Explanation of Xiang Yu's biographical notes

I'm a junior, with a feather. He was twenty-four years old when the uprising began. Xiang Ji's uncle is Xiang Liang, and Xiang Liang's father is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu who was killed by the Qin general Wang Jian. Xiang's family has been a general of Chu for generations, and he was sealed in Xiang's land, so he was surnamed Xiang.

Xiang Ji learned to write and read when he was young, but he stopped learning without academic achievement. He studied fencing again, but he didn't succeed. Xiang Liang was very angry with him. Xiang Ji said: "Writing can be used to remember names; Fencing can only be used against one person, and it is not worth learning. I want to learn the ability to defeat ten thousand people. " So Xiang Liang taught Xiang Ji the art of war. Xiang Ji was very happy, but he just understood a little about the art of war and refused to learn it to the end. Xiang Liang was once arrested and imprisoned by Yang County of Quercus (yuè, Yue) because of his involvement in the crime. He asked Cao Qian, the prisoner of Qi County (yuàn, Wish), to write a love letter to Sima Xin, the prisoner of Quercus, and the matter was settled. Later, Xiang Liang killed another man. In order to avoid his enemies, he fled to Wuzhong County with Xiang Ji. Wu Zhongjun's talented scholar-officials are not as good as Xiang Liang's. Whenever there is a large-scale corvee or funeral in Wuzhong County, Xiang Liang often acts as the organizer, and secretly uses the art of war to arrange and organize guests and young people, so as to understand their talents. When Qin Shihuang visited Huiji County and crossed Zhejiang, Xiang Liang and Xiang Ji went to watch it together. Xiang Ji said, "That man, I can replace him!" Xiang Liang quickly covered his mouth and said, "Don't talk nonsense, copy it all over the door!" But Xiang Liang felt that Xiang Ji was very unusual. Xiang Ji is more than eight feet tall, powerful and talented. Even the local young people in Wuzhong are afraid of him.

in July of the first year of Qin Ershi (29 BC), Chen She and others revolted in Daze township. In September of that year, Shouyin Tong of Huiji County said to Xiang Liang, "All the western parts of the great river have rebelled, and this is also the time when God will destroy the Qin Dynasty. I heard that you can control others if you are one step ahead, and you will be controlled if you are one step behind. I'm going to fight against Qin and let you and Huan Chu lead the army. " At that time, Huan Chu was fleeing in the grass. Xiang Liang said: "Huan Chu is on the run, and no one else knows his whereabouts, only Xiang Ji knows." So Xiang Liang went out and told Xiang Yu to wait outside with a sword, then came in and sat down with Yin Tong, the county magistrate, and said, "Please let me call Xiang Ji in and let him be ordered to call Huan Chu." The sheriff said, "All right!" Xiang Liang called Xiang Ji in. After a short stay, Xiang Liang winked at Xiang Ji and said, "It's time to act!" So Xiang Ji drew his sword and beheaded the chief. Xiang Liang carried the chief's head in his hand and hung the chief's official seal. The chief's men were greatly alarmed and in chaos. Xiang Ji killed one hundred people in a row. The whole county government was so scared that no one dared to get up. Xiang Liang called the familiar strongmen and officials and explained to them that the uprising was against Qin, so he launched the uprising of Wu Zhongzhi's soldiers. Xiang Liang sent people to receive Wuzhong County's subordinate counties, and * * * got 8, chosen men. He also deployed heroes in the county and sent them to be a captain, Hou and Sima respectively. One of them was not appointed and came to Xiang Liang to complain. Xiang Liang said, "A few days ago, a family held a funeral. I asked you to do something, but you didn't succeed, so you can't be appointed." Everyone was very respectful. So Xiang Liang made a guard of Huiji County, with Xiang Ji as the lieutenant, and went on a tour to occupy subordinate counties.

