The significance of Zhuge Liang's six visits to Qishan

After Zhuge Liang recovered Wu and pacified South China, he prepared for the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei. In the spring of 228, the first northern expedition made Zhao Yun and others suspicious, pretending to attack Tancheng (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) from Gu Jie (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) to attract Wei Jun. I led the main attack on Qishan (now Qishan Fort, Xihe County, Gansu Province), and the three counties of Longyou Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding successively rebelled against Wei. However, Ma Su violated Zhuge Liang's deployment, was defeated by Zhang He, and lost the street pavilion. Zhao Yun and other troops were also unfavorable, so Zhuge Liang had to return to Hanzhong. Soon, Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding counties rebelled and attached Wei.

The second Northern Expedition was in the same winter. Zhuge Liang took advantage of Lu Xun's defeat of Cao Xiuzhi in Shi Ting, left for the customs, surrounded Chencang (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) and attacked for more than 20 days. Wei had to return to Hanzhong when reinforcements arrived. The third Northern Expedition was in the seventh year of Jianxing. Liang attacked Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Wenxian County, Gansu Province (now northwest of Gansu Province), defeated Wei reinforcements, occupied these two counties, stayed behind, and led his troops back to the Li Dynasty. The following year, Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang strengthened his defense and sent reinforcements. Due to the continuous heavy rain, roads such as Ziwu Valley and Gu Jie were blocked, and Wei Jun retreated. The fourth Northern Expedition was in Jianxing for nine years. The Shu army surrounded Qishan, and Sima Yi, commander-in-chief of Wei Jun, met him. Zhuge Liang is ready for a decisive battle. Sima yi knew that the Shu army had a long way to go and there was not much food, so he stuck to it and refused to go out. Zhuge Liang tried to lure the enemy by withdrawing troops, but Sima Yi was very cautious in pursuit. As soon as the Shu army stopped, he camped and refused to keep it. At this time, Li Yan falsely proclaimed the imperial edict and said that he would withdraw his troops. The Shu army had run out of food and grass, so Zhuge Liang had to dispatch troops and ambush and kill the famous Wei Zhang He on his way home.

The fifth northern expedition was in the spring of the twelfth year. Zhuge Liang led a hundred thousand troops out of Xiegukou, arrived in Yan County, and camped in Wuzhangyuan on the south bank of Weishui River. Sima Yi also set up a camp to stop him from fighting the Shu army. Knowing that the Shu army has a long way to go and it is difficult to transport food and grass, I want to drag the Shu army down. Zhuge Liang is also preparing to divide his troops in Weishui and make plans for long-term operations. Zhuge Liang had reached an agreement with Sun Quan to attack Wei at the same time before the invasion. In May, Wu Jun attacked Wei with 100,000 troops, but they were defeated and retreated to Jiangdong. The Shu army had to deal with Wei Jun unilaterally. In August, Zhuge Liang broke down from overwork, and his illness became more and more serious, and he died soon. After his death, Jiang Wei and others obeyed his will, secretly refused to send out obituaries, and the whole army retreated into the inclined valley. Zhuge Liang made five northern expeditions, but actually sent troops to Qishan only twice; Another time, Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, not Zhuge Liang. In a word, later generations said it was "six out of Qishan".

In the official history, Zhuge Liang did not leave Qishan for six times.

Firstly, it introduces the fragments about Qishan and its geographical location in Lingyun Diaolong.

"Qishan is different from Qishan. Qishan is the name of the mountain. It is located near the northeast of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province today. Gu's father led him to move here and started the Zhou Dynasty architecture for 800 years. Qishan, also a famous mountain, is located in the northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province. From a bird's eye view on the map, one is in the south of Tianshui and the other is in the east of Chencang. The air distance between the two places 100 km. The actual mountain road is curved and better than the long road. "

According to historical records, Zhuge Liang fought Cao Wei * * * seven times after his expedition:

1. In the spring of 228 in the sixth year of lite, Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and took the Xiegu Road to get a reward, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops and led the army to attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu. Zhang He refused to break Ma Su in the street pavilion. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. This is the first time out of Qishan.

2. In the winter of the same year (228), Zhuge Liang went through three passes (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surrounded Chencang (east of Baoji City). He finished his food and sent it back to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded.

3. In the spring of 229, the seventh year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (Chengxian area in Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (Wenxian area in Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue, and the fire came out to Jianwei (west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), and Guo Huai retreated. Then I got two counties.

4. In the autumn of lite eight years (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (northwest of Ankang County, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (20 miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). It rains thirty times, and Wei Jun retreats.

