Historical manuscripts are urgently needed. . .

I. Performance of Chisong Dêzain

In 755 (the 14th year of Tianbao), Zhu Zan murdered his servant, and his son Chisong Dêzain (742-797, The Book of the New Tang Dynasty) succeeded him. After Chisong Dêzain ascended the throne, He Lang, the last aristocrat who was sentenced to death for treason, lost his property and consolidated his imperial power. Then the rule of slavery was further strengthened, and the war of expanding strength continued, which intensified the exploitation of the people and made the contradiction between the opposing classes more acute. From the middle of the 8th century, the slave society in Tibet began to decline from its heyday.

During the reign of Chisong Dêzain, the official system of the Tubo Dynasty was further improved, and nine theories were established, namely the theory of "valuing officials" contained in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty. At this time, the guilty plea system is more complete. According to the wedding banquet of the wise, there are confessions of different sizes. Big confession is big, deputy confession and inner confession are small, inner confession and full confession are big, inner confession and deputy confession are small, small confession and deputy confession are plated with gold, and small confession is plated with silver. Military and political officials and others under his command are all dressed in silver and copper, and they make the lowest iron confession to the brave men who have made meritorious deeds. On the military system, Chisong Dêzain added Sun Boru to the original four, and set up 6 1 Dai Dong as follows. Dai Dong, that is, thousands of families, was ruled by Dongben. At this time, Tubo's military and political organizations were more sound. In addition, Tongcha (Tibetan originally meant observer, China history books for me) also appeared in this period, and he was a senior official in the occupied area.

During the Chisong Dêzain period, Buddhism made great progress in Tubo.

After Buddhism was introduced into Tubo in the 7th century, it was strongly supported by the royal family, but it had a fierce struggle with traditional religions. Chisong Dêzain acceded to the throne at a young age, and the noble Nabon family came to power. The families and ministers of that state who believe in this religion strongly oppose Buddhism. The dynasty issued a ban on Buddhism: expelling Buddhist monks, turning Jokhang Temple into a slaughterhouse, taking Princess Wencheng to the Tibetan statue of Sakyamuni for burial, and then moving to Mangyu (now Geelong County, Tibet), and some Buddhist temples were destroyed. When Chisong Dêzain came of age, he tried to develop Buddhism. After eliminating the aristocratic forces opposed to Buddhism, he abolished the previous ban on Buddhism. Tianzhu, Lian Peanut and others were invited to preside over the construction of the first Buddhist temple-Sanye Temple (on the north bank of Yarlung Zangbo River in Zanang County, Shannan Prefecture, Tibet). There are different opinions about the construction time of the temple, probably in the second half of the eighth century. The first batch of seven monks, known as the "Seven Tests" in history, are all children of nobles and the first batch of Buddhist monks in Tibetan history.

Buddhism has experienced many ups and downs with this religion for a long time since it was introduced into Tubo. Buddhism is developing with the strong support of Chisong Dêzain. In order to resist the power of this religion, Buddhists proposed to Chisong Dêzain that they should have an open debate with their followers on the merits of their teachings to decide the outcome. Chisong Dêzain accepted this proposal and organized a debate between Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism in Dunka (now a poverty-stricken county in Tibet, in front of the Jumosoupi Jiangbucai Palace). After the debate, Chisong Dêzain declared that Buddhism won, and the religion was ruled illegal. All believers who refused to give up their faith were exiled to remote areas, thus consolidating the dominant position of Buddhism in Tubo society. Subsequently, there was a struggle within Buddhism. Since Buddhism was mainly introduced into Tubo by Han and Tianzhu, the monks in the two places held their own opinions: the Han monk held the view of "epiphany" and the Tianzhu monk advocated "gradual enlightenment", which were incompatible with each other, forcing Chisong Dêzain to resolve the dispute of different opinions within Buddhism through argument. This debate was held in Sanye Temple from about 792 to 794, and Chisong Dêzain personally supervised it. Finally, the argument ended in the failure of Buddhism in China, and Tianzhu Buddhism gained exclusive legal status in Tubo. This kind of internal struggle in Buddhism is called "progressive struggle".

