Urgent! ! ! Understand the geographical location, topographical features, production and lifestyle of four countries or regions.

Australia, China, Southeast Asia, Japan.

Australia is geographically the best of the two worlds: it is the smallest land and the largest island in the world. Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, ranking sixth in the world, only next to Russian, Canadian, China, USA and Brazil, and equivalent to four fifths of China. It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west, with a coastline of 37,000 kilometers.

The topography of Australia is very distinctive. There are rugged rock areas, vast deserts and lush Pingdingshan mountains in the west and middle, continuous plateaus in the east, and narrow beach gentle slopes near the sea, which gradually incline to the west and become plains. The coastal areas are full of wide beaches and lush vegetation, and there are various landforms here: the cliffs of the Blue Mountains in the west of Sydney, the tall, beautiful and eroded volcanic neck in the Glasgow Mountains in the north of Brisbane, and the flat Yuan Ye on the south coast of Adelaide.

Murray river and Darling River are the two longest rivers in Australia. These two water systems constitute the Murray-Darling Basin, with an area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 14% of the total area of the mainland. Lake Aier is a huge salt lake near the center of the mainland, covering an area of over 9,000 square kilometers, but it often dries up for a long time.

Most of Australia's land, about 70% belongs to arid or semi-arid zone, and most of the central part is not suitable for living. Australia has 1 1 great desert, which accounts for about 20% of the whole continental area. Because of the little rainfall, more than one third of the continent is actually covered by desert. Australia is the flattest and driest continent in the world. The central depression and western plateau are arid deserts, and the land available for animal husbandry and agriculture is only 260,000 square kilometers. Coastal areas, especially the southeast coastal areas, are suitable for living and farming. Here the mountains are rolling, the water is abundant and the land is fertile. Except the south coast, the whole coast forms a "green belt" around the mainland, and it is this "green belt" that feeds this country. However, Australia's barren and arid inland areas are rich in mineral resources. Australia's iron ore reserves rank second in the world, and various minerals have brought a lot of wealth to Australia.

The average annual rainfall in Australia is 465 mm, which varies greatly and is unevenly distributed. The driest area is the Aier Lake Basin, and the annual average rainfall is less than 125mm. The wettest places are the northeast tropical region and the southwest of Tasmania. Australia has abundant water resources and fertile land along the coast, and most people live along the coast. The climate in Australia varies greatly. The northern part of the mainland has a humid tropical climate, the central and eastern regions and the western coast have a warm but not too hot climate, while the southern coast of the mainland and Tasmania are cooler. Generally speaking, all parts of Australia are warm in summer and not too cold in winter. In Australia, the highest temperature was recorded in the northeast inland of China, and the temperature in 1889 was as high as 53 degrees Celsius. The coldest place is Charlotte Pass. 1994, the lowest temperature recorded in the snow field near Mount Arcos in Cauchy was minus 23 degrees Celsius.

Australia's climate is milder than that in Europe and America, especially in the north, and similar to that in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. In Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia, the average temperature in 1 month (midsummer) is 29 degrees Celsius during the day and 20 degrees Celsius at night; The average temperature in July (in the middle of winter) is about 22 degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius respectively. The average temperature in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia 1 month is about 26 degrees Celsius in the daytime, 16 degrees Celsius in the evening, and 15 degrees Celsius and 7 degrees Celsius in July respectively.

Local customs and practices

Australians have both hearty westerners and reserved orientals. They have a wide range of interests and like sports, such as surfing, windsurfing, horse racing, fishing, bocce, Australian regular football, rugby and swimming.

The aborigines living in Australia still protect their customs. They hunt for a living, and boomerang is their unique hunting weapon. Many of them still live in shacks made of branches and mud, surrounded by a piece of cloth or kangaroo skin, and like to get tattoos or paint various colors on their bodies. Usually only some yellow and white colors are painted on cheeks, shoulders and chest, and they are painted all over the body on holidays or festivals. Tattoos are mostly thick lines, some like raindrops and some like ripples. For the indigenous people who have passed the rite of passage, tattoos are not only for decoration, but also for attracting the love of the opposite sex. At the carnival dance, people wore colorful decorations and painted colorful patterns, and danced in groups around the bonfire. Dancing and painting are simple, reflecting hunting life and so on.