5. In the same year (230), Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Wei Hou general Fei Yi and Yongzhou secretariat Guo Huai in Yuyang River (Nan 'an County in the southwest of Wushan Mountain in Gansu Province).

6. In February of the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan and began to use wooden cattle to flow horses. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang is cutting wheat in Shangguan (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng (between Tianshui City and Gangu) and dug a camp for self-defense, which was a mockery of "fearing Shu like a tiger". In May, Sima Yi fought Zhuge Liang, and Wei Yan and others will capture 3,000 enemy armour, 5,000 armour and 3,100 crossbows. In June, Li Yan called back because of poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang to retreat to the wooden door and was shot dead by an arrow. This is the second time to leave Qishan.

7. In February of the 12th year of lite (234), Zhuge Liang led a great army out of Gu Jie Road. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (south of Qishan, Shaanxi), he settled in Weibin. Sima yi can't hold on. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others led the army back, and there was a story about "Zhuge died and Zhong Dasheng was born".

Of these seven times, only two were out of Qishan. The fourth is to defend, Shu and Wei don't fight. The fifth time, only a partial teacher, Zhuge Liang did not leave Hanzhong. Therefore, people usually refer to Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions according to Yu Yue's Little Plum Gossip in Qing Dynasty. Liang Zhangju of A Qing Dynasty said that Zhuge Liang had made four northern expeditions, but he didn't remember that he had been in the army for seven years.

First, Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" is a favorable factor for "setting the Central Plains in the north". There are many favorable factors, and the most important thing is to choose:

1, natural factors. Longyou is connected to Qinchuan in the east and to Weihe River along the Silk Road (namely Guanlong Avenue). It is said that the Qinlong Line is connected by lips and teeth, and the south of Tianshui can directly reach Sichuan and Jianghan in Sichuan from Yin Ping Ancient Road and Jianghan Line. Hanzhong and Longyou were the two gates of Shu Han and Cao Wei at that time. Since Hanzhong already exists, if Longyou is taken, the Shu and Han will be attacked from both sides, forming a trend of attack. If it is a defense, you can stay indoors and keep Cao Bing out. It is also difficult for Cao Wei to realize his eternal dream. Hehuang in the west and desert in the north can be connected with the vast minority areas. Especially after the opening of the Silk Road, this is the first stop from Guanzhong to the western regions. It is much easier to cross Longshan into Qinchuan than Qinling Yin. Topographically, it is located in Liupanshan, which is connected with Huanggu Valley in central Gansu. Weihe River Valley runs through it, and Jialing River and Shui Gu of the Western Han Dynasty smoothly entered Shu from Gansu. There is the natural barrier of Longshan in the east, the natural barrier of Hehuang in the west and the retreat of Sichuan, Minjiang and Hanjiang in the south. It is a natural garrison.

2. Economic factors. The total area of Tianshui is 14267m2, with 5.933 million mu of cultivated land and a population of 2.72 million. The average annual runoff of Weihe River and Jialing River is 65.438+284 million m3 and 547 million m3 respectively. Groundwater resources reached 654.38+600 million m3. The aquifer thickness is 4- 15m. The annual precipitation reached 654.38+05.6 billion m3. Therefore, it is famous for "Tianhe water injection". The annual average temperature is 65438 00.5℃. It is the hottest in July, with the highest temperature of 38.2℃ and the coldest in 65438+ 10. The lowest temperature is-19℃. There are many changes in spring, and spring is often very cold; There is no heat in summer, rain and heat are in the same season, and precipitation is concentrated; The temperature drops rapidly in autumn, which is lower than that in spring, and there are many rainy days. Winter is cold without severe cold, with dry climate, abundant rainfall and abundant water resources. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were few people and abundant grain output, which was a grain depot for providing military grain for the garrison. So there was the story of Zhuge Liang's "going to Liu Mai, Gansu". At the same time, it is an oasis on the Loess Plateau, known as "the forest of Longnan" and "the crown of nymphs". Before the Three Kingdoms, it was a natural pasture with rich water plants. In the 9th century BC, Fei Zi, the father of Qin Dynasty, released his horse for Zhou, which played an important role in the revival of Zhou. Therefore, Tianshui is a treasure-house rich in horses, and it is naturally a good breeding ground for horses needed by Zhuge Liang to cut the Wei front. In addition, the Silk Road has opened up Longyou ancient towns such as Changning Post, Gongmenzhai, Longjiang, Qin Ting, Jieting, Lueyang, Ji Cheng, Xianqin, Qingshui, Mianzhu, Shangguan, Xinyang, Ji Cheng, Luomen, etc. Merchants from the western regions have exchanged trade and the market economy is prosperous. These are all favorable factors for Zhuge Liang to attack Wei.

