepper likes temperature, water and fertilizer, but high temperature is easy to get sick, waterlogging is easy to kill seedlings and fertilizer is easy to burn roots. There are different management requirements in different stages of the whole growth period, so it is necessary to promote roots and seedlings before harvesting after planting; From the beginning of harvest to the stage of full fruit, it is necessary to promote seedlings to attack fruits; After entering the high temperature season, it is necessary to protect the roots and seedlings to prevent the death of seedlings; Results In the later period, we should continue to strengthen management and increase production and income.

(1) Pre-harvest management During this period, the ground temperature is low and the root system is weak, so it is necessary to promote large and control small. That is, light watering and early topdressing; Diligent cultivation, small squatting seedlings; Slow seedling watering can be combined with chasing a little manure, timely intertillage after watering, increase temperature and maintain soil moisture, and promote rooting. Squatting seedlings should not be too long, about 10 day, and small watering and squatting can be used to adjust the relationship between roots and seedlings. After squatting, water and topdressing in time to improve the early yield. Topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and some phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied to promote seedling health, prevent flower falling, and remove the side branches on the main stem below the first flower in time.

(2) Management from the initial harvest period to the full fruit period. At this stage, the temperature rises gradually, the rainfall increases gradually, and the pests and diseases occur one after another, which is the key period to determine the yield. In order to prevent premature aging, we should harvest the pepper in advance, water it in time, keep the soil moisture regularly, promote the seedling to attack the fruit, and strive to close the ridge in high temperature season. In the full fruit stage, before closing the ridge, soil should be cultivated to protect the roots, and topdressing should be carried out in combination with soil cultivation. Generally, trichlorfon 1 time is sprayed every 1 week to control pests; Spraying 1000 dimethoate every 7~ 10 days to kill aphids and prevent the spread of virus; Spraying 500-800 times of zineb or chlorothalonil to control anthracnose and other diseases.

(3) Management in hot season and beyond. It is easy to induce viral diseases in high temperature rainy season, with serious flowers and fruits falling, and sometimes a lot of leaves falling. Therefore, in high temperature and drought years, irrigation must be done at the beginning of the drought period, not at the end, so as to keep the soil moist all the time and inhibit the occurrence and development of virus diseases. Apply a small amount of chemical fertilizer to protect seedlings after rain and irrigate them in time to prevent the drought after rainy season from forming the peak of virus disease. Irrigation should be carried out in the morning and evening in high temperature season. Spraying 800~ 1000 times chlormequat chloride for 3~4 times at full flowering stage has a good effect of flower protection and yield increase.

(4) Late management of fruit shrinkage. After the high temperature rainy season, the temperature turned cold and the green pepper plants returned to normal growth, so management must be strengthened.

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In order to promote the formation of the second fruiting peak period and increase the later yield, topdressing should be done in time, and quick-acting fertilizer should be applied with water to supplement the deficiency of soil nutrition.

Picking pepper

Generally, it can be harvested 2~3 weeks after the flowers wither, when the fruit is fully expanded and the color is green, or when the fruit turns yellow or red. Pay attention to picking as many times as possible, picking the fruit stalks together and leaving more fruits on the plant can improve the yield.

Pepper planting techniques

Cultivation techniques of high quality colored sweet pepper 1. Variety selection should choose angel series, including yellow angel, Zi Long and orange angel.

Angel series varieties are the main varieties abroad, and they are also the varieties that perform well in our cultivation and promotion. 2. According to the different protection facilities, the cultivation period can be divided into early spring greenhouse cultivation and late autumn greenhouse cultivation.

Early spring, greenhouse cultivation, generally 5438+ 10 in mid-June, sowing in mid-February and harvesting in mid-March. Continue until the end of July; Greenhouse cultivation in autumn and winter is generally carried out in mid-August, sowing in mid-June at 65438+ 10, and harvesting in mid-June at 65438+ 10, which can last until mid-July.

Three, seedling technology greenhouse, solar greenhouse cultivation. Generally, seedling trays are used for sowing in greenhouses, and seedbeds in greenhouses can also be used for sowing. 1. Soak seeds to accelerate germination.

Put the seeds into warm water at 55℃, stir constantly, and reduce the water temperature to 30℃ within 10 minute. After taking it out, soak it in 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minute, then wash it with clear water, soak it for 4-5 hours, wrap it with gauze, and accelerate germination at 25-28℃ for 4-5 hours. You can also soak the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 15 minutes to inactivate the virus.

