Vocabulary and orthography of Xiuning dialect

First of all, there are words in Mandarin.

1, astronomy (9)

Sun-Sun, Sun and Moon-Moonlight

Light rain-Mao Mao rain and light snow-light snow

Breeze-breeze freezing-frozen ice

It's snowing-it's snowing and there's dew.

It's raining.-It's raining.

2. Geography (4)

Small path-narrow path warm water-warm water

Cobble-snail beach

Boiled water (boiled water)-boiled water

3. Seasonal Time (24)

During the day-before the day-first of all.

Last year-the year before last-next year

Yesterday-Yesterday Sunday-Sunday

The day after tomorrow-the day after tomorrow-the day after tomorrow.

The day before yesterday-the day before yesterday-the day before yesterday

Every day-the first few days of every day-the first few days.

Later-after noon-during the day.

Tomorrow-ten days tomorrow-ten days tomorrow.

Every night.-Every night

Previous years (previous years)-previous years

Early morning (at dawn)-skylight

Dusk (after sunset but before the stars come out)-close to night.

Night (from darkness to dawn)-Night

New Year's Eve (the last day of the Lunar New Year)-Thirty nights

Morning-morning

4. Agriculture (2)

Well rope-well rope garbage-garbage (lε sε)

5. Plants (16)

Duckweed-coriander-asparagus

Lentils-flat pod millet-polished rice

Sweet potato-red impatiens-henna

Corn radish sunflower towel gourd lotus

Eggplant-Loquat Potato-Maling Taro

Buckwheat-black wheat mung bean-April pod

Chinese cabbage-fine cabbage cucumber-raw melon

azalea

6. Animals (19)

Cock and hen

Eggs-eggs and duck eggs-ducks

Fish eggs-roe eels-snake fish

Earthworms-rivers hate spiders-spiders

Scorpion-sour scorpion mosquito-mosquito

Frog-toad-toad-toad is a treasure.

Calf-thoroughbred bull-lamb-thoroughbred sheep

Wings-bamboo-winged monkey-monkey's monkey.

Rabbit hair rabbit butterfly cloth wings

Bat-Rapa wing firefly luminous star

7. House (13)

Upstairs-upstairs and downstairs-your Excellency

French window

Key-key kitchen-under the stove

Living room-toilet in front of the hall-shit tank

cowshed

Stairs-pavilion stairs

Threshold-tongue

Behind the door (behind the door leaf)-the back axil of the door

8. Electrical appliances (1 1)

Dining table-Dining table washing water-Washing water

Rope-rope washstand-washstand

Earrings with ear-digging spoons

Dust tray-batter-batter

Nail hammer-wolf's head washbasin-washbasin

Things-things

9. Title (7)

The boy-the (male) cripple-broke his foot.

Girl-Ni's blacksmith-Strike while the iron is hot

Pot-repair-repair pot

Miser-little boy

Children-children, children's families.

10, relatives (20)

Great-grandmother-old woman's brother-in-law-Uncle Jimmy

Grandfather-old grandmother-hmm

Grandfather-grandfather-grandmother

Uncle-uncle's aunt-aunt.

Uncle's sister

Dalang's brother-sister-in-law-sister-in-law.

Brother-in-law-sister-in-law

Sister-your sister and brother-in-law-your brother-in-law

Son, daughter-in-law and bride

Daughter-Neil's son-in-law-Nie Xu

1 1, text (18)

Face-face, mouth and thighs-big belly

Head-skull and neck-head and neck

Shoulder-shoulder saliva-mouth saliva

Left hand-backhand little finger-little finger

Right hand-finger-finger

Asshole, asshole, asshole, asshole.

Tears-tears water alopecia-alopecia

Nose-nostril-eye armpit-pod drops

Nose (liquid)-nostril water

Nose (one of the five senses)-nostril

12, disease medical treatment (3)

Ailment-ailment-camel's head

Abdominal pain-abdominal pain

13, clothes (2)

Diapers-Shit Handkerchiefs-Foreign Pictures

14, diet (10)

Cake-Fried dough sticks-Luffa Pu

Breakfast-Tianguang White Wine-Soju

Lunch-rice soup-rice soup water

Dinner-Fan Yan, night rice, rice wine-fermented wine.