Chisong Dêzain tried to develop Buddhism, on the one hand, to concentrate political power for the royal family and weaken the power of nobles and local tycoons; On the other hand, it was also because of the rapid growth of feudal factors in Tubo society at that time that the contradiction of Tubo slavery became increasingly prominent, the burden of civilians and slaves increased day by day, the polarization between the rich and the poor became prominent, and the ruling class revolts occurred frequently. Obviously, the development of Buddhism has played a positive role in easing class contradictions and restraining secular aristocratic forces. Historical facts prove that; The development of Buddhism in Chisong Dêzain has achieved certain expected results. Second, Qingshui League

In 783 (the fourth year of Tang Jianzhong), the Tang Dynasty and Tubo joined forces in Qingshui (now northwest of Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to redraw the boundary between the two sides.

In 779 AD, He Li was suitable for succession. At that time, both Tang and Fan had a desire for reconciliation. This is the historical background of Qingshui League.

Shortly after the Tibetan army retreated from Chang 'an West, it joined forces with the Uighur army to attack the Tang Dynasty. From 764 to 765 (from the second year of Tang Guangde to the first year of Yongtai), Guo Ziyi, the general of Tang Dynasty, defeated the Tubo and Uighur allied forces in Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Jingyang (now Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province) successively.

In April 767 (the second year of Tang Dali), Tang Fan made peace with Xing Tang Temple in Chang 'an again. First, in March 765, Tang Fan formed an alliance with Xingtang Temple. In October, Tubo allied with the Uighur army and attacked Tang Jingyang. In April 767, after making peace with the leader, Tubo rebelled against the leader in September, besieged Lingzhou (now Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) and rode to Yuan Pan and Lu Yi (both in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province). Guo Ziyi led heavily to the west of Chang 'an. Soon, Tang Jun defeated the Tubo army in Lingzhou. The following year, the Tubo army attacked Lingzhou again and advanced to Yizhou (now Binxian County, Shaanxi Province), which was repelled by Tang Jun.

In 779 (the 14th year of Dali), Luo Feng died in Nanzhao Wang Ge, and Sun Yimou stood on his own feet. In October, the Tubo Army and Nanzhao Army, with a total of 6,543,800 troops, divided into three roads and attacked Tangjian South Road (now south of Jiange County, Sichuan Province, north of the Yangtze River, governing Chengdu). Nanzhao had become a vassal state of Tubo at this time, and Nanzhao was forced to send troops in order to obtain Shu as the "Eastern Palace" of Tubo. All the arrested geisha were sent to Luoluo City (also known as Lhasa), the capital of Tubo, and they had to give gifts to Tubo when Nao was old. The army led by Tang defeated the allied forces outside the Dadu River, and 890,000 people were killed. Yi Mouxun retreated to Yangju City (now Dali City, Yunnan Province). In order to appease the righteous plan that had just been defeated militarily when he acceded to the throne, Tubo named him "King of Ridong".

From the capture of Chengdu by Tubo to Qingshui, Tang and Fan were in a state of peace and war for a long time. The weakness of the Tang Dynasty in military strength and the fact that the vassal towns supported troops to protect themselves and refused to listen to the imperial court's mobilization enabled Tubo to take the opportunity to cover up his purpose of seizing land and plundering the people with Tang Menghe. In August, 779, three months after Tang Dezong ascended the throne, he sent Shao Qingweilun, a former governor, to Tibet and returned more than 500 prisoners of war. When Wei Lun arrived in Tubo, Chisong Dêzain had learned that the Jiannan Coalition forces had been defeated, so he warmly received Wei Lun and said, "I have three hates: I don't know that the son of heaven (Dai Zong) is not as good as hanging, and one is also; The mountain is not as good as the mountain, and the second is also; I didn't know that my uncle (Dezong) was in the throne, but he sent troops to attack Lingzhou, entered the government, Wen (now Wenxian County, Gansu Province) and invaded Guankou (now Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province). " Chisong Dêzain returned to the Tang Dynasty with Wei Lun, and Shi Li of Dezong once again sent Wei Lun to Tubo to return Tubo prisoners in the Battle of Jiannan. Chisong Dêzain saw Whelan return to the sweet land and returned the prisoners of war again. "I am very happy to be awarded the pavilion, do a vocal music and live for nine days." More than 50 people, including Qin Mingsi, were also sent to follow Whelan to offer things in the Tang Dynasty.