3. Cultural factors. Tianshui has a long history and is an important place for the development of Chinese culture. It is said that Fu, the ancestor of human civilization, was born here, so it is called "the hometown of Huang Xi". The Book of Changes says: "The ancients loved the king of the family, but looked up at the sky; When they look down, they look at the law and the land; If you are close, you will take things far away, so you can communicate the virtues of the gods with gossip, tie the ropes with the feelings of all things, and fish with tenants. " Historical records? "Biography of Huang San" added: "The surname is Feng, who took the place of the Sui family and became the late master. His mother's day was Bi Xu, born in Leize (now in the water area). " According to the investigation, there are more than 500 prehistoric ancestral settlements on both sides of Weihe River in Tianshui and its tributaries, and 10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed, some of which are similar to the connotation of Fuxi clan culture, especially the excavation of Qin 'an Dadiwan, Tianshui Shizhao Village, Xishanping and Wushan Fujiamen, which proves that the painted pottery vessels with snake patterns on their heads are completely consistent with the totem worship of Fuxi clan, indicating that there was snake worship in Tianshui and Longyou areas in prehistoric culture. Fuxi family culture is the source of China ancient culture and a great contribution to the future. Fuxi nationality rose in Longyou, then migrated, climbed Longshan, entered Guanzhong and became a disciple of Chen Lun. Continuing eastward along the Weihe River, Chen Zhou was appointed governor (now Wanli). It has played an enlightening role in the civilization of the Chinese nation. Before Fuxi nationality entered the Central Plains, the patriarchal society took Yan Di nationality as its surname. Jiang surname of Yan Di nationality, Ji surname of Huangdi nationality. "Mandarin" says: "The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of ginger water". "Jiang" and "Ji" are from "female", which means they are descendants of matrilineal line. Sheep, Jiang and Qiang are all shepherds from sheep. "The Emperor's Century" said: "Once upon a time, there was a Shi Jiao who was married in Shaodian and named Nvdeng. She was a sheep of Huayang and gave birth to the stone chamber of Shenlong Lieshan." "Wild West Trail" says: "There is a country with a surname, the grandson of Emperor Yan, named Lingyi, and Lingyi was born with a surname." It shows that the stone man is also a branch of the Qiang people. Then Longyou and Qiang are also descendants of Fu, Shenlong and Xuanyuan. From this perspective, Huang San originated in the west, and then entered the Central Plains because of migration and war, which is the cornerstone of ancient China culture. How can Zhuge Liang, the famous leader, politician and strategist of Jingxiang, ignore this point?

Second, the rise of Emperor Yong Zhou. Unite the western minorities to develop production. Inspired by Fu and innate gossip, he performed the gossip the day after tomorrow, which laid a solid foundation for the Book of Changes. BC 1066, with the assistance of Lu Shang, Jiang, he joined forces with Peng, Pu, Lu, Hui, Shu and Yong, and joined forces with Konoha. Within a month, 700,000 soldiers defected and invaded Chao Ge, leading to the collapse of the corrupt and unpopular Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Gossip theory is a kind of cosmology and dialectics created by our ancestors in production practice. It reveals people's theories and methods of understanding the world, has been guiding various undertakings, is particularly important to military strategic thinking, and has undoubtedly inspired and influenced Jingxiang gentry and intellectuals. Zhuge Liang, as a famous Jing Xiang, must have taught a lot. And he also used it flexibly in later wars.