With the changes of the times, some indigenous people gradually left the tribe and moved to the city to live. Australia has various preferential policies for indigenous people, including providing them with all kinds of necessary assistance in housing, employment and welfare. In tourist areas, the artworks and handicrafts of indigenous people are one of the items collected and purchased by tourists all over the world, and they are the source of income for indigenous people.

Freedom: The Best Summary of Australians

Australia has a particularly strong atmosphere of freedom. People are commensurate with their first names (only first names, not surnames), between bosses and employees, and between teachers and students. In downtown Sydney and Melbourne, it is often seen that white-collar workers or working girls in fashionable suits get together with friends and colleagues at noon on weekdays and sit on the steps in front of buildings to have a simple lunch, such as sandwiches or hot dogs. White-collar workers are also modern metropolises, and the same scene is unimaginable in places like Tokyo or Hong Kong.

Australians are polite and helpful. If you walk on a sparsely populated street, people will say hello even if they don't know each other. If you walk down the street with a bag of fruit in your hand, the bag breaks and the fruit rolls on the ground. People around you will immediately pick it up for you and give it back to you. Someone will also find you a good bag or box, which can be used as an emergency substitute. This is Australia.

Weekend prosperity: the characteristics of Australian life

Working in Australia, wages are generally paid once a week (once every two weeks for civil servants or large institutions), and the days of paying wages are usually every Thursday or Friday. Therefore, restaurants, bars and department stores in Australia are particularly good business days every Friday and Saturday. In recent years, some large department stores and shopping centers have extended their business hours every Thursday night to cater to those who get paid every Thursday. Some people who don't pay attention to spending money will be rich on weekends and poor at the beginning of the week. It doesn't matter, because in a few days, it will be another happy weekend.

China is high in the west and low in the east, and mountainous in the west. Because it is far from the coast and has little contact with the outside world, the economic development lags behind. The eastern part is flat, because it is close to the Pacific Ocean, has close ties with neighboring countries, has many economic exchanges, and keeps close ties with the world economy at all times, so the economy has developed rapidly.

The western region is deep inland, water resources are scarce, and neighboring countries are backward, so it is impossible to develop better foreign trade; There is plenty of water in the Pacific Ocean in the east, which is beneficial to economic development and facilitates the development of foreign trade with neighboring countries.

General situation of geographical location and topographic characteristics in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia, the southeast region of Asia, is located in the south of China, and is customarily called the Nanyang of China. It is located at 93- 14 1.5 degrees east longitude and 25- 10 degrees north latitude. Mostly in the tropics. It borders Chinese mainland in the north, Australia in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west, and Bengal and India. It connects three continents (Asia, Africa and Oceania) and two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean). The whole region consists of Indo-China Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, with a total of * * *1countries: Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia (the above 10 countries form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations for short), plus East Timor (a country that has been independent from Indonesia in recent years) But not yet independent) with a total area of 4.07 million square kilometers, accounting for Asia110 If Indonesia is included as a part of Oceania, that is, the western half of Irian Island, the total area is 4.48 million square kilometers. Southeast Asia consists of Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. Indo-China Peninsula is named after its location in the south of China. It was formerly called Indo-China Peninsula or Indo-zhina Peninsula. There are seven countries on the island: Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. It covers an area of 2.07 million square kilometers, accounting for 46% of the area of Southeast Asia. The Malay Archipelago is named after its residents are mainly Malays, also known as Nanyang Archipelago, and there are four countries: Indonesia, Philippines, East Timor and Brunei. The area is 24 1 000 square kilometers, accounting for 54% of the area of Southeast Asia.