At this time, Guangling people called Ping to patrol and occupy Guangling for Wang Chen, but Guangling did not surrender. Zhao Ping heard that Chen Wangbing was defeated and retreating, and that Chi was coming soon, so he crossed the Yangtze River under the pretext of Chen Wangbing's orders and worshipped Xiang Liang as the pillar country of the King of Chu. Zhao Ping said, "The land of Jiangdong has been settled, so lead troops to attack Qin in the west." Xiang Liang led 8, people to cross the Yangtze River and March westward. Hearing that Chen Ying had occupied Dongyang, Xiang Liang sent messengers to Dongyang, hoping to join forces with Chen Ying to March westward. Chen Ying, a former commander of Dongyang County, has always been honest and cautious in the county, and people praise him as a loyal and honest person. Young people in Dongyang killed the county magistrate, gathered thousands of people, wanted to elect a leader, and did not find a suitable candidate, so they came to invite Chen Ying. Chen Ying refused to say that she was incapable, so they forced Chen Ying to be the leader, and there were 2, people following in the county. Those young people want to simply make Chen Ying king. In order to distinguish themselves from other armies, they wrap their heads in green towels to show that they are a new rebel army. Chen Ying's mother said to Chen Ying, "Since I became the daughter-in-law of your Chen family, I have never heard that there are dignitaries in your Chen family. Now that you suddenly have such a big reputation, I am afraid it is not an auspicious sign. In my opinion, it is better to belong to whom, and you can be sealed if you succeed, and it is easy to escape if you fail, because then you will not be the person who is noticed by the world. " Chen Ying listened to her mother and didn't dare to be king. He said to the military officials, "Xiang has been a great general for generations and is a famous family in Chu." Now, if we want the uprising to become a great event, we have to be a family member. We rely on the famous family, and the demise of the Qin Dynasty is certain. " So the army obeyed him and turned the army into Xiang Liang's. Xiang Liang crossed the Huaihe River and marched northward. General Qing Bu and Pu also led troops to Xiang Liang. In this way, Xiang Liang total * * * with 67 thousand people, stationed in the next Pi (p: and, batch).

By this time, Qin Jia had established Jingju as the king of Chu, stationed in the east of Pengcheng, trying to stop Xiang Liang from moving westward. Xiang Liang said to his men, "Wang Chen started the uprising first, and the battle didn't go well. I don't know where he is now. Now Qin Jia has betrayed King Chen and made Jingju King of Chu, which is a big violation. " So he marched against Qin Jia. Qin Jia's army fled after defeat, and Xiang Liang led his troops to chase after Hu Ling. Qin Jia turned to Xiang Liang and fought for a day. Qin Jia died and the troops surrendered. Jingju fled to Liangdi and died there. Xiang Liang received Qin Jia's troops, stationed in Huling, and prepared to lead the army to attack Qin in the west. Zhang Han, the commander of the Qin Dynasty, led an army to Li County, and Xiang Liang faction sent Zhu Jishi and Yu Fanjun to fight Zhang Han. As a result, Yu Fanjun died in battle, Zhu Jishi was defeated and fled back to Huling. Xiang Liang then led troops into Xue County and killed Zhu Jishi. Prior to this, Xiang Liang had sent Xiang Yu to attack Xiangcheng, but Xiangcheng persisted and refused to surrender. After Xiang Ji captured Xiangcheng, he buried all the soldiers and civilians there alive, and then came back to report to Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang heard that Chen Wang was really dead, so he called a party in Xue County in the future to discuss important matters. At this time, Pei Gong also arose in Pei County and was called to Xue County to attend the party.

Fan Zeng, who lives in cháo, is 7 years old. He has always been an official at home, and he likes to think about strange ideas. He came to lobby Xiang Liang and said, "Chen Sheng should have failed. Qin destroyed the six countries, and Chu was the most innocent. Since Chu Huaiwang was cheated into Qin and didn't return, Chu people are still sympathetic to him; Therefore, Chu Nangong said,' Even if there are only three families left in Chu, it must be Chu who perished in Qin'. Now the Chen Sheng uprising, instead of establishing the descendants of Chu, will stand on their own feet as kings, which will definitely not last long. Now that you are fighting in Jiangdong, so many soldiers in Chu are flying like bees, vying to join you. It is because Xiang has been a general of Chu for generations that he will be able to re-establish the descendants of Chu as kings. " Xiang Liang thought Fan Zeng's words made sense, so he went to the folk to look for Chu Huaiwang's grandson Xiong Xin. At this moment, Xiong Xin was herding sheep. After Xiang Liang found him, he made him Chu Huaiwang by copying his grandfather's posthumous title, in order to comply with the wishes of the people of Chu. Chen Ying was the pillar country of Chu, and gave him five counties, assisting Huai Jiandu to look for Taiwan (x ū y, Xu Yi). Xiang Liang himself called Wu Xinjun.