Third, Longyou is the birthplace of pre-Qin culture. The ancestors of the Qin people were originally the female disciples of Zhuan Xu, the descendant of Levin, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. The female disciples swallowed the mysterious eggs and gave birth to the great cause (namely Hao Tao). Hao Tao's grandson's participation is greater than his contribution to water conservancy, so Shun gave him a surname, named Victory. Fei Da's descendants live in the Yi land in the Central Plains. "In order to assist Yin, they won more surnames and became princes." Qin Benji, about Yin weekend, among the descendants, "in Xirong, Bao Xichuang." According to Kuodizhi in the Tang Dynasty, Xiqu is "90 miles southwest of Shangluan County, Qin Zhou". Later generations thought it was the Red River Basin in Lixian County. Non-Chinese Miao descendants live in dog hills and are good at raising horses. Gouling people tell Zhou. The Longyou Valley, with "nine sitting and four clear springs", is rich in aquatic plants and is a good place for many horses. Historical records? Qin Benji said: "Filial piety Wang Yue was Shun's main animal in the past, and there were many animals, so he had soil and gave his surname victory. Today and later, I also stopped the horse, and I turned the land into a vassal, the Qin of the city, so that I could continue to win sacrifices. No, Qin won. " So in the thirteenth year of Xiaozong, Longyou, which is called the turn of the century, was named a concubine to specialize in herding horses, became a vassal of the Zhou royal family, and built a city for Qin. As the rise and development of Qin State, the fire of Qin Pavilion played a fundamental and beneficial role. Zhou Liwang was corrupt and Xirong rebelled against Qiu Qin. Zhou Xuanwang sent Qin Zhong, the son of Qin Ying, to attack Xirong as a doctor and was killed by Xirong. King Xuan also sent Qin Zhong's five sons to attack Xirong to recover lost ground, and appointed his eldest son Qin Zhuanggong as the doctor of Xirong. Zhou Youwang died in the warlord war. The son of Zhuang led troops to save Zhou, escorted Ping to move to Luoyi, made Xiang Gong a vassal, and gave the land west of Qi to Qin. Since then, the state of Qin has developed to the east of Longshan. In three years (763 BC), 700 people marched eastward to Wei, then conquered Rong, and their troops soon reached disambiguation. Qin Mugong, who selected talents and improved his ability, trained for twenty or thirty years, "benefiting the country for twelve years, exploring Wan Li, and then conquering Xirong". Qin Xiaogong adopted the method of Shang Yang and made great progress. After the sixth expedition, Qin Shihuang made a long-term plan to conquer the six countries in one fell swoop, completed the great cause of the reunification of the motherland, and established the first centralized feudal empire in the history of China. This cannot be said to have no influence on future generations. Can Zhuge Liang 'an not follow Qin Gong's example and enter Qinchuan from Longyou to complete the great cause of reunification?

Fourthly, Xiao Wei, a native of Tianshui, was an official in counties when he was young, and was later accepted as a teacher by Liu Xin, a Buddhist of Wang Mang. Liu Xin returned to his hometown after his death. Wang Mang's perverse behavior aroused national opposition. Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, new citizens, raised the banner of the Greenwood Uprising, and the whole country responded. The ruined aristocrats mingled with the nobles of Nanyang landlords, such as Chen, Lin Jun and so on, and pieced together Fuling soldiers to attend the new town meeting. In a.d. 23, Tianshui people and Ji's fathers, Kui Chong, Kui Luo, Shangguan and Zhou Zong of Jixian County, were called "Xizhou Generals". Relying on regional risks, manage Longxi, Wudu, Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Guo Huang counties. In the second year of Jianwu (26), Liu Xiuling made him * * * crusade against Gongsun Shu's failure in Sichuan, so he became a vassal in Gongsun Shu, made him King Ning of Shuozhou, and sent reinforcements. So Liu Xiu led his relatives to attack Ban Long. In the spring of the ninth year of Jianwu (33), he died of illness, hunger and grief. When Geng and Cen Peng besieged Xicheng and sealed the city, they wrote to Cen Peng: "If both cities are breached, they can attack from the south. If people are not satisfied, they can calm down and look back at Shu. " There is a saying in "To Geng Shu", "There are dragons in Long Qie, but there is no hope of Shu." . It shows that Longyou is indeed a military artery to enter Shu and a barrier to protect Shu. No wonder Zhuge Liang wants to "go out of Qishan six times" and get Shu State and Dragon.

4. Human factors. Longyou is located in Liang Yong, and everyone is tough, good at riding and shooting, martial arts and full of strong fighting capacity. Therefore, the west is cool and the soldiers are strong. So this is a powerful base to supplement troops in battle. Due to this geographical and humanistic feature, many outstanding generals appeared before the Eastern Han Dynasty, among which Qin Lixin, Li Guang and Li Ling were the most famous, and later generals Zhao Chongguo, Li Xin, valiant soldiers and the Western Regions all protected the government. Therefore, in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a proverb that "Kanto went out and Longxi went out as a general". Li Guang can be regarded as a big star in the desert of Weizhen in the Western Han Dynasty. Li Xin, the ancestor of the Qin Dynasty, once captured Yan Taizi Dan alive. Li Guang is brave and good at fighting, and apes are good at shooting. Once he mistakenly shot the big stone in the grass as a tiger, and the arrow cluster actually fell into the stone. In the 14th year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (169), the Xiongnu sent out140,000 troops to invade the south. Li Guang 18 years old, brave and good at fighting for more than 40 years, won more than 70 games. Zhao Chongguo is a resourceful and calm general with rich military strategies. He can ride well and shoot well, and once put down the rebellion of Miao nationality. Attack the Huns and capture the King of Western Qi alive. In the first year of Jue (6 1 BC), Zhao Chongguo, who was in his seventies, supervised the army in the western regions and adopted effective strategies to defeat the Qiang people. And repeatedly wrote that the idea of "integrating with agriculture and cultivating it with soldiers" has achieved excellent results. Ji Xin pretended to be Hanwang in the dispute between Chu and Han, pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity, and was burned to death in Yang. As the protector of the western regions, Yin reconciled all ethnic groups in the western regions, consolidated border villages and promoted the reunification of the motherland. All this and so on. Zhuge Liangbing left Qishan and entered Longyou, which is still an important place to recruit talents and replenish troops.

