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Chinese name: white-lipped deer

Common names in China: Rock Deer, White-nosed Deer, Yellow Deer and "Hama" (Tibetan).

Latin scientific name: white stork

English name: white-lipped deer

Classification:

Portal: Chordata (Chordata)

Class: Mammals

Objective: Artiodactyla.

Family: Cervidae.

Genus: deer (axis)

[Edit this paragraph] Appearance characteristics

This is a large deer, similar in size to water deer and red deer. Lips and chin are white, hence the name "white-lipped deer", which is a unique animal in China.

Weighing more than 200 Jin, body length 1.55 m to 1.9 m, shoulder height 1.2 m to 1.45 m, hip height 1. 15 m to/kloc-0. When standing, the shoulders are slightly higher than the hips. Ears are long and sharp. Bucks have antlers, usually with five forks, and some elderly males can reach six forks. The eyebrow branch is far from the secondary branch, the secondary branch is longer, and the main branch is slightly flat. Because its horn fork is particularly wide and flat, it is also called Boxer Deer. The doe has no horns, a bare nose, and her upper and lower lips, nose and mandible are pure white all the year round. There are yellowish spots on the buttocks.

Hair: There are differences in coat and color tone between winter and summer. In winter, the coat is thick, slightly thick and elastic, with straight hair type and slightly curved hair tip, and the whole body is uniformly yellowish brown. The chest, abdomen and inner limbs are milky white or brownish white, the lower ends of limbs are brownish brown, and the buttocks are yellowish white. In summer, the coat is thin and dense, and the color of the whole body is changeable, such as brown, taupe or taupe, and the buttocks are brown or tawny. The born deer lamb has soft fur and irregular spots on its light brown back.

The biology department of Qinghai Normal University observed and studied the fur morphology of white-lipped deer. The results show that its fur is only composed of needle hair. The hair diameter of needle hair is very thick; The medulla is extremely developed, and the medulla index is as high as 96%. The shape of medulla is honeycomb grid; The cortex has degenerated. Needle wool has strong thermal insulation, which is one of the important characteristics to adapt to cold environment.

[Edit this paragraph] Distribution scope

It is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and distributed in Qinghai, Gansu, western Sichuan and eastern Tibet. Sichuan starts from Nanping to Wenchuan in the south, from Baoxing and Jiulong to Muli in the west, and extends to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the northwest of Sichuan, covering about 28 counties. Gansu is located in Sunan and Subei in the west and Maqu County in Gannan in the east of Qilian Mountain. Qinghai is distributed in the Qilian Mountain area from the west of Qilian Mountain to Yushu Prefecture, between Kunlun Mountain and Tanggula Mountain. In Tibet, Hoh Xil is only distributed between Tuotuo River in the southeast and the eastern end of Wulan Wula Mountain, and it is distributed on the banks of Tongtian River and Zharigana in the periphery of the reserve.

[Edit this paragraph] Living environment

Typical mountain animals in alpine areas are distributed in mountain shrubs and alpine meadows at an altitude of 3500 -5 100 meters, especially in forest line areas. At present, there are semi-wild farming in the distribution area, and the number of wild white-lipped deer is small.

[Edit this paragraph] Living habits

Gramineae and Cyperaceae are the main foods of white-lipped deer, but their food proportion and composition also change with different habitats. Like to live in groups, except mating season, both male and female adults move in groups and roam in a certain range of foothills, plains, open valleys and mountains all the year round. They are mainly active in the morning and when they faint, and spend most of the day lying in secluded places to rest and ruminate. In the months with higher temperature, they live in areas with higher altitude, and then slowly move to lower places to live as the temperature drops after September. When frightened, the stag runs high and the female deer runs low.

During the period of 1986, China and Japan made a preliminary observation on the feeding habits and reproduction of white-lipped deer in Yushu, Guoluo, Qinghai and Ganzi, Sichuan. It is found that white-lipped deer feed on 62 species of plants belonging to 24 families, among which 24 species are the favorite.

[Edit this paragraph] Growth and reproduction

Breeding is once a year, and the breeding period is from September to-10/0. There is fierce competition between males, and antlers are often broken. Be pregnant for about 8 months, and give birth to a baby in May-June of the following year. Each fetus gave birth to 1, and the young deer had white spots. Sexually mature at the age of 3-4, with a life span of about 20 years. The female deer can participate in reproduction at the age of 3, while the male deer can only participate in mating at the age of 5. Long hair falls off once a year. Velvet antler has a high yield and is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine.