In 78 1 year (the second year of Tang Jianzhong), Cui Hanheng, a small supervisor in the German Sect Temple, and Chang Lu, a judge, went to Tubo. Chisong Dêzain proposed to demarcate Helan Mountain in the west of Lingzhou, and both sides sent personnel to join the alliance at the border, and invited the Tang Dynasty to send Buddhist monks to Tibet to give lectures. Dezong agreed to the request of Tubo's accession, and at the request of Tubo, he sent monks Wei Liang and Wen Su to Tubo, "one person walks, two years old and one table". Tang and Fan negotiated and held a meeting in Qingshui in the first month of the fourth year of Jian 'an (783).

Qingshui Meng Hui is an important Meng Hui between Tang and Fan. In the Tang Dynasty, seven Chinese ambassadors to Longyou, including Zhang Yi, were appointed as allies, while Tubo took Daxiang as allies. The main content of Qingshui Meng Hui is to delimit the boundary between the two sides: Helan Mountain north of the Yellow River is divided into "idle fields", and the soldiers of both sides stationed in the idle fields maintain the status quo and must not attack each other; The idle fields that have not been stationed by the two sides also maintain the status quo, "no longer resettle new recruits (generals) and build cities for farming"; South of the Yellow River starts from Liupan Mountain and Longshan Mountain, and reaches the border of Mo Hu Man (now northwest Yunnan Province) along Minjiang River and Dadu River, with the Tang Dynasty in the east and Tubo in the west. After joining the alliance, Tang Fan joined the alliance in Chang 'an and Luomou respectively to confirm the legitimacy of Qingshui Alliance. However, shortly after Qingshui joined the group, Pingliang grabbed the group again.

Third, Pingliang grabs the group

After Qingshui League determined the border between Tang and Tibet, the military superiority of Tubo obviously surpassed that of Tang Dynasty. Due to frequent civil strife, the Tang Dynasty has been on the defensive against Tubo. Qing Shui Meng Huinian (783) October, the "Juba Rebellion" occurred in the Tang Dynasty. Zhu Ba captured Chang 'an, and Dezong returned to Fengtian. Tubo Shangzan asked for troops to help Tang recover Chang 'an. Dezong Cui Hanheng sent troops to Tibet and agreed to send troops to Tibet. In the Tang Dynasty, "Xu Chenggong met him in Beiting and Yixi (now northern Xinjiang)." In April and May of 784 (the first year of Tang Xingyuan), Tang Fan joined forces in Wugong (now Wugong County, Shaanxi Province) and defeated the rebels. At this time, because of the hot climate, the Tibetan army became popular and withdrew its troops to the west. Tang Jun recovered Chang 'an. The Tubo army did not participate in the complete suppression of the Juba rebellion. The Tang Dynasty used this as an excuse to refuse to give it to Tubo Beiting, Yixi and other places, and only promised to give it thick silk. Shang Jiezan was deeply dissatisfied with the treachery of the Tang Dynasty, determined to take revenge, and prepared to take the opportunity to get rid of the three generals who guarded the northwest region in the Tang Dynasty. He thinks that "Li Sheng, Ma Sui and Huner, the famous Tang Dynasty, will be worried about me if they don't go". The incident of robbing the League in Pingliang, which happened in May 787 (the third year of Tang Zhenyuan), was a concrete action by Shang Jiezan to retaliate against the Tang Dynasty and try to get rid of the three generals of the Tang Dynasty.