5. Ethnic factors. Longyou has lived in Mianzhu, Lu 'an, Hebei, Biandi, Biandi, Qiang and Shandong since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Especially from the Eastern Han Dynasty to Cao Wei, Qiang people lived in Wuwei, Anding, Tianshui, Jincheng, Jiuquan and other counties in Liangzhou. Dizuo lives in Wudu, Fufeng and Tianshui counties. There are Xiqiang in Hexi and South Xiongnu in Xianbei. The History of the Three Kingdoms quotes the legend of Xirong: "In the recent Jian 'an period, there were more than ten thousand people in each of King Agui and Wang Yang. "Because this is a place where ethnic minorities live together, Cao Cao has never relaxed his management here. Biography of the Three Kingdoms: "In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Cao Cao made a northern expedition to the Bird Huan and" killed the Bird Huan King Tower Shield ". In the same year, he attacked the northwest Qiang area. " "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Wudi" contains: "In the twenty years of Jian 'an (2 15), we attacked Tuwudu and Tianshui people. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), Tuwu lived in Jingbei, Fufeng and Tianshui. It can be seen that Longyou was a multi-ethnic area at that time, and the contradiction between ethnic minorities and the rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cao Wei was firm and sharp. Zhuge Liang put forward in his book "Long Zhong Dui" that Longyou is suitable under the ethnic policy of "West and Zhu Rong", which is an important reason why Zhuge Liang wants to "leave Qishan in six places".