Egg custard (steamed with water)-egg cake

Boiled chicken (boiled egg with shell)-radish chicken

15 weddings and funerals (4)

Marry a daughter-marry Ni, have a baby-have a baby.

Groom-groom and bride-couple

16, daily life (16)

Fill the rice-scoop the rice for breakfast-eat the skylight.

Drinking-having wine for lunch-eating tokens.

Smoking-having cigarettes for dinner-having dinner.

Wash your face-eat snacks-eat odds and ends

Bathing-bathing and shopping-swinging on the road

Sleep-sleep-sleep

Do early work-play early in the morning.

Urine (verb)-urination

Shit (verb)-shit

Wash (clothes, etc). Wash (clothes, etc.) at one time. ) add water.

17, Litigation (1)

Beheading-beheading

18, Communication (2)

Make a fool of yourself-stocks fall, get close to each other-set of relationships

19, commercial traffic (6)

Small change-bits and pieces of money

Three points.-three points.

Forty cents.-forty cents.

Five dollars.-five dollars.

Bicycle-bicycle

20. Culture and education (2)

School-school classroom-classroom

2 1, cultural and sports activities (2)

Play hide-and-seek and hide from sheep

22. Action (5)

Meet-touch and pick it up-postscript.

Know-know-don't know-don't know.

Chat-talking about turtles

23. Location (8)

Up and down.

Inside-inside, outside-outside.

On the right-along the hand-in the hand

On the left-opposite-in the heart-in the heart.

24. Pronouns, etc. ( 12)

I (I) I Nong we (I) I.

Youer (agricultural) Youer

He (she)-bends (Nong) them-bends people.

Mine, yours, you.

What he-(I) what I-got.

You two.-you two.

The two of them-the second one.

25. Adjective (2)

Calm-calm and quiet-calm and quiet

Adverbs, prepositions, etc. (5)

And (this ~ that's the same)-use

Ask (~ about the canal)-follow

Ask (~ borrow books)-follow

Give (~ everyone does things)-pass (~ everyone does things)

Give it to me. Eat this bowl of rice! )-Pass it to me.

Second, there are words in Xiuning dialect but not in Mandarin.

In Xiuning dialect, some words are unique to Xiuning dialect, but their distribution ranges are different, and some words are only distributed in some areas of Tunxi District.

Plant medium-bud radish: corn. Mi: Duckweed.

In the building category-windowsill window: window. In front of the hall: living room. Under the stove: the kitchen.

In the appliance category-Wash your face: Wash your face.

Relatives China-Korea: grandfather. Bride: daughter-in-law

In the category of diet-glutinous rice: a kind of round cake-shaped pasta which is very common in Huizhou dialect area.

In the daily life category-bathing: bathing.

In the communication category-falling stocks: shame, shame.

In the category of cultural and sports activities-play: play.

Adjective Zhong-Qiu [le 33]: Things are slender. Charm: describe a man as beautiful.

Boss: Very big. Shallow water wave: the water is very shallow.

Arch: convex. Anxiety lesbian: anxiety.

Hate: A nuisance.

One of the additional components: the structural auxiliary word "de".

Tian: The postposition component of the verb is equivalent to "being".

There are some unique words in Xiuning dialect, which are not necessarily ready-made words in Putonghua in structure or word formation. They can be phrases or fixed collocations, or even a simple phonetic symbol. For example, "three and a half years for a husband and wife for a lifetime" is the short time when the husband and wife of Huizhou merchants were together in the old days, and "speaking freely at home" means chatting. These fixed structures reflect the specific historical and cultural phenomenon of Tunxi as an ancient historical city, which is often rare in other dialects and Putonghua. It can be said that it is a unique word in Tunxi dialect. To sum up, we can see that many dialect words in Xiuning dialect are rich in rhetoric and reflect the thinking in images of Xiuning people interestingly.