In September of 786 AD (the second year of Zhenyuan), the Tubo Sutra, Longxian County (now Longxian County, Shaanxi Province), Taining County (now Ningxian County, Gansu Province) entered Fengxiang (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province). Li Sheng repelled the invading Fanjun, and defeated Fanjun in October to destroy the sand castle (now northwest of Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). Shang Jiezan not only sent envoys to make peace with the Tang Dynasty, but also sent troops to capture Salt (now north of Yanchi County in Ningxia) and Xia (now west of Hengshan County in Shaanxi). Tang Dezong worried that the generals would take the credit for making trouble, and urged him to stop fighting and make peace with Tubo. 1February, Li Sheng was relieved of his post. In March of the following year (787), Tubo sent envoys to make peace. Han Youxuan, a general in the Tang Dynasty, noticed the abnormality of peace in Tubo: "If Tubo is weak, it must seek alliance; if it is strong, it will invade. This is bullying." However, Dezong still advocates peace and even wants to unite with Tubo, and * * * has promised to make peace with Tubo. After seeing this, Dezong ordered Cui Zhuo to pay tribute, and returned Yanzhou and Zhou Xia, expressing "sincerity" in making peace, and also asked the Tang Dynasty to send Hui Yun to lead the alliance. The Tang Dynasty promised to send Xun as the alliance envoy and Cui Hanheng as the deputy envoy. After several discussions, the location of the alliance was finally decided in Pingliang (now Pingliang City, Gansu Province).

On May 15th, 787 (the third year of Zhenyuan), the Tang-Fan Alliance was established in Pingliang. Shang Jiezan ambushed cavalry west of the League altar in advance, ready to grab the League. Before Hunyun set out, Li Sheng warned him that the alliance was unusual and must be strictly guarded. But Tang Dezong ordered the Huns not to be suspicious of each other, but to show the sincerity of the alliance. As a result, the two ends of the first mouse could not agree. Before the start of the league, praise Hunhun and others, and put on more dresses. At this time, the Tubo ambush swarmed from all directions under the command of drums. After muddy detection, decisively escaped from behind the scenes alone and broke through on horseback. Since Cui Hanheng, more than 60 officials of the Tang Dynasty Alliance have been detained. The raid, Tang Jun killed more than 500 people, captured more than 65438+ ten thousand people. Shangjiezan pursued the victory, plundered neighboring counties, and then retreated to Qingshui County. After the incident of robbing the League in Pingliang, Tang Dezong deeply regretted the mistake of insisting on making peace with Tubo, and Ma Su, a general of the Tang Dynasty who still praised and interceded, was stripped of his military power by Tang Dezong. Shang Jiezan's attempt to get rid of the three generals in the northwest of Tang Dynasty finally succeeded. But after more than 30 years, there was no peace between Tang and Fan until 82 1 (the first year of Tang Changqing, the seventh year of Tubo Yitai).

Four. The disintegration of the alliance between Tubo and Nanzhao

After the defeat of Jiannan Campaign in 779, the national situation of Wang Mouxun in Nanzhao declined day by day. He was worried about the further attack of the Tang Dynasty and the annexation of Tubo. Because Tubo fought against the Tang Dynasty for years, trying to compete for the hegemony of the western regions, and taking Uighur and Daishi as enemies, the front line was stretched too long, resulting in exhausted financial resources and insufficient troops. So Tubo stepped up the exploitation of the headquarters and its subordinate ministries, and Nanzhao suffered from the rule of Tubo, thus deepening the contradiction between the two sides. Zheng Hui, a teacher of Han nationality, urged Yi Mouxun to return to the Tang Dynasty as soon as possible. Yi Mouxun had long been dissatisfied with Tubo, and after Zheng Hui's persuasion, he also had the idea of returning Tubo to the Tang Dynasty.