Institute of Northwest Plateau Biology, China Academy of Sciences (Cai Guiquan; Liu Yongsheng) shows that adult white-lipped deer usually move separately, and only when the mating season comes, the mixed population migrates from the warm season habitat to the wintering habitat, and finally forms a mating group. However, the boundaries between mating groups are clear, and males dominate other members of the group. The mating period is about 8 1 day, and the mating peak is from the end of September to the end of 10, which lasts for 24 days. When the weather changes suddenly, such as heavy snow, it will disturb its normal life, which is manifested by the change of habitat and the cessation of feeding or mating.

[Edit this paragraph] Population situation

1883, Russian explorer Pugwar-Ski obtained specimens in Danghe South Mountain, Subei County, Gansu Province. 1927, Allen, USA, obtained a specimen in Batang, Sichuan, which has attracted extensive attention from international zoologists since then. Except for a pair of Sri Lankan deer presented by China in the early 1970s and a pair of Nepalese deer presented in the early 1980s, other countries have never obtained this kind of deer which is a special product of China.

It is found in the west of Qilian Mountain, passing through Kunlun Mountain and Tanggula Mountain to Hengduan Mountain, with a wide range of activities. There are only a few large deer herds in each mountain, especially in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet provinces. Sichuan shiqu county 1500-2000, Dege 200, Baiyu 3000. Tibet 134 Jiangda, Linzhi 300. It is estimated that there are about 7000 deer. At present, the distribution area and quantity of white-lipped deer are decreasing sharply.

It has been listed in the national key protected wildlife list I to be protected, and hunting in some areas has been effectively controlled. From less than 50 in the early 1990s to 80-89 in 1997. The existing reserves of white-lipped deer are Xinluhai Reserve in Sichuan and Yanchiwan Reserve in Gansu.

In 2003, the world's largest wild population of white-lipped deer was found in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with a total number of more than 5,000.

Risk factor

Deer resources are in a state of self-destruction. Hunting has never stopped since 1958. Feeding the hunted newborn deer has a great influence on the growth of wild population. Most of the distribution areas of white-lipped deer belong to pastoral areas. Due to the expansion of animal husbandry and the degradation of grassland, their activities, food base and distribution have been seriously affected, resulting in the island-like edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the lack of gene communication between communities, and the gradual failure of heredity.

[Edit this paragraph] Protection level

Red Book Endangered Level: Endangered (E)

Protection level: national first-class protected animals.

IUCN rating: vulnerable

Endangered Species Convention: Not included.

red deer

Name: Red Deer

Latin scientific name: red deer

English name: red deer

Chinese aliases: red deer, octagonal deer and white-waisted deer.

Protection level: national second-class protected animals

Classification: mammals, Artiodactyla, ruminants, suborder, Cervidae.

[Edit this paragraph] Appearance characteristics

Body length: about 180 cm.

Angle length: about1m.

Life expectancy: 16 ~ 18 years.

Shoulder height: shoulder height 1 10 ~ 130 cm.

Weight: Adult males weigh about 200 kg, and females weigh about 150 kg.

Form:

Red deer is a kind of large deer, second only to moose, so it is named because it looks like a fine horse. Females are smaller than males. The head and face are long, there are infraorbital glands, and the ears are large and conical. The nose is bare, and the sides and lips are pure brown. The forehead and head are dark brown, and the cheeks are light brown. Long neck and long limbs. Big hoof, long side kick touching the ground. The tail is very short. Red deer's horns are very big, only males have them, and the bigger the individual, the bigger the horn. Female animals only have raised ridges in the corresponding parts.

[Edit this paragraph] Distribution

Red deer is widely distributed in the world, such as the Himalayas in central and southern Europe, North America, northern Africa, eastern Russia, Mongolia, North Korea and Asia. In China, it is distributed in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hohhot in Inner Mongolia and Helan Mountain in Ningxia. The wild populations in Beijing, Xinzhou, Shanxi, Lintan, Gansu, Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai and Xinjiang were extinct at the beginning of this century.