6. Political factors. The politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was based on the rule of powerful men. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the system of buying and supervising iron, and allowed private salt and iron to go unchecked, making the powerful and powerful even more powerful. Strong men and bureaucrats are local separatists. Eunuchs and consorts were autocratic, and the Eastern Han regime was tottering, losing the dark corruption that was good for the family. Longyou is the birthplace of Xirong. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the western regions, and the Qiang people outside the region became stronger and stronger, which aroused the rebellion of the Qiang people and more than 40 anti-town wars at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, in the tenth year (34) and eleventh year (35) of Jianwu, Qiang began to fight against it; In the second year of the Central Plains (57), the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (77), the second year of Yuanhe (86), the first year of Zhanghe (87) and the ninth year of Yongyuan (97), the Party fought against Dou Gu, Ma Wu, Ma Fang, Geng Lai and Zhang Yi. In particular, "In the first year of Yongchu (107), General Deng Zhi and a captain were appointed as the Qiang in Hanyang (now Gangu)" lasted for 14 years, employing 2.4 million people, spending huge sums of money and food, and countless people were exterminated, with corpses lying everywhere and bones lying on the base. Since then, wars have continued. It was not until the first year of Jiankang (145) that the Eastern Han Dynasty was ruled by the peasant uprising in the mainland that the war was temporarily suspended. Fan Wenlan's General History of China said, "The war cost more than 80 billion yuan, most of which was swallowed up by officials. 159, the war broke out again. According to the Records of Qinzhou, only in the eighth year of Yongjia (165), Duan Yingxi attacked Qiang in the west and broke it ... 23,000 people were killed, and tens of thousands of people were lost, with Duan Ying as his hometown. " In the second year of Zhong Ping (185), Pei Wen, a general riding a car, went to Hanyang, making Dong Zhuo, a general of the broken Lu, send 30,000 soldiers to win the first place. ""Zhong Ping four years (187), in March, Han Sui surrounded Longxi ... and entered Hanyang ... Hanyang people betrayed the kingdom of Fufeng Marten. "Take sixteen years (2 1 1), Cao Cao attacked Ma Chao and Han Sui. "In the autumn and July of the eighteenth year of Jian 'an (2 13), Ma Chao led Shuai Hu to attack the counties in Longshang." "In the spring of the 19th year (2 14), Ma Chao led the troops around Qishan, followed by Wang Gui of Xingguo and Wang Wan of Bian Shi, Bai Qing. Xiahouyuan and Zhanghe Town saved Qishan, and suffered a great defeat ... When the king of the border went to Shu for a hundred hectares, everyone who could not go surrendered. Cao Cao attacked his good general and divided his troops into Tianshui and Nan 'an County. " "Twenty-four years (2 15), Cao Caozhao Zhang Lu; ..... Since Hank, Li Tezu has belonged to more than 500 families, worshipped as a general and moved to Lueyang (now Longcheng). " These frequent wars make the Han people levy endlessly, which often puzzles the garrison and expedition in the distance. Since Andi, there have been peasant uprisings everywhere. According to Fan Wenlan's General History of China, there were 67 uprisings before the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. The class struggle closely linked the frontier uprising with the peasant uprising. Du Qi, Du Ji, Wang xin and Hanyang Qiang people jointly revolted in Tianshui area. In the great uprising of the frontier, Qiang and Han alliance, local armed forces got rich by suppressing the uprising, while Han Sui, Marten, Ma Chao and Dong Zhuo went their own way. /kloc-in 0/69, Duan Ying only killed 40,000 people, with a total cost of 4.4 billion. I made a fortune. Instead, Huangfugui caressed Qiang, killing 50 or 60 big corrupt officials and more than 100 small corrupt officials, and Qiang people attached more than 200,000. Because they offended officials and were overbearing, they were sent to prison for hard labor. 1972, 23 Han bamboo slips were unearthed from the Han Tomb of Liujia Shandong at Weiyang Cross Road in Gangu. The three words are even more obvious: "On the 28th, the agricultural official Situ Shou made an imperial decree, from private to official, and he was fortunate to be in Yongshu County, and went to Gubei on February 1st, 2006." Another cloud said, "On December 12th of the first year, Shen Shuo, Zong Zhengchen and Gui Cheng died first. I would like to write on March 16, the third year of Yongshou, the governor of Shu County said, and the first chapter shows the imperial clan. " There is another cloud: "Lei Di is guilty and lives on the border. Ask five foreign envoys to rule the homeless legally. Only within the five families, Liu Huai and Liu Gen can't be imperial clan. In addition to coming to the official station, the township and county invaded them and could not do it. " From the fragmented essays and the storm of peasant uprising, we can see how sharp the class contradiction in Longyou was at that time. Isn't this the political factor of Zhuge Liang's six trips to Qishan?

Second, the strategic significance of Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" to "Beiding the Central Plains".

Based on the above, Zhuge Liang's wise and decisive decision of "going out of Qishan six times" is a correct military measure and an important strategic policy to implement the policy of "Long Zhong Dui", determine the Central Plains in the north, revitalize the Han Dynasty and dominate one side. It has important strategic significance:

1, "Six out of Qishan", you can get Shu and take Long, connect Shu and Long together, expand the territory, and establish strategic bases of Shu and Long, which can be attacked, retreated and defended, and there is great room for military maneuver. This strategic thought has long been designed in Longzhong, and Liubei Group has long included Liangzhou in the hunting territory. Reflection? The Biography of Ma Chao said: Sun Quan sent Zhu Gejin to the counties of Jingzhou, and Liu Bei replied: "Our plan is to return Jingzhou to Wu Er." To this end, Liu Bei had long thought of Ma Chao, who believed in the northern soil and was mighty and bright. Reflection? "Biography of Ma Chao" said: "In addition to protecting all the troops ... Yang said that Cao Gong said that he had the courage to believe in Bu, and he won the heart. If the army returns, it will not be strictly prepared. The counties in Gansu are not a country. " The superior troops attacked the counties in Longshang, and all the counties in Longshang responded, killing Wei Kang, the secretariat of Liangzhou. According to Ji Cheng (now Gangu), there are many people who claim to be western generals. ""I heard that the first emperor was in Chengdu, so please surrender. After Liu Bei learned that "the first task is to meet Chao" ... take Chao as the general of heaven and the old capital as the pavilion ". The ancestor was the King of Hanzhong, and worshipping Chao was a festival for General Zuo. In the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), he moved to a title of generals in ancient times, led Liangzhou to graze, and went to the countryside. "Its purpose is to believe in the northern soil, reuse Ma Chao's" West and Zhu Rong ",take its Liangzhou, and then advance into the Central Plains. Especially in Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang once again won Longyou, making Shu Han and Long Liancheng one piece, guarding the northern gate of Shu, and demanding that Sun Quan "take the righteousness of the alliance and order the Northern Expedition to clear the Central Plains", forming a semi-encirclement of Wei, and changing the situation that Shu Han was only isolated from Sichuan and Sichuan and far away from the Central Plains of Qinchuan.