a few months later, Xiang Liang led his troops to attack Kang Fu (gāngfǔ incarnation, Gang Fu), and together with the troops of Tian Rong and Sima Long Qie (jū, Ju), he went to rescue Dong A and defeated Qin Jun in Dong A.. Tian Rong immediately led his troops back to the State of Qi, driving away the King of Qi's holiday. Fake escape to Chu. Fake Xiangtian Cape fled to Zhao. Tian Jiao's younger brother Tian Tian was originally a general of the State of Qi. He stayed in Zhao and dared not come back to the State of Qi. Tian Rong made Tian Shi, the son of Tian Yan (dān, Dan), king of Qi. After Xiang Liang captured Qin Jun near Dong 'e, he went to pursue the defeated army of Qin. He repeatedly sent messengers to urge Qi to send troops, hoping to join forces with Qi to March westward. Tian Rong said, "Chu killed Tian fake, and Zhao killed Tian jiao and the field before I sent troops." Xiang Liang said: "Tian is the king of our allies. I have no choice but to follow me. I can't bear to kill him." Zhao refused to kill Tian Jiao and come to the field to make a deal with Qi. Qi always refused to send troops to help the Chu army. Xiang Liang sent Pei Gong and Xiang Yu to attack Chengyang and slaughtered the county. And westward, defeated Qin Jun in the east of Puyang, and Qin packed up the defeated troops and retreated to Puyang City. Pei Gong and Xiang Yu went to fight Dingtao. Dingtao was not laid, but he left Dingtao and marched west, taking cities along the way to Yongqiu, defeating Qin Jun and killing Li You. Then I turned around and attacked Waihuang, but I didn't take it.

Xiang Liang started from Dong 'e and went west. When he arrived in Dingtao, he had defeated Qin Jun twice, and Xiang Yu and others had killed Li You, so he despised Qin Jun even more and gradually showed his pride. Song Yi admonished Xiang Liang, saying, "If you win a battle, the generals will be proud and the soldiers will be lazy. Such an army must suffer defeat. Now the foot soldiers are a little lazy, and the Qin army is increasing day by day. I am worried for you! " Xiang Liang didn't listen, but sent Song Yi to Qi. On the way, Song Yi met Gao Lingjun Xian, an envoy of the State of Qi, and asked, "Are you going to see Wu Xinjun?" The answer is: "Yes." Song Yi said: "In my opinion, Wu Xinjun's army is bound to fail. If you walk slowly, you can avoid physical death, and if you walk fast, you will catch up with the disaster. " As expected, the Qin Dynasty mobilized all its troops to reinforce Zhang Han and attack the Chu army. In Dingtao, the Chu army was defeated and Xiang Liang died. Pei Gong and Xiang Yu left Waihuang to attack Chen Liu, but Chen Liu persisted and could not attack. Pei Gong and Xiang Yu discussed together and said, "Now Xiang Liang's army has been defeated, and the foot soldiers are very scared." Just retreat eastward with Lv Chen's army. Lv Chen's army was stationed in the east of Pengcheng, Xiang Yu's army was stationed in the west of Pengcheng, and Pei Gong's army was stationed in dàng County.

after defeating Xiang Liang's army, Zhang Han thought that Chu's army was not worth worrying about, so he crossed the Yellow River and attacked Zhao, and defeated Zhao. At that time, Zhao Xie was king and Chen Yu was general. Zhang Er, as a country, fled into the great Lucheng. Zhang Han ordered the king to leave and surround Julu. His army was stationed in the south of Julu, and a tunnel with walls on both sides was built to convey food and grass to them. As a general of Zhao, Chen Yu led tens of thousands of foot soldiers stationed in the north of Julu. This is the so-called Hebei Army.

After the defeat of Dingtao, the Chu army was afraid of the king, and went to Pengcheng from Xutai to merge the armies of Xiang Yu and Lv Chen to take command personally. Lv Chen was appointed as Stuart, and Lv Chen's father Lv Qing was appointed as Lingyin. Pei Gong was appointed as the governor of Dang County and Hou of Wu 'an to command the troops of Dang County.