In April 788 (the fourth year of Zhenyuan), Yi Mouxun entrusted Dong Man's ghost teachers Qi Bian, Qi Mengchong and Qi Wuxing to make a pilgrimage to the Tang Dynasty, conveying Yi Mouxun's desire to return to the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty warmly received Li Pang and others and gave them rich rewards. 10, Tubo sent 654.38+ ten thousand troops to attack Xichuan, and recruited Nanzhao soldiers to fight together. At this time, although Yi Mouxun had returned to the Tang Dynasty, he did not dare to betray Tubo openly, and sent tens of thousands of troops to camp in the north of Shanghai.

Knowing that Yi Mouxun was hesitant, Wei Gao, the messenger of Tang Jiannan, sent a letter to Yi Mouxun, encouraging him to make up his mind to return to Tang as soon as possible. But this incident was discovered by Tubo, so Tubo became suspicious of Nanzhao, and Wei Gao sent spies to alienate their relationship. Tubo ordered Nanzhao to take the minister's son as hostage, and the relationship between them deteriorated publicly. However, Tubo still did not give up control of Nanzhao, and temptation and coercion coexisted, aiming to sever the connection between Nanzhao and Tang Dynasty.

In February 789 (the fifth year of Zhenyuan), Wei Gao wrote a letter urging him to make a quick decision. Since then, Wei Gao has written several times to ask for different books, but he has not received any reply. In June of 79 1 year (the seventh year of Zhenyuan), Wei Gao sent Ge Luofeng to the Tang Dynasty to return to Nanzhao with Wei Gao's imperial edict and imperial edict.

After learning that the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Nanzhao, Tubo also sent envoys to Nanzhao, accusing Yimou of secretly marrying the Tang Dynasty and undermining the alliance. Yi Mouxun deceived the Tubo emissary: The Tang emissary was originally from Nanzhao, and Wei Gao listened to his return and had no other plans. In order to dispel the doubts of Tubo, Yimou Xun sent Duan to Tubo for interrogation and disposal. However, Tubo was still not at ease, and continued to ask Nanzhao for the minister's son and sent him to Tubo as a hostage. The deteriorating relationship between Tibetans and imperial edicts has become more tense.

At this time, don't let Director Deng dream about sneaking into Tibet. In order to oppose making friends with the Tang Dynasty, he cut off the road from Nanzhao envoys to the Tang Dynasty. In February 792 (the eighth year of Zhenyuan), Wei Gaobing killed Mao Mengchong and reopened the road from the mainland to Nanzhao. The strength of the Tang Dynasty approaching Nanzhao aroused the suspicion of the Tubo people. "Every time Yunnan (Nanzhao) soldiers come to the border, the Tubo people also send troops. They all have corresponding statements. In fact, they are prepared."

In 7921February, Wei Gao wrote another letter, indicating that he would expel Tubo with Nanzhao, and then build a big city on the border, send troops to protect each other and live in the same family forever. At this time, Yi Mouxun's intention to return Tubo to the Tang Dynasty was decided. In May 793 (the ninth year of Zhenyuan), Yi Mouxun sent envoys to Chengdu to see Wei Gao in three ways. "Please abandon Tubo in the Tang Dynasty and keep a high silk book." Wei Gao immediately escorted the Nanzhao envoys to Chang 'an, and Dezong gave Yi Mouxun a letter and ordered Wei Gaoli to send someone to Nanzhao to comfort Yi Mouxun. In the first month of 794 AD (the tenth year of Zhenyuan), Cui Zuoshi, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, joined forces with Yi Mouxun, the king of Nanzhao, in Diancang Mountain near Yangjiao City. The league text shows that Nanzhao surrendered to the Tang Dynasty and fought against Tubo together with the Tang Dynasty. Tang Jun should not interfere in Nanzhao local affairs; Nanzhao returned to the area under the jurisdiction of the original Tang Dynasty, with the iron bridge as the boundary, and each kept its own territory. After the alliance was completed, Yimou sought to behead the Tibetan emissary and abolish the title established by the Tubo. The alliance between Tubo and Nanzhao ended here.