[Edit this paragraph] Population difference

Due to different habitats, there are some differences in morphology of red deer, which are divided into 23 subspecies in the world. Among them, the North American subspecies living in North America is also called North American red deer, which is the largest, and some individuals weigh more than 400 kilograms. There are about 7-9 subspecies of red deer in China, most of which are endemic to China.

[Edit this paragraph] Species status

There are still a certain number of red deer in China, and there may be nearly 65,438+10,000 in Heilongjiang and Jilin. However, due to the excessive killing of larvae and the loss of habitat, the crisis has gradually emerged, especially in Xinjiang and Tarim, where the wild population has dropped from 15000 to 4000-5000. Altai red deer decreased from 6,543.8+million in 1970s to about 40,000. The wild Tianshan red deer is decreasing at a rate of about 3000 per year. If this situation continues, the wild red deer in Yili Valley will soon face the danger of extinction.

[Edit this paragraph] Particularity

Males have horns, which are generally divided into 6 or 8 forks, and some can reach 9 ~ 10 forks. The eyebrow fork is born at the base and extends obliquely forward, almost at right angles to the trunk; The trunk is long and leans backward, and the second fork is close to the eyebrow fork, which is called "fork-to-fork" because of its short distance. It is also different from the horns of sika deer and white-lipped deer. The distance between the third fork and the second fork is large, and then the trunk will be divided into 2 ~ 3 forks. The base of each branch is flat, and there are dense small protrusions and a few shallow grooves on the surface of the trunk.

[Edit this paragraph] Coat color

In summer, hair is short, there is no fluff, and the whole body is reddish brown; The back is deep and the abdomen is shallow, so it is called "red deer"; Winter wool is thick and fluffy, and its color is gray-brown. Hip spots are large, brown, yellow ochre or white. Red deer is a subspecies of western Sichuan. It is also called "white-waisted deer" because of its black back and large yellow and white spots on its buttocks, covering the whole buttocks.

[Edit this paragraph] Living habits

Red deer belongs to the northern forest grassland dwellers, but its habitat environment is extremely diverse due to its large distribution range. Northeast red deer inhabit mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, forest grasslands or woodlands in low-altitude valleys. White-waisted deer mainly inhabit the alpine shrub meadow and the edge of fir forest at an altitude of 3500-5000 meters; In Xinjiang, Tarim red deer inhabits the arid shrubs, Populus euphratica forests and sparse grasslands with water sources in the west of Lop Nur area. In addition, red deer often change their living environment with different seasons and geographical conditions, but white-waisted deer generally do not migrate horizontally for a long time, especially in summer, and only move in a narrow range between several "sleeping nests", which is often called "mountain deer" by locals. Among the various factors of habitat selection, hidden conditions, richness of water and food are the most important indicators. It especially likes bushes, grasslands and other environments, which is not only conducive to concealment, but also has better food conditions and concealment conditions. However, if the food is poor, it can also move in deserts, reed grasslands and farmland. Red deer are more active during the day, especially around dawn. They feed on hundreds of trees, shrubs and herbs. They often drink mineral water, lick salty wetlands and even eat mud. In summer, they sometimes bathe in swamps and shallow waters. Usually, they often act alone or in small groups. Group members include females and young, and adult males live in groups alone, or several live in groups together. Red deer's natural enemies are bears, leopards, jackals, wolves, lynxes and other beasts, but they can also fight predators because they are alert, fast-running, sensitive to hearing and smell, strong, and have huge horns as weapons.

living environment

Living in alpine forests or grassland areas. Like to live in groups. Summer is mostly in the evening and early morning, and winter is mostly in the daytime. Good at running and swimming. Feed on all kinds of grass, leaves, twigs, bark and fruits, and like to lick salt and alkali. September ~ 10 month estrus mating, pregnant for more than 8 months, each child 1 litter. Pilose antler is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine with high yield. Deer fetus, deer whip, deer tail and deer tendon are also valuable tonics. Red deer is widely farmed in China.

