Geography review outline for the second grade of junior high school

Eighth grade geography review outline

1. my country’s geographical location and its characteristics:

●Latitude location and advantages: my country’s territory spans a wide range of latitudes from north to south , most of them are located in mid-latitudes and belong to the (north temperate) zone, a small part is in the (tropical zone), and there is no (cold zone). The climate difference is large, which provides favorable conditions for the development of (a variety of agricultural economies).

●Sea and land location and advantages: (1) Located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, the vast area in eastern my country has abundant precipitation (under the influence of the summer monsoon moist airflow) , conducive to (agricultural) production; (2) With both land and sea, the eastern region is conducive to friendly exchanges with (overseas countries); the western region (deep into the Eurasian continent) enables my country's land transportation to communicate with (Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe) countries Direct exchanges facilitate external exchanges and cooperation (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which facilitate development (marine undertakings).

●my country’s territory area (9.6 million square kilometers) ranks third in the world after (Russia) and (Canada). There are 14 neighboring countries on land. Counterclockwise, they are North Korea, (Russia), (Mongolia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (India), Nepal, Bhutan, (Myanmar), (Laos), and Vietnam. The land boundary is more than 20,000 kilometers. There are 6 countries facing each other across the sea: South Korea, (Japan), Philippines, (Malaysia), Brunei, (Indonesia).

2. my country’s population

●Total population: (1.295) billion in 2000.

●The outstanding characteristics of my country’s population are: large population base and rapid population growth.

●Characteristics of population distribution in my country: Population distribution (uneven), bounded by the line Heihe in Heilongjiang and Tengchong in Yunnan, the population density in the (eastern) region is high, and the population density in the (western) region is small. (The western region of my country has a sparse population but rich resources. What issues should be paid attention to when developing the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. Under the current conditions where the contradiction between people, land, water and soil is quite acute , the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection and cannot be developed first and then managed)

●National population policy: Implement family planning.

●Content: Control the population quantity and improve the quality of the population

3. my country’s ethnic groups

●There are *** (56) ethnic groups in our country, among which the population The largest population is the (Han) ethnic group, and the most populous among the ethnic minorities is the (Zhuang) ethnic group.

●Distribution characteristics of the Han nationality: The Han nationality is distributed throughout the country, with the highest concentrations in (central) and (eastern).

●Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: Mainly concentrated in (Northeast), (Northwest), (Southwest). The largest ethnic minority population is the Zhuang ethnic group. Distribution characteristics of ethnic groups: (large mixed settlements, small settlements).

●Ethnic minority customs:

The Naadam Convention of the (Mongolian) ethnic group

The Water Splashing Festival and Peacock Dance of the (Dai ethnic group),

(Tibetan) group dance, Tibetan New Year,

(Korean) long drum dance, etc.

4. my country’s terrain

●Characteristics of my country’s terrain: (complex and diverse terrain, vast mountainous area)

●Attention should be paid to the development and protection of mountainous areas What are the problems:

(1) The ground in mountainous areas is relatively rugged, (traffic) is inconvenient, and (infrastructure) construction is more difficult.

(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention must be paid to (ecological environment construction) to prevent and avoid mountain disasters (such as collapses, landslides, debris flows).

●my country’s terrain characteristics: (my country’s terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east, distributed in a ladder shape).

The dividing line of the ladder, altitude, main terrain type, main terrain area

The first and second steps of the ladder are Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Hengduan Mountains; the second and third steps are Daxinganling - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain. Plateau above 4000 meters Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qaidam Basin

The second step is 1000-2000 meters plateau and basin Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin

The hills, mountains, plains, and basins below the third step of 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeastern hills, the northeastern plains, the North China Plains, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains

●my country’s terrain is high in the west and low in the east, distributed in a ladder shape The impact of these characteristics on my country's climate, rivers, and transportation:

(1) Impact on climate: my country's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, sloping toward the ocean, which is conducive to the advancement of moist air from the sea to the inland of my country. Vast areas of our country bring abundant rainfall.

(2) Impact on rivers: The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which will inevitably cause my country’s major rivers to flow from west to east into the sea; when rivers flow from a higher step to a lower step, the gap is large. Generate huge water energy.

(3) Impact on transportation: The large river flowing eastward connects my country’s east-west transportation and facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland; the tall mountains at the junction of the stairs have become a huge obstacle to my country’s east-west transportation .

Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range

West side and east side

①Daxingan Mountains, Inner Mongolia Plateau Northeast Plains

②Taihang Mountains, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

③Wushan, Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain

④Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Topography areas on both sides of the mountains

North side and south side

⑤Kunlun Mountains, Tarim Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

⑥Tianshan Mountains, Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin

●Mountains form the terrain skeleton

●Four Major Plateaus

(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The highest and largest plateau in my country

(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is broad and endless

(Loess Plateau) loess is widely distributed, and the surface has thousands of ravines

(The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has a rugged surface and significant karst landforms

●Four major basins

The largest basin is (Tarim Basin) Basin

The basin with the highest altitude is the (Qaidam) Basin

The basin with the highest latitude is the (Junggar) Basin

Conditions for developing agricultural production The most superior basin is the (Sichuan) Basin

●The main mountain range direction: east-west direction: Tianshan Mountains-Yinshan Mountains

Kunlun Mountains-Qinling Mountains

Nanling

Northeast-southwest direction: Greater Hinggan Ridge - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain

Changbai Mountains - Wuyi Mountains

Taiwan Mountains

South-north direction: Hengduan Mountains

Northwest-southeast direction: Qilian Mountains

Arc-shaped mountain range: Himalayas

5. my country Climate

●According to active accumulated temperature, my country can be divided into 5 temperature zones from north to south

. Cold temperate zone, mid-temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone, tropical zone; in addition there are A higher plateau climate zone.

(1) Tropical subtropical warm temperate zone mid-temperate cold temperate zone plateau climate zone

(2) 0

(3 ) Warm temperate zone

(4) Qiongtai, Guangdong, Guiyun or Yunnan

(5) Yisan

(6) ②Subtropical zone ③Warm temperate zone

●Based on the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, my country can be divided

into four dry and wet regions (humid), (semi-humid), (semi-arid), and (arid) Areas.

Dry and wet areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas, and arid areas.

Vegetation forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Agricultural types. Planting industry (paddy agriculture) Planting industry (dryland agriculture) Animal husbandry

●The dividing line between monsoon and non-monsoon areas: (Daxingan Mountains), (Yinshan Mountains), (Helan Mountains), (Bayan Har Mountains) , (Gangdise Mountains).

●Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:

The special "land of plenty" landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country benefits from the (monsoon climate with hot and rainy weather).

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are at roughly the same latitude as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the reason for the huge difference in climate is (topography (high altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau)) factors;

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River The reason why the climate in the downstream area is roughly at the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula is affected by the (position of sea and land) and (summer monsoon). Beijing and Urumqi are roughly at the same latitude, but their precipitation is very different. (Sea and land location, summer wind)

Different fruit trees grow in different temperature zones; the ripening process is also different in different temperature zones; the architectural structures of traditional houses in the north and south are also different. The reason is (latitude factor)

The vegetation in the east and west is different; the types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming being the main occupation in the east and animal husbandry in the west; the structure of the roofs of houses in the east and west is different, with many roofed houses in the southeast , there are many flat-roofed houses in the northwest. (Precipitation varies)

Our country is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. (The climate is complex and diverse)

② Different natural resources and tourism resources are formed (the climate is complex and diverse)

③People’s eating habits are also different, such as: winter in Sichuan, Hunan and other places People who are relatively cold and humid like to eat chili peppers; people in the south like rice, and people in the north like pasta. (The climate is complex and diverse)

④People’s clothing is also colorful because they adapt to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)

For example: Tibetan robes are to adapt to the daily changes in Tibet Large climate characteristics (topography); ⑤ The architectural characteristics of different places are different. The roof slopes in the north are smaller and the walls are thicker, while the roof slopes in the south are larger (temperature, precipitation); ⑥ Yes.

……

(1) ①7; ②7, 8; ③4, 5, 6, 7, 8; ④4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

(2) Summer and Autumn More winter and less spring

(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; the rain belt in my country advances from south to north.

(4) Because the rainy season in southern my country starts early, ends late, and has a long rainy season; in northern my country, the rainy season starts late, ends early, and has a short rainy season

●Disastrous weather caused by monsoon climate ( Cold wave), (typhoon), (flood and drought disaster)

●Main characteristics of my country’s climate

(1) Read my country’s climate characteristics from the picture: Climate characteristics (complex climate Diverse) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable.

(2) Sanming has a (subtropical monsoon climate) climate.

●List comparison of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River

Project Yangtze River Yellow River

The birthplace of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Bayan Hara Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

< p>The source of the Tuotuo River is the Yuegu Zongli Canal

It flows through the provinces of Qingdao, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qingdao, Sichuan, Gansu, and Ningxia , Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong

It flows through the main terrain areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau, and North China Plain

Mainly The tributaries of the Jialing River, Han River, Gan River, Tao River, Huang River, Wei River, etc.

The basin range is between Qinling and Nanling, between Yinshan and Qinling

Develop water energy (upstream ), shipping water energy (upstream)

Construction of protective forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)

●Causes of disasters in various reaches of the Yellow River, and basic treatment plans.

The upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches of the river

The main disasters are grassland degradation and desertification. Severe water and soil erosion. Above-ground river

Causes of disasters. The climate tends to be arid. The middle reaches of the Yellow River There are many tributaries passing through the Loess Plateau. The soil layer on the Loess Plateau is loose and the vegetation is severely damaged. When there is a heavy rain, a large amount of sediment and rainwater flow into the Yellow River. As the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the river channel becomes wider and the slope becomes gentler. The river flow slows down and the sediment carried by it is deposited, gradually raising the river bed.