2. Nutrient soil configuration. Generally, 6 parts of sterile field soil and 4 parts of fully decomposed ring fertilizer are used to prepare mixed soil, and then 1 kg of calcium superphosphate, 80 g of carbendazim and 60 g of trichlorfon are added to each cubic meter of mixed soil, fully mixed, covered with plastic film for 10~ 15 days, put into seedling trays or spread in beds, and poured with bottom water.

3. Sow and divide the seedlings. Sow the seeds that accelerate germination in the seedling tray or border, cover with soil 1 cm thick, cover with plastic film, and keep warm and moist.

When 70% of the seeds are unearthed, remove the plastic film. When the seedlings grow to 2~3 true leaves, they can be divided into seedlings.

Divide the seedlings into 8 cm× 10 cm nutrient pots and fill them with nutrient soil, each L pot 1 plant. 4. Temperature and humidity management.

Before emergence, the ground temperature is controlled at about 20℃, the daytime temperature is controlled at 28 ~30℃, and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 18~20℃. When the seedlings come out and the cotyledons spread out, the temperature should be appropriately lowered to prevent the seedlings from growing white, and the temperature should be controlled at 25~27℃ during the day and at 17~ 18℃ at night, so as to ensure that the cotyledons are hypertrophy, green, petiole length is moderate and grow healthily.

3~4 days before seedling separation, strengthen ventilation, and control the temperature at about 25℃ during the day and 65438 05℃ at night. Can exercise seedlings at low temperature, which is beneficial to slow down seedlings after seedling division. Within 1 week after seedling separation, the ground temperature should be controlled at 18~20℃, and the daytime temperature should be controlled at 25~30℃. 1 week or so, the new leaves of the seedlings will grow, so it is necessary to properly ventilate and cool down to prevent the seedlings from growing in vain.

Humidity control at seedling stage, which should be dry but not wet before seedling division; After the seedlings are separated, new leaves begin to grow, the water in the bed soil evaporates quickly, and the soil is slightly dry, so water it properly. Fourth, the culture method 1. Soil preparation, fertilization and soil preparation.

Apply 5000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 25 kg of diammonium phosphate and 25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer to each mu of base, and rake it flat. The width of the border is1.2m, and the height is15cm. Two rows are planted with a row spacing of 80cm. 2. Planting and planting density.

The seedlings grow to 4~5 true leaves, and the ground temperature is above 65438 05℃. Choose sunny weather for planting. When planting, water the planting water in time.

The planting density varies according to the planting time and the length of the planting cycle. The planting density per mu of greenhouse in early spring is 2300 plants, and that in autumn is 1900 plants.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Post-planting management 1. Temperature and humidity management. Compared with other peppers, colored sweet peppers are more sensitive to extreme temperature and humidity, so we should focus on the following two aspects of management.

Early stage of planting: in order to accelerate and slow down the growth of seedlings, high temperature and high humidity should be maintained for 5-6 days after planting. 28~30℃ during the day, not less than 25℃ at night, and the humidity is 70~80%.

From delayed emergence to flowering and fruiting period: colored sweet pepper has developed root system and strong growth potential. Temperature and humidity management after delayed emergence is very important. If the management is improper, the temperature is too high and the humidity is too high, the plant will grow in vain, resulting in flowers and fruits falling, forming "empty seedlings" and the whole plant will not bear fruit 1. The daytime temperature is 20~25℃, the nighttime temperature is 18~2 1℃, the soil temperature is about 20℃, and the humidity is 50%~60%.

2. Water and fertilizer management. Soil moisture should be controlled at about 80%, and it is best to use drip irrigation system. If there is no drip irrigation condition, plastic water pipes can be used for regular and quantitative irrigation at the early stage of tree growth.

After flowering 1 week, topdressing 30 kg of ammonium phosphate, 20 kg of diammonium sulfate and 0/0 kg of potassium sulfate per mu. After the first harvest 1 time, the topdressing is generally 30 kg per mu after each harvest 1 time.

3. Adjust the quality management of plants and fruits. Colored sweet pepper grows vigorously with large single fruit. In order to ensure the quality and yield of fruits, it is necessary to adjust the plants.

