Mushroom planting technology

Selection of strains and cultivation techniques 1. Selection of suitable strains Lentinus edodes belongs to low-temperature and variable-temperature edible fungi, which can be divided into five types according to the season of fruiting body occurrence: (1) high-temperature varieties; (2) Medium-temperature varieties; (3) low-temperature varieties; (4) medium and high temperature varieties; (5) low-temperature varieties. In our city, the mushroom interplanting with corn usually produces mushrooms in late spring and early summer, so we should choose high-temperature varieties, such as Wuxiang 1, L26, 50830, etc. 2. Mushroom strains are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary strains, of which the primary and secondary strains are generally inoculated by professional technicians, and the tertiary strains (i.e. cultivated strains) should be cultivated by farmers themselves due to their large seed quantity, considering their own growth and transportation pollution. The third-grade strain should be carried out at the end of 65438+February in the previous year or at the beginning of that year 1 month, with a growth period of 50-60 days, a culture temperature of 20-24℃, a humidity of 60%, dark culture and good ventilation. Generally, there are 2,500 bags of tertiary bacteria per mu (specification: 17×33cm bacterial bags, calculated according to the loss of 10%, the actual dosage per mu is 2,200 bags). * * * Cultivation materials: 2400 kg of sawdust, 240 kg of wheat bran, 240 kg of rice bran, 72 kg of corn flour, 36 kg of sugar, 42 kg of gypsum, etc. Cook for 8 hours. Sowing and mushroom bed management technology 1. Land selection and soil preparation: Choose plots with good irrigation and drainage conditions, sandy loam or humus, and sunny and leeward, preferably east-west plots, and prepare corn and mushroom beds before freezing last year or thawing in early spring of that year. Corn and Lentinus edodes are generally planted according to 1: 1 and arranged in four zones. The width of the mushroom cultivation bed is 60cm, the depth is10cm, the width of the corn row is 60cm, and the working channel is 60cm in the middle of the mushroom bed. 2. Making mushroom cultivation materials The mushroom cultivation materials are mainly hardwood sawdust. Generally, sawdust 1.2 kg, wheat bran 1.000 kg, rice bran 1.000 kg, corn flour 320 kg, urea 42 kg, gypsum 240 kg and carbendazim 1.4 kg per mu. Mix the above culture materials evenly, make the water content of the culture materials reach 55-60%, cook for 8 hours with a special cooker at the high temperature of 98- 100℃, and then spread the seeds when the temperature is lower than 28℃. 3. Mushroom and corn sowing date (1): When the temperature is stable above 5℃, sow mushrooms. Our city can hold around 10 in March. (2) Mushroom sowing: firstly spray the cultivation bed with 10% trichlorfon solution, sprinkle a little lime for disinfection, and then lay a plastic film with a width of 1.5m ×0.0 15mm. When sowing, 2/3 strains of Lentinus edodes are evenly mixed with the cooked culture material and then sown in a plastic film, and 1/3 strains are sown on the ground and compacted to make the mushroom bed flush with the ground. Put the aerated straw on the bed surface at a certain distance, cover it with plastic film, and then cover it with 5- 10cm thick soil. (3) Corn sowing: More than 50 days after mushroom sowing, hyphae can normally grow all over the mushroom bed. At this time, it is necessary to open the covered soil layer and sow corn, which is probably from the end of April to the beginning of May in our city. ① Variety selection: spring maize varieties with good shading performance should be selected, such as Gaoyou 1 15, Agricultural University 108, Tunyu 1 etc. (2) Seeding method: two trees in each hole in two rows, with a distance of 10cm from the mushroom bed, to prevent the root system from arching the plastic film. The spacing between plants is about 30cm, and there are 2,800-3,000 plants per mu, so that after the corn harvest, the leaves can play a role in shading and shading the mushrooms. ③ Adjust the proportion of elements, and apply fertilizer first: fertilization can refer to clear-seeded corn. The base fertilizer can be spread before sowing, that is, when the mushrooms are not peeled, the fertilizer is spread in the corn sowing row, and then the soil is covered to sow the corn. You can also use the method of hole application, that is, furrowing and hole application when corn is sown. The amount of fertilization is slightly less than that of clean-seeded corn. Generally, about 40 kilograms of urea, 25-30 kilograms of diamine and 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate are applied per mu. At seedling stage, basal fertilizer should be applied again or early, the proportion of fertilization in the early stage of nitrogen fertilizer should be 70%, and all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied at the bottom to reduce the number of corn operations. ④ Weeding and pest control in the field are the same as those in ordinary corn fields. 4. Mushrooms are packaged and planted on the arch with curtains. After nearly 40-50 days of culture, hyphae can penetrate the culture material, and the whiteness is even up and down, filling the material surface. At this time, it should be packaged in time to remove the soil covered on the plastic film, and immediately open the plastic film, remove the straw, cover the curtain and keep it for 7- 10 days to promote the growth of mycelium. The packaging time should be chosen in windless, cloudy or morning and evening to avoid long-term exposure of the material surface to the air. When packing, the arch should be propped up, the curtain should be closed, and it must be in place to prevent the material from drying and infection by miscellaneous bacteria. 