physiological characteristic

The estrus of red deer is concentrated in September ~ 65438+10 every year. At this time, males seldom eat, often scrape the soil with their hooves, urinate frequently, hit the trunk with their horns, break or break the bark, and make a roar. At the beginning, the cry was not high, mostly at night, and at the climax, I yelled day and night. During estrus, the struggle between male animals is also fierce, almost day and night, endless. But in battle, the weak usually don't stick to it when they can't stand it, but retreat, and the strong won't pursue it. Only when the two sides are evenly matched will one or both sides' horns be broken and even cause serious and fatal trauma. The winning male can have more than one female. During estrus, the female's infraorbital gland opens and secretes a special smell, often wagging her tail and urinating. Estrus generally lasts 2 ~ 3 days, and the sexual cycle is 7 ~ 12 days. The gestation period of female animals is 225 ~ 262 days, and they give birth in hidden places such as bushes and high grasslands, and each fetus usually gives birth to 1 offspring. The newborn cub has yellow-brown hair with white spots and weighs 10 ~ 12 kg. They are very weak in the first 2 ~ 3 days, so they can only lie down and seldom move. After 5 ~ 7 days, they began to follow the mother animals. The lactation period is 3 months, and rumination occurs at 1 month. At the age of 12 ~ 14 months, the non-bifurcation angle began to grow, and in the third year, it divided into 2 ~ 3 branches. Sexually mature at 3 ~ 4 years old, with a life span of 16 ~ 18 years.

[Edit this paragraph] subspecies

Norwegian red deer (C.E. Atlantis)

Babari deer/North African red deer

Corsican red deer

West African red deer or Swedish red deer/Scandinavian red deer

Central European red deer

Scottish red deer

Spanish red deer

Eastern European red deer or Crimean red deer/Caucasian red deer/Malar

Twin-humped deer or bukhara deer

Shache deer or Tarim red deer (C.E. Yarkandensis) in Tarim red deer.

Kashmiri Buck or Korean of Kashmiri Red Deer (Lu Hang)

Tibetan red deer or Walich deer/longevity (C.E. Walich)

Sichuan deer or McNeil deer/Gansu red deer

Some experts believe that Canadian red deer is an independent species, not a subspecies of red deer. If Canadian red deer is a subspecies of red deer, there is one more subspecies in the list of red deer subspecies: Canadian red deer (C. e. canadensis). If American red deer is independent, the following subspecies are subspecies of Canadian red deer.

Alashan red deer of Mongolian red deer.

Northeast red deer

Asian red deer or Siberian elk in Altai red deer.

Siberian Red Deer/Asian Red Deer/Mongolian Elk/Siberian Elk

Tianshan wapiti or Asian wapiti/Siberian elk

Yellowstone Elk in Rocky Mountain Elk or Rocky Mountain Red Deer

Manitoba red deer

Roosevelt elk or Olympic elk

California red deer, Le Tu elk or California elk are still alive.

[Edit this paragraph] Economic value

Red deer generally lose their horns from February to April, and their antlers grow vigorously from May to July, and begin to ossify after September. Its velvet antler is called "green velvet", which is superior to the rock velvet of white-lipped deer and the spring velvet of water deer, and second only to the yellow velvet of sika deer. However, the number of red deer is large, and the output of velvet antler is also high, commonly known as four forks. The weight of saw wool can reach1~ 2kg, which is much heavier than that of sika deer with 200-600g. In addition, the meat of red deer can be eaten and the skin can be tanned; Deer fetus, deer tail, deer tendon, deer whip, deer blood and venison can all be used as medicine. Due to the great economic value of red deer, artificial breeding has been carried out in many areas.

[Edit this paragraph] Red deer culture technology

Luchang construction

Deer farm is built in a place with high and dry terrain, sunny and leeward, good drainage and convenient water source. Deer have a lot of activity. The deer house covers an area of 2 ~ 3 square meters per capita, and the sports ground is 8 ~ 10 square meters. The ground is paved with slate or smooth wooden board or cement board, and the feces are easy to clean. Railings are set around the deer farm, 2.5 ~ 3 meters high, to prevent deer from jumping and running away.