Five, the Buddhism of Muny Zanpu and Chide Songzan.

Shortly after Nanzhao broke with Tubo, Chisong Dêzain died in 797 AD, and his eldest son, Muny Zanpu (762-798, New Tang Book), succeeded him. Munizump, like his father, pursues a policy of fostering Buddhism. Historically, he forced his subjects to give property to Buddhist temples, and issued three decrees before and after to average the wealth of the people, but failed to solve the contradiction between the rich and the poor and polarization of society. The "three equal wealth" forced by Muny Zanpu directly violated the economic rights and interests of aristocratic slave owners. Less than two years in office, he was poisoned by his mother, who represented the interests of the nobility. The murder of Munizump illustrates the fact that the internal struggle of Tibetan slave owners tends to intensify. At that time, slaves in Tubo society were exploited and enslaved to a greater extent. Civilians can't stand the influence of polarization, and many people become slaves. By the end of the 8th century, the class contradictions and struggles in Tibetan society had obviously intensified.

In 798 (in the 14th year of Zhenyuan), Muny Zampa's younger brother Chide Songzan (764-8 15, also known as Sainalei in Tibetan historical records) seized Zampa's position with the help of his master, a monk, Niangzeng Sambu. As soon as Chi Desong praised it, the status of Buddhist monks in the dynasty was greatly improved. They supported Zanpu politically, solved problems for Zanpu, and gained Zanpu's trust. Niang Ding Zeng Sambuyin supported Chide Songzan's meritorious service and became a core figure in mastering Tibetan politics. The Tang people called it "pot solution cloth". The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says that "whoever explains a bowl of cloth is also a national subjugator"; Yuan Gui, a bookstore, called it a "national government monk". This shows its prominent political position. In order to express his willingness to carry forward Buddhism and his reverence for Niangdie Zengsangbu, Chidesongzan issued an affidavit to Niangdie Zengsangbu twice. Chi Desong Zan also formulated a number of regulations, such as Zanpa's learning Buddhism from a monk until he ascended the throne. All subjects of Tubo must believe in Buddhism, and it is forbidden to slander Buddhism by any means, and treat monks with courtesy. In his later years, Chi De Songzan (8 14) also ordered the determination of unified characters for the translation of Buddhist scriptures, which laid the foundation for the standardization of Tibetan characters and the systematization of the translation of Buddhist scriptures.

Since Tubo broke away from Nanzhao, its southern military strength has been weakened. In 799 (the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan), Tubo attacked Nanzhao and Zhangzhou (now Xichang City, Sichuan Province) with 50,000 men, which met with strong resistance from Yi Mouxun and Wei. The soldiers were defeated and retreated to the west, and the generals and men of the southern line of Tubo fell to the Tang Dynasty one after another. In order to get rid of the predicament, the Tubo Northern Line attacked Tang Ling, Yanzhou and Linzhou (now linyou county, Shaanxi). 80 1 year (in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan), Tang Dezong ordered Wei Gao to attack the southern line of Tubo (now northeast of Lixian County, Sichuan Province) and Yazhou to contain Tubo, and Yimou Xun also actively cooperated with Tang Jun's attack. The Tubo sent ministers and five-way envoys to the east to beg Munger 65438+ 10,000 troops to save the peace, and they were defeated. More than half of the soldiers died and Munger was captured.

In order to save the defeat, Chi Desong praised the efforts to develop Buddhism, consolidate the centralization of the royal family and ease class contradictions. He was in charge of state affairs with a bowl of cloth, and he advocated making peace with Tang Dynasty.