Indo-China Peninsula borders the South China Sea in the east, the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea in the west, and the Straits of Malacca in the south, with a coastline of 1. 1.7 million kilometers. It is an important port with an important geographical position. Its topography is high in the north and low in the south, and the mountains are fan-shaped from north to south, with mountains and rivers alternating with each other and a long history. Its mountains and rivers are the southward continuation of the mountains and rivers in southwest China. The main mountain ranges are Naga Mountain and Rakhine Mountain from west to east. Denglao Mountain Range, Thani Taun Mountain Range and Biluoke East Mountain; Changshan mountain range. The Irrawaddy River, salween River, Chao Phraya River, Mekong River and Red River among the three mountain ranges surge from north to south. The upper reaches of rivers mostly flow through the Shan Plateau, and deep valleys divide the plateau into several parts, such as the eastern Myanmar Plateau between Irrawaddy River and salween, the Chiang Mai Plateau between salween and Mekong River, and the Laos Plateau between Mekong River and Red River. The upstream of each river has a great drop, and the river has strong scouring and conveying ability, and the downstream accumulation speed is fast, forming many vast delta plains. There are many fertile plains and deltas downstream of rivers and estuaries. The valley plains in the middle and lower reaches of some rivers and the estuary deltas of various rivers are the main agricultural areas and population concentration areas.

The Malay archipelago is scattered in the vast sea area between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It starts from Batam Islands in the north, Rodi Island in the south, Sumatra Island in the west and western New Guinea in the east. It is about 3500 kilometers long from north to south and 4500 kilometers wide from east to west. There are more than 20,000 islands, large and small. Including Sunda, Maluku, Philippines and Nusa Tenggara islands belonging to Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines and East Timor. The sea area is large, and the water depth is above 1000 meters except the Java Sea and the southern part of the South China Sea. Multi-channel is an important channel for Southeast Asia to reach the rest of the world. The terrain on the Malay archipelago is mainly mountainous, mostly distributed in the middle of the island. The plain is relatively narrow, mainly distributed in coastal areas, with only large areas in northern Java and eastern Sumatra. The Malay Archipelago is located in a place where the crustal movement is active, and earthquakes often occur due to the mutual compression of the three major plates (Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Eurasian plate). While the earth's crust bulges to form mountains, the underground fiery magma also surges up along the ground fissures and erupts on the ground to form volcanoes. Indonesia and the Philippines have the largest number of volcanoes in Southeast Asia. There are more than 400 volcanoes in Indonesia, of which 120 is an active volcano. There are also 52 volcanoes in the Philippines. These volcanoes are mainly distributed in Sumatra, Java, Nusa Tenggara and some islands in the Philippines. These islands extend in an arc from east to west, so people call them "light corridors" vividly. It is the region with the most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the world and the "most unstable" region in Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia is located between the Asian continent and Oceania, connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Geographical location is very important, and it has developed into a world air and sea transportation hub in modern times. The Malacca Strait on the south side is 1 185 km long, the narrowest part is 37 km wide, and the main channel is 25 ~ 15 1 m deep, which can be fully loaded with 260,000-ton ships. It is the shortest sea route and necessary passage for Northeast Asia to reach Europe and Africa via Southeast Asia. It has become the busiest sea passage in the world alongside the English Channel. In addition, the Lombok Strait, located in central Indonesia, is sandwiched between Bali and Lombok, with a length of 60 kilometers, the narrowest width of 1 1 km, and the water depth of the main channel is more than160m, which is enough for any ship to sail safely. It has become an emerging international deep-water route to replace the Straits of Malacca. Sunda strait, between Sumatra and Guawa, is also an important traffic artery, which is called "the three gateways of Southeast Asia" together with Lombok Strait and Malacca Strait.

Most of Southeast Asia is in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, close to the equator, with low latitude. It is summer all year round, and it is very hot all year round. The annual temperature is between 25℃ and 30℃. A year in most areas is divided into dry season and rainy season. Generally, the dry season is June-May and the rainy season is June-June. The climate is mainly divided into two types: the northern Indochina Peninsula and the northern Philippines, which belong to tropical monsoon climate, with annual rainfall exceeding 1500mm. The area near the equator belongs to the tropical rainforest climate, which is rainy all year round. When it is not dry, the annual rainfall is more than 2000 mm.