Generally, double column pruning and bracket cultivation are adopted. Keep 2 healthy lateral branches per plant, remove other lateral branches as soon as possible, and remove some leaves according to the plant conditions to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. It is best to keep each lateral branch growing vertically.

It is best to wrap the hanging branches with rattan ropes, and the pruning and winding work is generally carried out once a week 1 time. There is no vine-hanging facility, so a bamboo pole of about 1.5 meters can be used as a support, and the door pepper can be removed in time after flowering, so as to facilitate the healthy growth of the two branches and improve the yield of the inner branches during the whole growth period.

Quality management of colored pepper fruit is particularly important. Generally, the number of fruit sets per branch 1 time is less than 3, so abnormal fruits should be removed as soon as possible to avoid wasting nutrition and affecting the growth and development of other fruits. Generally, the fruit harvesting interval is 4~5 days, and the suitable harvesting time is in the morning.

The harvested fruits should be stored in the dark, preferably at 15~ 16℃. Six, the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

Remove diseased leaves, old leaves and yellow leaves in time, increase ventilation and light transmission, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Yellow boards can be used to trap and kill aphids; After colonization, 600-fold solution of 75% chlorothalonil, 500-800-fold solution of 64% antiviral alum and 500-fold solution of Guanzhiling were used alternately, and sprayed every 7- 10 days/time to prevent diseases.

How to Cultivate and Manage Pepper

1, growth management

1. 1 soil preparation and fertilization:

Pepper planting requires pollution-free soil and water sources, and sandy loam with deep tillage, flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, soil pH value between 6 and 7.5 and high organic matter is suitable. It is required to apply sufficient base fertilizer, 667m2 decomposed agricultural organic fertilizer 2000㎏, or "Mei Duo application" 10㎏ or motilin 2㎏, organic fertilizer 40㎏, and diammonium phosphate 10㎏ during soil preparation.

1.2 colonial management:

Transplanted pepper seedlings should be planted after 3 pm on cloudy or sunny days, watered the day before emergence, and bring as much ratoon soil as possible when emergence. Be careful to damage the roots of seedlings during transportation, and try not to plant wilting seedlings. Generally, 3000 plants are planted in 667㎡. After planting, cover the soil and water it for 2-3 times at the slow seedling stage.

1.3 water and fertilizer management:

After planting in the field for 5-7 days, light fertilizer water can be poured once, and water should be controlled in time after survival to promote root growth and plant dwarfing. In rainy days, the accumulated water should be removed in time to keep the soil dry and wet evenly; During flowering, it is necessary to properly control fertilizer and water, as long as the soil is kept moist, so as to avoid plants growing in vain. On the basis of "four-in-one" formula balanced fertilization, combined with "Wandaihong" nutrient solution and pesticide spraying, high-yield plant types of pepper can be molded, immunity and pest resistance of pepper can be improved, invasion of high temperature, drought and waterlogging can be effectively resisted, and the effects of flower protection and fruit promotion can be achieved. According to the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (3:0.8:5) required per 1000㎏ pepper yield, topdressing should be applied after fruiting, and the balanced fertilization method is: "Mei Duo application" 10㎏, organic fertilizer 40㎏, and then urea/. In the future, you only need to water the pepper once every time you pick it, which is very suitable for the growth of pepper in the fruiting period, can effectively improve the fruiting rate of pepper, and has obvious effects on increasing the yield of pepper against drought and premature aging.

2. Pest control and supplies

2. 1 Prevention and control of bacterial damage:

The main pathogens of pepper are bacterial wilt, virus disease, epidemic disease, anthracnose and so on. In case of bacterial wilt and verticillium wilt, 25 g Weikangling or 10ml/A-K bactericide can be used per barrel, and 40ml "Wandaihong" solution can be used for sprinkler irrigation for 2-3 times, which can quickly control the disease and achieve good therapeutic effect.

2.2 pest control:

Pepper pests include aphids, liriomyza sativae, tobacco budworm, red and yellow mites, etc. If the above pests and diseases occur, 20-25ml/barrel of cyanoformate, or 20-25ml of avermectin perfluoroether and 40ml/barrel of "Wandaihong" solution can be sprayed, which can effectively improve the effect of disease prevention and pest control.

2.3 combined application of medicine and fertilizer:

The application of "Wandaihong" nutrient solution and pesticide solution spraying at the same time is simple, labor-saving and labor-saving. As long as the nutrient solution of "Wandaihong" is added to each pest control application, the application effect of pepper crops in the early and late growth stages is obvious, especially in the dry season, and the effects of drought resistance, insect resistance, premature aging resistance and yield increase are obvious.