Methods of increasing the yield of pilose antler

(1) Light-controlled deer breeding can increase velvet: deer farmers can build several simple plastic greenhouses according to local conditions, with an area of about125 ~ 225m2, and 4100 ~150W mercury lamps are installed on the roof, with the height of the lamps being about 2.5 ~ 2.7m from the ground and the illumination being 500. Every year from the spring (preferably from 65438+ 10), the daily illumination time can be increased by 6.8 ~ 9.5 hours, and the number of days for increasing illumination can be 50 ~ 60 days. The deer in the greenhouse and the deer in the open air are raised under the same conditions. Experiments show that deer can shed their horns and grow long hair 38 ~ 39 days in advance by controlling light to raise deer. The male deer in natural light does not shed their horns in April, but the deer herd under the control of greenhouse light can shed their horns as early as February 20, which creates conditions for prolonging the growth and development period of velvet antler. As a result, the yield of male deer antler can be increased by 0.88% ~ 13.8%, especially the regenerated antler, which not only grows second antler, but also increases the yield by 2 ~ 3 times (290% ~ 3 10%) on average.

(2) Sodium humate additive: Sodium humate is a kind of polybasic organic acid with very complicated structure, which can promote the activity of oxidized acid in the body and increase the ability of metabolism and nutrient absorption. Therefore, using sodium humate as a deer feed additive can increase the appetite and metabolism of deer and provide sufficient nutrition for the growth of velvet antler. According to the experiment, each male deer was fed with 0.2g of compound sodium humate three times a day. Two hours before feeding, the solid compound sodium humate was diluted to 0.05% with water, and the pH value was 6.5, and then concentrated feed was added. Feeding continuously for 70 days until velvet antler is collected. Results The output of pilose antler in the experimental group was 575g, and that in the control group was 490g, which was 65438 07% higher than that in the control group.

Processing and cutting of velvet antler

(1) Timely velvet harvesting: the velvet harvesting time of Xiaohong deer in the first year is around mid-June. Deer over 2 years old need to be cut when the antler grows to two poles, the top is sunken and the third branch has not yet grown. At this time, the velvet antler is of good quality and high value. Generally, the first crop is in late June and the second crop is in late August. Drunk drugs were injected into the buttocks before taking pilose antler, and 0.3ml； succinylcholine chloride injection was injected into the deer weighing 100 kg at one time; After taking it, 25% nikethamide should be injected quickly, and the injection amount is 6 ml. After the deer fell to the ground with anesthetic, it was disinfected with iodine around the root of its antler, and then disinfected with iodine after cutting off the antler. Use hemostatic or mashed thorn grass (a kind of hemostatic grass), old lime and appropriate amount of keel powder to mix evenly and apply it on velvet stubble to stop bleeding.

(2) Pilose antler processing: ① Bleeding. Insert the injection needle into the pile, and inject air with the pump needle to make all the blood in the pile flow out from the stubble along the blood vessels. If conditions permit, you can also use a blood discharge machine. ② disinfection. Disinfect pilose antler with potassium permanganate solution and alkaline water, wash off dust and impurities on pilose antler, and then sew a few stitches on pilose antler stubble with roving to prevent the skin from falling off and affecting the quality. 3 Dip in and cook. The purpose is to make the residual blood in velvet flow out, so be careful not to let boiling water soak in the stubble to prevent blood coagulation from affecting the quality of velvet. The method is as follows: soak the hand-held antler in boiling water for 3 seconds, take it out and dry it for 3 seconds, repeat 10 minute, then extend the soaking time to 5 seconds, repeat 15 minute, then extend the soaking time to 20 seconds and repeat for 30 minutes. When the residue of velvet antler is foaming, it means that the residual blood in velvet antler has been drained. Then, shake all the wool into boiling water, take it out for 5 seconds, cool it for half an hour and then clean it. 4 baking. Hang the dried pilose antler in the drying room. The baking temperature is 35 ~ 40℃ on the first day, 40 ~ 45℃ on the second day, 45 ~ 55℃ on the third day, and the highest temperature is 60℃ until it is dry. Finally, clean and disinfect (no stubble washing), dry and sell.

[Edit this paragraph] Red deer related diseases

Red deer's chronic wasting disease (atrophy) is characterized by loss of coordination, unstable standing, irritability and itching until paralysis and death.

[Edit this paragraph] Text introduction

Red deer (ばか, Baka, Baga)-There are three parts of speech, namely nouns, descriptive verbs and adverbs.

First, when it appears as a noun, it is generally used as a curse, indicating an idiot, a fool, etc.

For example, you are an idiot.