Management Plant trees and grass and carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Reinforcement of the Yellow River embankment

8. Characteristics of my country's natural resources: (The total amount of resources is rich), (But insufficient per capita.)

Types of land resources Monsoon or non-monsoon dry and wet areas Main terrain types

Cultivated monsoon areas, humid and semi-humid areas, eastern plains, low hills and basins

Forest humid areas, mountains

Grasslands, non-monsoon areas, semi-arid areas District plateau

Unused land basins and plateaus in the western semi-arid area

●The basic national policy of my country’s land is to “treasure and rationally utilize every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.”

●The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of my country’s water resources and their impact on social and economic development

●The freshwater resources currently used by humans are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater

p>

●The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in my country: temporally: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; spatially: abundant in the south and scarce in the north.

●Methods to solve the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources: Building reservoirs can effectively control seasonal changes in runoff and water volume. For example: Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project.

●One of the effective ways to solve the uneven regional distribution of water resources: cross-basin water transfer. For example: South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Diversion Project from Luanzhou to Tianjin, Project from Diversion of Yellow River to Qingdao.

●One of the main ways to solve my country's water shortage problem: save water and protect water resources

9. my country's transportation

●my country's transportation network Rough distribution pattern: dense in the east and sparse in the west

●my country's main railway lines

①Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line ②Qinghai-Tibet Line (not completed) ③Baotou-Lanzhou Line ④Beijing-Kowloon Line

⑤Baocheng Line ⑥Chengkun Line

East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou Line (Beijing-Baotou)-Baotou-Lanzhou Line (Baotou-Lanzhou);

Longhai ( Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);

Shanghai-Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou)-Zhejiang-Ganxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Hunan-Guizhou (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guiyang-Kunming (Guiyang- Kunming) Line

North-south direction: Beijing-Harbin Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai Line (Beijing-Shanghai);

Beijing-Guangzhou Line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)

Jiaoliu Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou);

Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu) - Chengdu-Kunming Line (Chengdu-Kunming)

my country's main transportation hubs and railway trunk lines passing through:

Beijing: (Beijing-Harbin Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line), (Beijing-Kowloon Line) Wire).

Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).

Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line).

Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line) (Baotou-Lanzhou Line).

●Reasonably choose transportation methods according to needs (omitted)

9. Agriculture in my country

●Regional distribution of agriculture:

Differences between the East and the West:

Western 400 mm equal precipitation line East

Planting, animal husbandry, planting, forestry and fishery

Plains and valleys with irrigation water sources and oases, the four major pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet, the semi-humid and humid plain areas in the east, the natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest, the artificial forest areas in the southeast, the eastern coast, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The differences in planting industry between the south and the north:

Regional cultivated land type Crop ripening (how many crops per year) Main crops

Food crops, oil crops, sugar crops

Qinling - dry land north of the Huaihe River, one crop per year , three crops in two years, two crops in one year, wheat, peanuts, sugar beets

Qinling-Paddy fields south of the Huaihe River, two crops in one year, three crops in one year, rice, rape, sugarcane

●Three major cotton areas :

●Example to illustrate the necessity of developing agriculture according to local conditions: (P102 Figure 4.16 fills album P32 5)

Use the advantages of local (natural conditions) to develop agricultural production The layout of departments or crops in areas suitable for their own development and growth is one of the important contents of "adapting measures to local conditions".

●Agricultural production is also restricted by local (social and economic conditions), which is also a factor that needs to be fully considered in the development of agriculture.

10. my country’s industry

●Industrial distribution characteristics: (coastal), (along rivers), (along transportation lines)

●Spatial distribution of industry :

(1) Nationally significant industrial bases along the Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Harbin, Beijing-Shanghai and other railway lines.

(2) Industrial belt (energy development) in the Yellow River Basin.

(3) The economically developed zones along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan), and (Chongqing).

(4) The most industrially developed economic core areas in coastal areas such as (Yangtze River Delta), (Central and South Liaoning), (Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan), and (Pearl River Delta).

●Develop high-tech industries:

(1) Characteristics: A large proportion of scientific and technological personnel are employed; a large proportion of development and research costs; rapid product updates.

(2) Distribution characteristics: Most of them are attached to big cities, with characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

(3) Development focus: Coastal areas focus on (science and technology park type) high-tech industries; border areas focus on (trade-oriented) industries; inland areas focus on (defense and military) industries that are closely related industry.

●High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, with distribution characteristics of (large dispersion) and (small concentration)

●Example the impact of high-tech industries on production and life :

Shanghai: The industrial structure of the industry has been optimized and adjusted. (Changes in Shanghai's industry)

Beijing: The rapid growth rate has promoted and promoted economic development. (Zhongguancun’s contribution to Beijing’s economic development)

Internet: Internet technology has changed people’s lives and production methods.

(Online shopping, SOHO group, online community, etc.)