For example, in the category of seasonal time, "near night" means dusk in Mandarin, that is, "after sunset but before the stars rise", while in Xiuning dialect, "near night" means "next to night", which can be literally understood.

The "snake fish" in animals refers to "Monopterus albus" in Mandarin, and "Monopterus albus" is defined as "fish" in Modern Chinese Dictionary. Its body is like a snake without scales, yellow-brown with black spots. Living in a mud pit near the water, also called eel, is such an animal that looks like a fish rather than a snake. Xiuning dialect is called "snake fish", which fully embodies the characteristics of eels and the wisdom of Xiuning people in choosing names.

Xiuning belongs to Huizhou government, and Huizhou ancient houses are mostly bungalows with blue bricks and tiles. Huizhou merchants went out and returned to renovate and repair buildings, unable to expand the floor space of houses, so they worked hard on space and set up shorter floors on high-rise houses. Today, Xiuning dialect still calls "upstairs" as "Shangting", "downstairs" as "Your Excellency" and "Lou" as "Shangting". This is related to the ancient Huizhou folk custom that unmarried and married girls are not allowed to go downstairs. (See building category)

In addition, calling "right" as "edge" and "left" as "edge" is related to people's usual living habits. People often eat and write with their right hand, which is "convenient" for work and "inconvenient" for left hand, so it is inconvenient to call "right" "light edge". "Zhong" is called "center" because the ancients thought that "heart" was the most important part of the human body. In ancient Huizhou customs, the portraits of ancestors were placed in the middle of the hall, which shows that "Zhong" is very important. Linking the equally important "zhong" and "Xin" shows that Xiuning people pay more attention to the hall and that Xiuning people respect the first. (See Location Category)

Xiuning people also have rich human nature, such as treating the whole house as one person. The house was originally lifeless, the door was a door and the window was a window, but in the eyes of Xiuning people, the threshold was like the tongue in the mouth, so it was called "door tongue". Taking the door as the arm, "behind the door" is naturally called "behind the door". (See building category)

When foreigners come to Tunxi, the biggest feeling is that Tunxi people speak fast and do things fast, and they are in full swing. Indeed, Tunxi people are quick-tempered and resolute, just like boiling water, while unhappy people are called "warm". "Warm water" means "warm water". In Tunxi dialect, warm water is used to describe a person's unhappy personality. For example, how can you do such a big thing? In fact, the word "Wen Wei" was not originated by Xiuning people. In "Guang Yun", "Wen Wei, just cut it." In Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Warm, from the sound of water." Article 48 of Wang Jian's Gong Ci in Tang Dynasty: "Fresh grass is moist." Bai Juyi also has poems: "Warm water in the pool" and "Warm water freezes tendons". In these words, the water temperature is described by "temperature". In Tunxi dialect, the metaphor of water shows the flexibility and vividness of Tunxi people's thinking. (see geography)

In addition to the above examples, it shows the vivid characteristics of Xiuning dialect vocabulary. Specifically, Xiuning dialect vocabulary also has the following characteristics:

First of all, the vocabulary of Xiuning dialect is not only rich in rhetorical features, but also some words retain ancient words and even extend ancient meanings.

Huizhou is located in a mountainous area with inconvenient transportation. In ancient times, in addition to the native "Shanyue people", there was a great migration of aristocratic families and people from the Central Plains to Huizhou mountainous areas in the late Sui, late Tang and early Southern Song Dynasties. Most people in ancient Huizhou built their settlements according to their surnames, but a careful study of the language can still reveal many historical sites. Here are a few examples:

1, first of all

In "Guang Yun Xia Ping Sheng Volume II": "First, Qian Su cuts." Biography of Chao Cuo in Historical Records: "Learning the criminal name of Shen Shang is the first thing to benefit." Guangxu said, "Sir, you go first." Han Mei Fu Zhuan: "Uncle Sun Xian is not unfaithful." Yan Shigu's Note: "Mr.' First' is still true." In Xiuning dialect, "Xian" is also the provincial name of "Mr.", which usually starts with a surname or a first name and is called "A Xian". For example, in Xiuning dialect, "Wang Xian, do you have classes this afternoon?" ("Miss Wang, you have no class this afternoon, right?" Here, the word "first" is an extension of the ancient meaning.