4. After 7- 10 days of packaging, a few culture materials have begun to change color, indicating that the mushroom bed has entered the management of color change period. The purpose is to form a layer of brown fungus skin on the surface of mushroom bed, which acts like bark, can protect the internal hyphae and improve the resistance of fungus material to adverse environment. During discoloration, the mycelium of Lentinus edodes needs to grow under scattered light. Pay attention to avoid direct sunlight, require good ventilation, and keep the humidity of mushroom bed at 60-70%. The specific methods are: uncover the straw curtain every morning and evening, open the plastic film, ventilate, soak up the moisture in the bed area with sponge in time, remove the diseased block, do a good job of disinfection, and cover the plastic film and straw curtain after ventilation for 2 hours to promote the discoloration of hyphae. Generally, the discoloration period is more than 20-30 days, so it is not appropriate to rush. When the bed surface turns into brown skin, it can enter the fruiting period. Mushrooms sometimes appear during discoloration, so they should be harvested in time and do not leave mushroom feet. Note that after the color conversion period is completed, in case of windy weather, plastic film should be covered to prevent excessive water loss and dry the surface of the material. 5. Management technology of fruiting period (1) If the temperature and yield of mushroom mycelium change properly after fruiting period, it can be fruiting. However, due to the high temperature in our city at this time (mid-June), the mycelium was dormant due to the high temperature, and Pleurotus ostreatus did not appear until around the beginning of July, and did not enter the peak of fruiting until the beginning of August. From July-65438+1mid-October, there can be 6 mushroom tides in our city, each lasting for one week, with an interval of 7 days, and mushrooms can be produced again. August-September after autumn is the peak of mushroom production, with an average of twice a month. The total output of 6-crop mushrooms in that year can reach 2500 kg, and from mid-March to the end of April the following year, it can produce 1-2-crop mushrooms with a yield of 400-500 kg. It can produce about 3000 kilograms of mushrooms in two years. (2) Mushroom bed management The key to mushroom production management is shading and moisturizing. After the color change is completed, the plastic film is always open, but the shade must be tightly covered and ventilated with the mushroom picking. Also pay attention to picking mushrooms in time. (1) Water management: keep the humidity of the culture medium at 55-60%, and generally water each mushroom after harvesting. The water source should be clean, preferably pollution-free groundwater. It is forbidden to flood with water. The surface of the mushroom bed should be sprayed with a sprinkler or watering can, and the water required per mu is about 3000 kg (50 loads). The test method is that the culture can be soaked in water and held by hand, and water stains can occur. ② Temperature difference control: The temperature difference between day and night is controlled at about 65,438 00℃ by covering with straw curtains. Generally, the straw curtain is removed at 4 pm and covered at 8 am the next day. (3) Lighting management: using straw curtains to strengthen lighting management and improve the quality of shiitake mushrooms. The method is to open the straw curtain when the sun just comes out in the morning or after sunset in the afternoon and accept the stimulation of scattered light. ④ Timely disinfection and sterilization. When there is water on the bed surface, it should be cleaned with sponge in time, and when bacterial infection occurs, it should be disinfected with chloramphenicol and clotrimazole. (3) Harvest Management Mushrooms must be harvested at any time after they grow up. Generally, it is picked in July and August when it is ripe. At this time, the mushroom membrane has been broken, the mushroom lid has not been fully unfolded, the mushroom edges have been rolled in, and the mushroom folds have been fully unfolded, which is the most suitable harvesting time for mushrooms. ① Harvest time: before 10 in the morning and from 3 pm to before dark, generally twice a day. (2) Picking standard: 78% ripe, fresh mushrooms can't be covered with umbrellas, and the diameter is 4-7cm. (3) Harvesting method: Hold the mushroom root with thumb and forefinger, rotate it left and right first, and then gently pull it up after leaving the material surface, so as not to damage the small mushroom buds or leave the mushroom residues in the bed material to prevent the material from rotting. Be careful not to take out the culture material and cut it with a knife to avoid being contaminated by germs. Iii. Overwintering management 1 1 After that, Pleurotus ostreatus began to enter overwintering management. Lentinus edodes strains can generally resist the low temperature of -40℃, so the overwintering management is mainly covered with soil and grass, and the thickness is 10- 15cm. 4. The mushrooms are managed to overwinter normally in the early spring of the following year, and after gasification in the next spring, the plastic film can be removed and opened for mushroom production management. Our city is about March 10. Generally, no special management is needed, but if the surface of the material is short of water, it is necessary to replenish water, in the same way as in the first year. March 1 0-May1,mushrooms can be produced one after another per mu 1000 kg. 5. Benefit Analysis of Three-dimensional Planting of Corn and Lentinus edodes (1) Economic Benefit 1. In those years, the investment and benefit of Lentinus edodes were generally around 5,000 yuan (including investment in fixed assets), and the investment in reproduction was 4,000 yuan per mu. Generally, six stubbles of mushrooms can be produced in that year, and the yield per mu can reach 2500 Jin. Based on the selling price of 4-6 yuan/kg, the output value is 1.0- 1.5 million yuan, and the net income is 5,000-6,000 yuan. In the spring of the following year, 400-500 kilograms of Lentinus edodes can be produced, the output value can reach about 1500-2000 yuan, and the total income per mu can reach 7000 yuan. 2. Corn yield and benefit