3. Harvest management

Pepper should be harvested at the right time and on a sunny morning. Pepper with weak growth should be picked early, and pepper with strong growth should be picked late to coordinate the growth relationship between plants and fruits. Every time you pick peppers, you only need to water them once, spray "Wandaihong" nutrient solution and insect repellent solution simultaneously, pick red cooked peppers in time, arrange them in time after harvesting, remove diseased spots and insect-eaten peppers, and sell or process them in time.

(1) Seed germination needs a certain amount of water, suitable temperature and sufficient air, so loosening soil, watering and fertilizing are only to meet these external conditions. (2) During seed germination, radicle develops into root, embryo develops into stem and leaf, and hypocotyl develops into the part connecting root and stem. (3) The respiratory function is that the organic matter in the cell is decomposed into carbon dioxide with the participation of oxygen. The process of releasing energy at the same time. The raw materials of breathing are: organic matter (energy) and oxygen, and the products are: carbon dioxide and water release energy at the same time. When we enter the vegetable greenhouse at night, we will feel a sense of chest tightness, mainly because of the respiration of green plants, which is manifested as: organic matter+oxygen → water+carbon dioxide+energy. (4) A month later, the pepper enters its full flowering period, and white flowers stand among the branches. We dissected the flower (as shown in the figure), and we can judge that the pepper flower belongs to hermaphroditism. After pollination and fertilization, the ovary of pistil is mature and three ovules in the ovary develop into seeds. The pepper we eat is the peel of the pepper, and the edible part is developed from the ovary. (5) After a few days, the flowers gradually withered and the fruits gradually expanded. We can't help thinking: Is the volume of fruit expanding the same every day? We decided to explore the volume change of red and yellow pepper peel by measurement, which is called a pair of equivalent traits in genetics. The specific operation method is: measure the volume of young fruit with drainage method regularly every day, and the measurement shall not damage young fruit and branches and leaves for more than one week. (6) The peel of red and yellow pepper is called a pair of equivalent characters in genetics. If the pollen of the pure red pepper plant is given to the stigma of the yellow plant, then the embryo is developed from a fertilized egg, with both the genetic genes of * * * and the genetic genes of the egg, so the genome of the embryo becomes Aa. So the answer is: (1) a certain amount of water, suitable temperature and sufficient air; (2) stems and leaves; (3) breathing; Organic matter+oxygen → water+carbon dioxide+energy; (4) gender; Pollination and fertilization; Ovary wall; (5) Drainage measurement; (6) Relative characters; Yellow; Aa。 .

Planting method of pepper

Planting method of pepper

The temperature requirement of pepper is between eggplant and eggplant. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 23-30℃, and it cannot germinate below 65438 05℃. Pepper seedlings need high temperature, low temperature and slow growth. At the beginning of flowering and fruiting, the optimum temperature is 20-25℃ during the day and 15-20℃ at night. The soil temperature is too high at the fruiting stage, especially when the strong light shines directly on the ground, which is not conducive to root growth and is easy to cause toxin disease and sunburn.

Soil preparation base fertilizer

Pepper should not be continuous cropping, nor should it be continuous cropping with eggplant, tomato, potato and tobacco. The plot for planting pepper requires good drainage, convenient irrigation and drainage, and requires deep ploughing. It is best to cultivate in winter and loosen the frozen soil to improve the soil and eliminate overwintering pests and pathogen spores. Before planting, the soil should be prepared again, and the topsoil should be kept large, which is beneficial to ventilation and cooling, and has a good effect on preventing falling flowers, camps and leaves. The requirements of vegetable farmers in Changsha for planting pepper fields are "deep ditch, high ridge and broken old base;" The soil is flat and big, and the water flows smoothly. "The width of the border is generally 1.3- 1.7 m (flat ditch), and 2-3 rows are planted. There are also flower beds 2.3-2.7 meters wide, which are planted horizontally on the flower beds. At the same time, 50-80 loads of decomposed manure, calcium superphosphate 15 kg and plant ash 25 kg were applied as base fertilizer per mu.

Sowing and seedling raising

The seedling raising method in plastic small arch shed is introduced as follows:

① Selection of seedbed: The seedbed should be a plot with the back facing south, dry and refreshing, convenient water source and no solanaceae crops.