2, eat (wine) (see daily life)

In Xiuning dialect, "eating" is not only used to chew and swallow general food, such as "eating" and "eating meat", but also used to swallow various liquids. Drinking tea can be called "drinking tea", and drinking is usually called "drinking". Generally speaking, at a banquet, the host always uses the word "eat" to persuade food and wine, whether it is "eat food" or "drink wine". In other words, the word "eat" in Xiuning dialect has the double meanings of "eat" and "drink" in ancient Chinese and "eat" and "drink" in modern Chinese.

The general usage of "food" and "drink" in ancient Chinese has a division of labor, such as "Xunzi Outline": "Those who drink without eating are cicadas; If you don't drink or eat, you will float. " In modern Chinese, the division of labor between "eating" and "drinking" is more clear. In the Modern Chinese Dictionary, "Eat, put food in your mouth, chew it and swallow it." "Drink or swallow liquid or liquid food."

In fact, eating is the same as eating. "Eating" can guide "eating" and "eating" can guide "drinking". Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Eat, eat also", Zheng Yun: "Eat, drink also". It can be seen that "eating" can be used as both drinking and eating. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Send a Letter to Li School": "You can't eat wine", in which "eating" means "drinking". As for the examples of characters in Yuan Zaju and Ming and Qing novels, drinking is called "drinking", and there are countless more. For example, Telling the General Situation of the World says: "The arresting officer also ate water and wine several times, which didn't help at all", The Scholars says: "Neighbors moved some tables and stools, please register to eat wine", and Water Margin says: "It turns out that Yang Zhi ate less wine. I'm afraid you can't eat it. "

Eating is eating, so drinking can also be called drinking. Liang Shaoren of A Qing recorded such a thing in his "Two Essays on Qiuyu Temple": there was a diary written by Yan Xunzi, saying, "Buy four or two meals of soju a day." People are made a laughing stock, but they don't know it. "Biography of Yu Dingguo" said: "Set the country to eat and drink without disorder." Liu Zihou's preface to drinking also said: "I am sick and can't eat wine." Then if you eat wine, its source comes from Yu Dingguo, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, and the people involved in this essay; Liu Zihou was a native of Hedong in the Tang Dynasty. This essay tells us that as early as the Han and Tang Dynasties, the word "drinking" was widely used in the poetry vocabulary of Tandi and Hedong (now Shandong and Shanxi), but in the Qing Dynasty, the word "drinking" was gradually replaced by "eating wine" and "drinking wine". This phenomenon is very rare and incredible, but people scoff at it.

A clear division of labor between "drinking" and "eating" or "eating" and "drinking" is a manifestation of our Chinese progress. "Drink" is no longer spoken in modern Chinese, and "drink" is often used instead of "eat" in Mandarin.

There were "drinking" and "drinking tea" in Tang Dynasty. The poet Lu Tong wrote a poem, "Take a horse to thank Meng for a proposal to send new tea": "I can't eat seven bowls, but I feel the cool breeze blowing under my arm."

In Xiuning dialect, it is often "eat" rather than "drink" and "drink" with "tea".

3. Cool repair (see adjective)

In Xiuning dialect, an adjective in the form of "ABB" is often used to describe the breezy weather: "cool repair", for example, it is particularly comfortable to repair at night (it is breezy tonight, especially comfortable).