2, get rid of it and take it to protect it. Qin is connected with the dragon's lips and teeth, and taking the dragon can break Cao Wei's dream of winning the dragon's hope for Shu. It's an open road to take a dragon tour and enter Qinchuan, which is safer than crossing the meridian valley and the ramp. With the strength of Shu Han who lost Jingzhou at that time, Zhuge Liang led by Shu Han's northern expedition to they nest, and it was impossible to cross the Qinling Mountains and walk out of Qinchuan by military adventure. It is appropriate to "argue and talk about martial arts" and constantly enrich the border. Therefore, Zhuge Liang is particularly cautious. He tried to go to Longyou and set up a strategic defense military base on the western front. "It is difficult to test, but heroic, and it is lost in the world. It encourages soldiers to talk about martial arts, thinking that the plan in the rear is simple and the people forget its defeat." "Don't persuade farmers", "grow grain and plant mulberry", train troops, design and manufacture "wooden cows and horses" and "keep in order".

3. Zhuge Liang's introduction to the west, with the raiders "six out of Qishan" and taking Longyou Ping, is to avoid reality and be empty, surprise and attack it unprepared. After the defeat of Cao Wei in Chibi, the main defense lines were laid in the Yangtze River and Qinling Mountains, especially when Liu Bei occupied Jingxiang and was surrounded by Sun Quan, so Cao Cao tightened the Yangtze River defense line. Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, and in the third year of Zhangwu (223), the master of Shu defeated Wei, and Cao Wei thought that "prepare for death, count silently", so he was "slightly unprepared". Zhuge Liang circuitous curve sent troops to Longxi to restore Fuxi clan, and Qin people entered the customs to destroy the six countries. Zhou Wuwang attacked the way of prospering the Zhou Dynasty and sneaked into the Central Plains. Therefore, in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Qishan was built first, and Wei was divided into Tianshui, Nan 'an and Anding counties, and Wei was assigned to Shu, which made Cao Wei "afraid of both the ruling and the opposition". Cao personally sat in Chang 'an, ordered Cao Zhen to lead the right army to defend, and ordered Zhang He to ride fifty thousand steps over the mountains to refuse Zhuge Liang. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's military strategy of attacking the West by surprise has its strategic significance.

4. Zhuge Liang's "six trips to Qishan" is of great practical significance for making use of many favorable factors in Longyou to form an anti-Wei United front, an anti-Wei United front and an anti-Wei alliance as soon as possible;

① Take advantage of the fact that the residents in Longshang are good at practicing martial arts, shooting and riding, strong and brave, and supplement the troops for Shu Division. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), when the troops withdrew from Qishan for the first time, they "pulled Xiqian County back to Hanzhong" to replenish the army.

(2) Take advantage of the abundant talents in Longshan to recruit brave generals. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he went out of Qishan for the first time and tried his best to woo Jiang Wei, a resourceful and loyal loyal minister. Reuse it. "Bright had stayed in the government for a long time. After Yi Cheung, Jiang Wanshu and others joined the army, they all said,' Jiang Boyue is loyal to current affairs, thoughtful, prudent and far-sighted, and takes everything. Yongnan Li Chang is not as good as. He is also a staff sergeant in Liangzhou. "Said,' the gait must teach five or six thousand people first. Jiang Boyue is very sensitive to the military. He has both courage and a deep feeling of comforting soldiers. This man has a Korean heart, but he is also very talented. "After teaching the military, I want to send a trip to the palace to see the Lord, and then move to China to supervise the army and sign" General Jiang Weichuan of the Western Expedition ". After Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan in the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Jiang Wei really became the successor of Zhuge Liang's great cause of "setting the Central Plains in the north and rejuvenating the Han Dynasty". He has been supervising the soldiers against Wei, fought bloody battles all his life, and finally died for his country.

(3) Make use of the fertile soil and fertile land in Longshang to supplement the army food for Shu Division. Zhuge Liang's saying that "the dragon stops the wheat" is quite right.