Most areas have a tropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 20-27℃ and abundant precipitation concentrated in April-10. The southern part of Malay Peninsula has a tropical rainforest climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round.

Most of Indochina Peninsula is located between north latitude 10 ~ 20, which belongs to a typical tropical monsoon climate. March-May is a hot season every year, with the monsoon fading in winter and summer, and the climate is hot, with an average monthly temperature of 25-30℃. June ~ 10 is rainy season, with southwest monsoon prevailing and abundant precipitation; 165438+ 10 to February of the following year is a cool season, with the northeast monsoon prevailing and dry weather. The average annual precipitation is influenced by topography, with windward slopes up to 5000mm and leeward slopes less than 2000mm. A few windward slopes and Malay Peninsula areas can form a tropical rain forest landscape, and a few internal plains and valleys form a tropical grassland. The climate of Indo-China Peninsula belongs to the typical tropical monsoon type, with abundant water and heat resources and distinct wet and dry seasons, which is especially beneficial to the growth of rice. This is an important reason why rice is dominant in agricultural production in this area, but tropical cash crops are quite limited.

The southern Malay archipelago and most of the Malay archipelago (excluding the hot and rainy tropical monsoon climate in the northern Philippines) are located near the equator and belong to the tropical rainforest climate. The temperature here is high all the year round, with an average monthly temperature of 25 ~ 28℃. The annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm. Because of sufficient heat and moisture, plants flourish all year round, and dense tropical rain forests are distributed in many places. Crops can be sown at any time and harvested in any season. Rich in dried coconut, banana, pepper, cinchona cream, kapok, palm oil and so on. It is the largest production base of tropical cash crops in the world. The archipelago is also a transitional zone of biological species between the north and south continents, which has important biological significance.

This textbook is the first part of the national geography section. The whole section is divided into six subheadings, namely, East Asian islands, mountainous terrain, warm and humid climate, East-West integration culture, developed economies and major cities. Form an organic whole, together with supplementary materials such as "Japan and foreign culture", "Japan's fishery" and "Japan's transportation industry", so that students can fully understand the natural and human geographical characteristics of Japan, an East Asian island country.

The four subheadings before this festival can not only help students understand Japan's geographical location, topography, climate and cultural characteristics, but also pave the way for the fifth subheading, so that students can understand the success of Japan's economic development according to local conditions through the analysis of Japan's natural geographical conditions, and take this as our reference. The sixth subtitle introduces the main cities in Japan, which is also a supplementary explanation of Japan's developed economy and high level of urbanization.

The supplementary materials in this section mainly include maps, statistical maps, landscape maps and texts. As a "second geographical language" map, Japan's topography and composition, Japan's import trade of mineral resources, Japan's industrial departments and industrial distribution, Japan's port distribution and the world's longest Tsutsugaru Strait Qingxin tunnel are explained, and various geographical elements of Japan are comprehensively positioned. L Statistical charts illustrate the characteristics of narrow population and dense area in Japan; Eight landscape maps, combined with words and activities, show Japan's scenery, culture, architecture and economy from the perspective of expanding knowledge; The written part provides us with better and more comprehensive information about Japanese culture and economy (fishery and transportation). The supplementary part and the text take care of each other and complement each other.

Syllabus (blackboard writing)

I. East Asian island countries

1, location and territorial composition

2. Capital, nationality, language and port

Second, the mountainous terrain.

There are many mountains and hills, and volcanic earthquakes are frequent.

Third, a warm and humid climate.

Temperate maritime monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate

Fourth, the integration of eastern and western cultures.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) developed economies

1, economic overview

2. Import and export trade

3. Industry and agriculture

4. Fisheries and transportation

Major cities of intransitive verbs

Tokyo, Tsukuba, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe, Hiroshima, Kyoto, Nara

Teaching suggestion

New lesson guide:

The part of "East Asian Island Countries" can be introduced by students who look at the pictures. According to the activity questions in the textbook P.66, students can understand that Japan is mainly composed of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. By contrast, they know that Honshu is the largest island. Students can draw on the map with crayons, or guide students to look for place names on the wall chart on the podium. Conditional schools can use multimedia to click on the place names they want to find, leaving a deep impression on students. In addition to calculating that the population density of Japan is about 336 people /km2 and that of China is about 135 people /km2, students can also quickly calculate that the population density of Japan is about 2? 5 times, so as to get the answer to the question "people are thick"; For the understanding of "small territory", we can get it by calculating that China's territorial area is more than 25 times that of Japanese, and we can also project the outline and area data of some provincial administrative regions in China, so that students can get a perceptual understanding through comparison. Then make a simple summary.