(2) Seedbed preparation: It is best to dig deep the baked soil on the seedbed in dog days, sprinkle a layer of human and animal manure on it, dry it, and cover it with a film to prevent fertilizer loss when it rains.

③ Sowing: Before sowing, fully wet, refine and level the bed soil. The width of seedbed is generally 1.5- 1.7 meters ... Generally, seeds are not soaked to accelerate germination. Early-maturing varieties are generally sown in 65438+ 10, and late-maturing varieties are generally sown in February-March. Planting an acre requires sowing 75- 120g.

After sowing, cover the seeds with fine soil mixed with old bran ash or coal ash, with a thickness of about 2 cm, depending on whether the seeds are covered or not. Then water it, cover it with plastic film after collecting the water, and finally enclose a small arch with thin bamboo poles or bamboo pieces, which is about 0.5 meters high and covered with a film, and the north side of the film is compacted with soil to prevent wind. It is best to press both sides with bricks, so as to expose the film for ventilation at any time.

(4) Seedbed management: generally, management is not needed from sowing to emergence. When seedlings are found, the plastic film should be removed immediately, otherwise high seedlings will be formed. After emergence, uncover the film at 9: 00 a.m. on sunny days and cover it at 4: 00 p.m., and try to ventilate as much as possible on rainy days. If it is found that the bed soil is white and the seedlings are wilting, it is necessary to water it. The watering time must be at 9: 00 am 1-2 am, and it should be checked again after watering for two hours. If it is found that some parts are still dry, it is necessary to replenish water to make the seedlings grow consistently. It is not suitable to water in rainy and freezing days, otherwise the bed temperature will be lowered due to excessive humidity, and diseases will easily occur. On snowy days, you can cover the grass window with a film, or you can put electric lights in the bed to protect the seedlings from freezing.

⑤ Sowing: In order to make the seedlings robust and the roots developed, when two true leaves appear in the seedlings, they need to be followed at one time, with the plant spacing of 6- 10cm and the row spacing of 12- 15cm, and watering while planting to prevent the seedlings from wilting. The preparation, requirements and management of seedbed are similar to those of seedbed.

Field planting

The soil temperature of pepper should be above 65438 05℃. Early planting can not achieve the goal of early maturity because of low soil temperature, slow growth and slow flowering. Plant spacing: the row spacing of early-maturing varieties is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 26-33 cm, and each hole 1-2 plants. The row spacing of late-maturing varieties is 66-73 cm, the plant spacing is 50-60 cm, and each hole 1 plant. Choose sunny afternoon for planting, and water the seedbed in the morning to facilitate seedling pulling.

Tiantuan management

① intertillage weeding: after the field planting survives, shallow intertillage should be carried out in time. Plants began to grow and concentrated in intertillage once. Before the factory closes, cultivate again. Intertillage combined with weeding and ridging.

(2) Fertilizer and water management: after planting, it is necessary to catch up with the seedling fertilizer in sunny days, and the dosage should not be too much and too thick each time, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth and delay flowering and fruiting. When the first and second layers bear fruit, more fertilizer should be applied to promote fruit growth. After fruit picking, it is more necessary for the soil to have enough fertilizer and water for plants to grow and bear fruit normally. If it rains heavily before the soil is dry after watering, the phenomenon of falling leaves and dying will be quite common, especially during the period from ups and downs to beginning of autumn. Therefore, when irrigating, we must decide the irrigation time according to the weather forecast. The depth of irrigation shall not exceed three-quarters of the side ditch, and it shall be carried out at night or in the early morning, and emergency irrigation and drainage shall be carried out.

(3) Harvest and seed storage: As fresh food, green fruits can be harvested more, and red fruits can also be harvested. As a dry pepper, it is necessary to harvest the red ripe fruit in time, otherwise it will affect the growth and fruit of the plant.

The method of combining seed-keeping and harvest plant selection with fruit selection is to select standard plants in the field according to the characteristics of varieties and mark them as seed-keeping plants. Harvest the first layer of fruit on the market as soon as possible, leaving 2-4 layers of fruit as seed fruit. When the seed fruit is red and ripe, further select the fruit with the characteristics of this variety, spread the picked seed fruit in the shade, ripen it for 5-7 days, cut it open, take out the seed, dry it and store it.