Earlier, Gao Lingjun Xian, the envoy of Qi State whom Song Yi met on the road, was in the Chu army. He asked for the king of Chu and said, "Song Yi had guessed that Wu Xinjun's army was bound to fail, and within a few days, it was defeated. When the army is not fighting, it can see the signs of failure in advance, which can be called knowing how to use troops. " Chu Huaiwang summoned Song Yi to discuss military affairs with him and appreciated him very much, so he was appointed as a general. Xiang Yu was Lu Gong, the second general, and Fan Zeng was the last general to rescue Zhao Guo. All other generals were subordinate to Song Yi, so-called Qingzi champion. The troops arrived in Anyang and stayed for 46 days without moving forward. Xiang Yu said: "I heard that Qin Jun surrounded the King of Zhao in the Great Lucheng. We should lead troops to cross the Yellow River as soon as possible. The Chu army attacked from the outside and the Zhao army met inside. It is certain that Qin Jun will be defeated." Song Yi said: "I don't think so. A gadfly that can bite a big cow can't hurt a small tick. Now that Qin has attacked Zhao and won, the foot soldiers will be tired; We can take advantage of their fatigue; If we can't win, we will lead the troops to roll drums and March westward, and we will surely annihilate Qin Jun. Therefore, it is better to let Qin and Zhao fight first. I can't compare with you, Song Yi, if we fight bravely on the front line with strong armor and sharp soldiers. If you sit in the military account and make strategic decisions, you can't compare with my Song Yi. " So he ordered the whole army: "Anyone who is fierce like a tiger, disobedient like a sheep, greedy like a wolf, and stubborn and disobedient will be killed." He also sent his son, Song Xiang, to the State of Qi as the prime minister, and personally delivered it to salt-free, prepared a wine banquet, and invited guests to the conference. At that time, it was cold and raining heavily, and the foot soldiers were cold and hungry. Xiang Yu said to the soldiers, "We all wanted Qi Xin to attack Qin Jun together, but he stayed for a long time without moving forward. Now it is catching up with the famine, the people are poor, the soldiers eat taro mixed with beans, and there is no food in the army. Instead of leading troops to cross the river to get food from Zhao, he attacked Qin with Zhao Heli, but said, "Take advantage of Qin Jun's fatigue." With the strength of Qin State to attack the newly built Zhao State, the situation must be that Qin State takes Zhao State. When the state of Zhao is captured, the state of Qin will become more powerful. At that time, what can we talk about using the exhaustion of the state of Qin? Besides, our army has just lost the battle, and the king Huai is restless, and all the ranks in the territory have been paid to the general alone, and the safety of the country is at stake. However, the general did not sympathize with the soldiers, but sent his son to Qi State for personal gain. This time, he was not a real virtuous minister of the country. " Xiang Yu went to see the general Song Yi in the morning, beheaded him in the army account, and came out to give orders to the army, saying, "Song Yi and Qi conspired against Chu, and the king of Chu ordered me to put him to death." At this time, the generals were all afraid of Xiang Yu, and no one dared to resist. They all said, "The first thing that helped the State of Chu to stand up was a general's family. Now it is the general who has wiped out the rebel minister. " So everyone made Xiang Yu as the agent of the general. Xiang Yu sent someone to chase Song Yi's son, chased him to the territory of Qi and killed him. Xiang Yu sent Huan Chu to report to Huai Wang. Chu Huaiwang had no choice but to make Xiang Yu a general, and Dangyang Jun and General Pu all belonged to Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu killed Qingzi, the champion, and made a great impact on Chu, making him famous as a vassal. He first sent Dangyang Jun and General Pu to lead 2, people to cross the Zhanghe River to rescue Julu. There were only a few small victories in the war, and Chen Yu came to ask for reinforcements. Xiang Yu led all the troops to cross the Zhanghe River, sank all the ships, smashed all the pots and bowls, burned all the barracks, and only brought three days' dry food to show the foot soldiers that they must fight to the death, with no return. When the troops arrived at the front line, they surrounded Wang Li, met Qin Jun and fought many times, blocked the tunnel built by Qin Jun, defeated Qin Jun, killed Su Jiao and captured Wang Li. He refused to surrender and died of self-immolation. At this time, the Chu army was stronger than the princes, and the princes and armies who came to rescue the giant deer built more than a dozen camps, and no one dared to send troops to fight. When the Chu army attacked Qin Jun, they all just watched from the camp. The soldiers of the Chu army were all invincible, and the soldiers screamed loudly, and the vassal soldiers were frightened. After defeating Qin Jun, Xiang Yu summoned the governors and generals. When they entered the military gate, they all walked forward on their knees, and no one dared to look up. Since then, Xiang Yu has really become the general of the princes, and all the princes are subordinate to him.

Zhang Han's army was stationed in the spine, and Xiang Yu's army was stationed in the south of Zhanghe River. The two armies confronted each other but did not fight. Due to Qin Jun's repeated retreat, Qin Ershi sent someone to ask Zhang Han. Zhang Han was afraid and sent Sima Xin, a long history, back to the imperial court to ask for instructions on business. When Sima Xin arrived in Xianyang, he stayed in Sima Men outside the palace for three days, but Zhao Gao didn't meet him, so he was distrustful. Sima Xin, a long history, was very scared. He hurried back to the original army, but he didn't dare to follow the original road. Zhao Gao sent someone to chase him, but he didn't catch up. Sima Xin returned to the army and reported to Zhang Han: "Zhao Gao monopolized the power in the imperial court, and the following people could not do anything. Now that the battle can be won, Zhao Gao must be jealous of our exploits; If we can't fight, we will die. I hope you will seriously consider this situation! " At this time, Chen Yu also wrote a letter to Zhang Han, saying, "Bai Qi, as a general of the State of Qin, went south to levy.