China Provincial Administrative Region Hunan Jiangxi Gansu Yunnan

Area (ten thousand square kilometers) 2 1.2 16.7 39 39.4

The "Mountain Terrain" part can be divided into the following steps:

1. In the first volume of the seventh grade, I found out that Japan is located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate.

2. Find out the position of Japan in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean. Multimedia animation can be used to vividly describe the process of "plate movement-multi-volcanic earthquakes-mountain uplift". Reading the material "Mount Fuji" can enhance students' impression and supplement two nicknames of Japan: "Earthquake Country" and "World Volcano Museum". Finally, find out the largest plain in Japan: the Kanto Plain in Figure 3-L. It should be noted that Japan's mountainous terrain and narrow plains provide conditions for the formation of its short and swift rivers, which leads students to infer that Japan has abundant hydropower resources.

The "warm and humid climate" can be compared with the temperature and precipitation data of Tokyo and Beijing with similar latitudes, and it is concluded that Tokyo is mild in winter, cool in summer, with small annual variation, abundant precipitation and uniform seasonal distribution. Therefore, the climate has maritime characteristics. In teaching methods, students can be shown statistical data and asked to calculate the temperature annual range and annual precipitation difference between the two places. Or project the precipitation histogram and temperature curve designed by yourself in Tokyo and Beijing, supplemented by students' reading-calculation-and draw a conclusion. Finally, in this climate, cherry blossoms everywhere are the national flowers of Japan.

In the part of "Culture of East-West Integration", we can refer to the history of China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Jian Zhen's eastward crossing and sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty, which shows that Japanese culture was greatly influenced by China culture, and can also appropriately explain the content and significance of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Or, find a Japanese article or a Japanese book and let the students read many Chinese characters in Japanese.

The "developed economy" part is the focus of this textbook, which can be described according to the following steps:

1. Give an overview of the Japanese economy. Emphasize the proportion and ranking of its industrial products in the world market, and emphasize that Japan's gross national product ranks second in the world after the United States. Stimulate students' enthusiasm for inquiry: Why did Japan's economy recover so fast and develop so fast after its defeat in World War II? Attached is the proportion and ranking of Japan's main industrial products in the world market:

2. Transfer from: Japan is not only a defeated country in World War II, but more importantly, domestic mineral resources such as iron ore, coal and oil are very poor, and industrial raw materials and fuels are very scarce. A large number of raw materials need to be imported from abroad. Further explain the unfavorable factors of Japan's industrial and economic development, strengthen students' suspicion and stimulate students' thirst for knowledge. Attached is the percentage of Japan's main industrial raw material imports in total raw material demand:

3. Students discuss the advantages of Japan's economic development, and draw the following conclusions by group discussion: ① There are many harbors in island countries, and shipping is convenient. ② Developed science and technology; ③ The quality of labor force is high; ④ High management efficiency. Emphasize the influence of natural geographical factors on Japanese economy. Then instruct students to read Figure 3-6, and point out the economic types and trade objects of Japan's "import-processing-export".

4. When talking about Japanese industry, students can first list products or brands produced in Japan, such as electronic products, household appliances and automobiles. (In rural areas, teachers can directly introduce famous Japanese industrial products to students), so that students can first have a perceptual understanding of Japanese agriculture and get in touch with the topographical characteristics of Japan.

5. The fishery and transportation industry in Japan, as students' common sense, can be obtained by reading supplementary materials provided by textbooks.

6. This part of the content is arranged in the form of "total score". When explaining, pay attention to the arrangement characteristics and internal logic of knowledge, which will help students master knowledge.