(4) Use the lush aquatic plants in Gansu to raise horses for Shu teachers. Today, the ancient battlefields of the three countries, such as "Wooden Gate Road" and "Qishan Fort", are scattered with the Shuanmawan of the Shu army. Lucheng, the salt official near Qishan, was a famous mule and horse city in northwest China a long time ago, and there is no detailed information about the Three Kingdoms in this city for the time being. But what is certain is that a good horse in Longyou is a necessary military supply for Shu Division.

⑤ Zhuge Liang used the characteristics of numerous ethnic groups and sharp ethnic contradictions in Longshang to establish an anti-Wei national United front to resist. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Liang sent troops to attack the five capitals. Guo Zhun, the secretariat of Wei Yongzhou, led the masses to strike. Bright from extinction to Jianwei (now Xihe River) must be returned, suiping county. The imperial edict clearly pointed out that ..... Qiang people gathered, the two counties revived, and the heroic bears appeared ... In the ninth year of Liang Jianxing's Biography of Zhuge Liang (23 1), Qishan was besieged, and Xianbei's demand for energy was greater than that of energy, so the stone town in the north should be bright. In the summer and April of the 14th year of Jianxing ... Governor Wang Fujian of Tuguhun and his more than 400 families were in Guangdu and The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shushu. The above examples are not listed one by one.

⑥ Use the prominent class contradiction in Longyou to mobilize the people of Longyou to unite against Wei. Six years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qishan was initially decided, and "Nan 'an, Anding and Tianshui counties opposed Wei" and "Biography of Zhuge Liang".

⑦ Make use of the ancient traditional culture, Fuxi culture, Zhou culture, pre-Qin culture and Confucian cultural attainments left by Longyou residents, and call on Longyou people to say that "Cao Cao's name is actually a Han thief", so as to make the emperor narrow and "rebellious". "

⑧ Use the Silk Road Avenue to attempt to invade the Central Plains in one fell swoop. Zhuge Liang paid special attention to this. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he set foot on Qishan for the first time, and immediately sent Ma Su to occupy the street pavilion, the throat of Longkou on the ancient Silk Road. As a result, Ma Su failed to complete the task and lost the street pavilion, which made Zhuge Liang set foot on Qishan, dashed his plan to March into the Central Plains and lost his fighter plane. Therefore, Zhuge Liang Bing retreated to Hanzhong and "stabbed Xie Zhong". Unfortunately.

Third, the reason why Zhuge Liang's "six trips out of Qishan" did not complete the great cause of "Northern Central Plains" reunification.

Zhuge Liang's "six expeditions to Qishan" failed to complete the great cause of "northern expedition to the Central Plains", which was not a strategic loss, but an objective and subjective reason.

1. In the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang worked day and night in Wuzhangyuan, the frontier of cutting Wei, which was not only unfavorable to cutting Wei, but also a huge loss for politics itself. Although Jiang Wei took over the front line command, there was always a shortage of talents and no successors.

2. Relatively speaking, the formation climate of Shu-Han regime was later than that of Cao Wei and Sun Quan. Military strength is far inferior to Wei and Wu. Talents will be more extensive than talents, and compared with Cao Wei, where talents gather, it is far from enough.

The slogan of "Reviving the Han Dynasty" has long lost its appeal and appeal. The corrupt politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty has long been completely lost in people's minds. Peasant uprisings broke out one after another. "Heaven dies, Huang Tianli!"

4. Huang Hao, the courtier of Shu Han Dynasty, was autocratic, and the ruler was dark and defensive emptiness. Even if Jiang Wei fought hard at the front, it would be difficult to save the crisis. The latter had already taken Wei as a prisoner and entered the Palace of Happiness.

5. In the Northern Expedition, the key was profound human error, such as Ma Su's loss of street kiosks, Li Ping's loss of rations and excellent fighter planes.

6. After the capture of Longyou, a solid political and military base was not established, and grain and grass were often exhausted, land was recovered, and many favorable factors of Longyou were not fully utilized.

7. The measures of stationing troops and guarding the border are not effective, the supply of military supplies at the front line is not smooth, and the food is often run out. At the same time, Cao Wei took effective reform measures to develop the economy and make the country strong.

Summarize the success or failure of the relationship between Zhuge Liang's "Six Movements out of Qishan Mountain" and "Beiding Central Plains", and make it clear that if the country wants to be rich, the people want to be rich, the nation wants to prosper, and the cause wants to develop, it must rely on the people, seek their welfare, get their support and support, and strive to cultivate a large number of talents; Promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, fight corruption and punish corruption; Strengthen national unity; Seize the opportunity, lose no time, and rationally employ people; Develop productive forces, develop the economy and improve the comprehensive strength of the country. Otherwise it's hard to get what you want.