In 804 (the twentieth year of Zhenyuan), 54 people, including Qi Ran and a monk, were sent to the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that monks have played a decisive role in the Tubo dynasty at this time. In August10 year (the fifth year of Tang Yuanhe), in the spring calendar, Shi Buniang Ding mourned and increased Sangbu, praising it for "assisting Dafan and Yehe's business", "Si 'anbian" and "Lingxi Jia Bing". I am deeply appreciative of Tubo's proposal to return Anle (now Zhongwei County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), Qin (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province) and Yuan (now Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) in the Tang Dynasty, and look forward to early delivery. By the end of Chi Desong Zan's later years, the relationship between Tang and Fan was greatly improved by Uncle Bu's rule.

Sixth, evergreen group

In 8 15 (the tenth year of Emperor Taizong), Chide Songzan died, and Zichi Zu Dezan (also known as Rebajian in Tibetan historical records and written as Li Kezu in the New Tang Dynasty) succeeded Zampa and was named Yitai. Chizu Dezan is famous for worshipping Buddha in history. He formulated a system in which one person became a monk and seven subjects were responsible for supporting him. He also made a strict and stern law, that is, pointing an evil finger at the monk, cutting off his finger and looking at the monk with evil eyes. He bowed down to the monks, built temples widely, and the dynasty government managed the monk bowl. In order to continue to consolidate the centralization of the royal family and curb the aristocratic forces, Chi Zudezan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty many times to request peace and alliance.

In October of 82 1 year (the first year of Tang Changqing and the seventh year of Tubo Yitai), the Tang-Fan Alliance was established in the western suburbs of Chang 'an. The special envoy of the Tubo Alliance is the Minister of Rites. The Tang Dynasty sent 17 prime ministers, including Cui Zhi, Du Fu, to form an alliance. In May of 822 (the second year of Changqing and the eighth year of Yitai), Liu, the special envoy of the Tang and Qing Dynasties in Dali Temple, led his troops to Tibet and joined forces with Tibetan officials headed by Bozhanbu Bolan Gayundan in the eastern suburbs. Before joining the League, Chi Zudezan received and hosted a banquet for Liu and other Tang envoys. The alliance was promoted from Boshubu to the alliance of altar lords. Traditionally, all members of the alliance have to perform a blood-killing ceremony. Bo Shubu is a monk. He doesn't kill blood, but drinks the remaining gold water as a pledge. After the signing of the alliance, Tubo sent envoys to Chang 'an with Liu, and sent people to (now Daxiahe, Gansu) to gather 100 host generals to read the alliance text and ask them to stick to it.

In 823 (the third year of Changqing and the ninth year of Yitai), the Tang Dynasty and Tubo built monuments in Chang 'an and Luomou respectively, and inscribed the names of their champions on them to commemorate them (according to newspaper records, there is only a monument of Tang Fan in front of Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region). Chang 'an Monument no longer exists). In the text of the alliance, the two sides reaffirmed the friendship of "one family" and decided that in the future, "one country, one root and one leaf", "each keeps its own position and does not invade each other", "smoke and dust cannot afford" and "peace in the countryside". It also stipulated specific matters such as the personnel exchange route and replenishment method between Tang and Fan. On the back of the existing monument of the Tang-Fan League, the relationship between Tang and Fan is also described: the situation that Wencheng and Princess Jincheng married into Tubo in the Tang Dynasty and the war between Tang and Fan has been inconclusive for a long time; He fully affirmed Chizu Dezan, who strongly advocated an alliance with the Tang Dynasty. Objectively speaking, this alliance has temporarily stabilized Tibetan society and Tibet's economy and culture have developed to some extent. On the other hand, for the people of Tang and Fan, this alliance reflects their common desire to end the war and conforms to their common interests. During the period of 100 years from 706 to 822, Tubo and Tang * * * joined the League for eight times, and this is the eighth and last time, which is called "Changqing League" in history, also known as "nephew and uncle and alliance".