Shinji Ikari: "All the people in the puppet army are red deer! Red deer! Red deer! " (Excerpted from Fu Ying Warrior in the New Century, episode 13)

Secondly, as a descriptive verb, it has the following meanings.

1, stupid, confused. For example: こぃつ, よくなことをするよな-This boy can really do a stupid thing.

2. Use the form of ~ red deer になる to indicate that it is useless or useful. For example: ボールペンがになったんだ. This ballpoint pen doesn't work well.

Third, as an adverb, it has its own extraordinary significance. For example, yesterday's red deer was cold. It was too cold yesterday.

Personally, I don't think you mean "impossible" literally. In some cases, free translation can be understood as "impossible". For example, a conversation between two people: A- I saw a flying saucer yesterday! (Yesterday, I saw a UFO.) B-liar, it can't be so incredible. Deception, that kind of thing is impossible. (ぅそそんなことってぁるもんか). You can also omit ぁるか. I think this is what happened to you!

[Edit this paragraph] Other varieties

Red deer, also known as red deer, mammals, Artiodactyla, Cervidae, commonly known as grass deer, grass flying, Tarim flying deer.

Tarim red deer is the champion of long jump of all animals in the world. It is estimated that its speed can reach 86 kilometers per hour. Sometimes, in order to avoid the invasion of humans, snow leopards, lynxes, brown bears and wolves, it flies in groups. When it flies, its hooves fly, and its flying height can reach 1. 1 meter. Real flying on the grass deserves it.

When Tarim red deer invaded, it was often the stag that broke off and the young deer ran in front. Old deer always pay attention to hidden weapons and traps. Humans can hardly catch big deer. Only deer can be picked up. Generally, deer pickers should take it within 1 hour of the doe's delivery. After 65,438+0 hours, the deer saw the sun, doubled its strength and immediately ran like a fly. It is difficult for a swift horse to catch up with them. There are more than a dozen. A few miles away, the wind can smell people and escape without a trace. When the enemy can't escape, the stag will turn his beautiful horns to the mountain, the tree and the ground, and then fight to the death with the natural enemies. The main fighting actions are hitting the head, touching the corner, grinding teeth, kicking the hoof and pressing the body. He often uses all his tricks to fight against natural enemies, which is completely beautiful.

In the autumn estrus, the stags who were driven out of the herd and lived independently competed for the position of their parents. The fighting is fierce, the antlers rattle, and a duel is carried out by hitting, stretching, pulling, dragging and throwing. They didn't hurt each other with vicious actions such as biting their teeth, kicking their hooves and pressing their bodies. They just drove away their opponents in a duel in order to marry six or eight doe. Often within three or four hours, you can mate with all the doe, which is full of males. 9, 10 month estrus promiscuous, eight months after pregnancy, the doe will give birth to one or three cubs in April and May next year.

Male deer is 2-2.3m long and1.5m tall. The female deer is smaller. The tender horn of the male deer in the first month of growth is velvet antler. According to chemical determination, the amount of androgen in a antler exceeds that of all animals in the world, which is one or two times that of human beings and four or five times that of cattle. It can be described as the king of androgen. Pilose antler is mainly used to treat male impotence, nocturnal emission and other diseases. Unique curative effect, not easy to overdose. Tarim red deer is full of treasures. Deer fetus, kidney, whip, tendon, blood, bone and meat can all be used as medicine. Deerskin is a high-quality raw material for tanning. Red deer is forbidden to be hunted at will, and it is a national second-class protected animal.

After May, the stag can grow to eight forks, the first and second horns are very long, and then four horns grow on each horn. The 8-angle distribution is harmonious, symmetrical and beautiful, which is amazing. By August and September, the horn had grown up and become rigid, so that it was knocked down in a duel with its rival in love. If the battle can't stop, it will grind the horns off the branches to make them white and smooth, and grind them into a pair of big horns, which will become a powerful tool to resist the enemy's harm.

In addition to velvet antler, Tarim red deer has a head like a horse and a body like a horse, but its tail is short and its legs are as thin as a cow's hoof. This is the difference between Tarim red deer and red deer all over the world. Because Tarim red deer often trudges in the desert, its hooves are small, it is easy to sink in and it is not easy to walk. As a natural selection, its hooves gradually become bigger. The solstice in summer is auburn, and the solstice in winter is taupe.