Guang Yun Xia Ping Sheng Volume II: Cool, Thin, Cold, Lv Yang Cut. "repair, raise and flow." In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu said in the poem "On the way to Jiangling": "Xiang water is clear and urgent, and cool days are compulsory." There is also a sentence in Bai Juyi's poem "Boat on a Rainy Night": "The river clouds are dark and the wind is cold." "Cool repair" is also pronounced "cool". Guang Shang Yun Pingsheng Volume 1: "The wind is also strong, Chu is holding the chop, while holding the chop." Guangya Shi Si: "The wind is also." Selected Works of Du Fu Wu: "Sick, sick." "Shuo Wen Xin Fu": "The breeze is also. Think from the wind. " Lu You wrote a poem on July 24th, saying, "A poem begins with a bird full of dreams."

It can be seen that the metaphor of cool weather and strong wind has existed since ancient times.

4. Profit market

In Xiuning dialect, things have a good beginning, and it is often said that "the city is profitable". "Li Shi" was first seen in the Book of Changes: "It is three times that of" Li Shi ". This refers to getting rich and doing business to make money. Later generations extended it to good luck and good omen. In ancient China, there were many folk customs of begging for "profit". For example, in Guangdong, on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, people went door to door begging for "profit" (see Gan Chun Time). Novels in the Ming Dynasty also recorded that "on the fifth day of the first month, every household in Suzhou offered sacrifices to five gods (the God of Wealth), which was called" benefiting the market "(see" Jie Shi ").

Meng Yuan's Dream in Tokyo contains the custom of the Song Dynasty: "Marry a woman to her children's home and ask for money from people and their families." Xiuning dialect calls this "seeking wealth and profit". Nowadays, people ask the bride for candy to express congratulations and celebrations, which is no longer a simple meaning of "begging for profit" or "begging for profit".

Step 5 be natural

Xiuning dialect calls luck "luck". "Nature" originally meant creation and education. Huai Nan Zi says "be friends with all things" and annotates "nature" as "heaven and earth". The ancients believed that people's fate was decided by heaven, so it was commonly known as "luck", which means "luck".

In Yuan Zaju, the word "nature" is common, such as bad luck, "today's nature is low, causing great right and wrong" ("Black Cyclone"); Say good luck, "If he doesn't come to see you now, it's your luck" (Yan Qing Apollo). "We are not so lucky" in A Dream of Red Mansions means blessing.

In Xiuning dialect, the word "good luck" is often used to avoid accidents, such as saying "good luck, I walked over and the wall fell down", which is different from the usage of modern Mandarin.

6. things

The word "Wu" is very common in Wu dialect and one of the most common words in Xiuning dialect. "Wu" is equivalent to "Wu" in modern Chinese. It is an inverted sentence of the word "thing", which is the general name of concrete "thing" and "thing" and can refer to many concrete objects. For example, "I'm going shopping" in Xiuning dialect. "things" refers to things in the store (I go shopping); Say, "What does Ernong do?" What do you do? The "thing" in) refers to things.

The word "thing" originally means "thing" and "thing". Refers to "things", such as Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "Farmers call what Mike eats things things"; Refers to "things", such as Sui Shu: "When Zhang Heng died, he said,' I want to live a long life'". (See "Etymology") This shows that the origin of this word is very early.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the word "thing" was very common in spoken language, such as "Warning": "This is a strange thing in Shinto, and Luan Taishou dared not come out." Again: "Mom asked: Where did this thing come from?" Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: "All curtain officials use this thing to enter the body", and the "thing" here refers to the kind of tedious and vulgar articles that can't be read. There is also a saying in the New Addendum to a Dream of Red Mansions: "You can choose carefully what you give to each room, and the value is different!" This sentence also followed the dialect of "things" at that time in the Qing Dynasty.

The word "Wu" is often written as "Wu" in modern written language, but it still exists in dialects, exists in Xiuning dialect and is often seen and heard in Wu dialect. This word will be widely used in our daily life for a long time and will not be eliminated by other words so soon.

Secondly, some words in Xiuning dialect have different or different meanings from those in Putonghua.

Here are a few examples:

1, burden

Modern Chinese Dictionary has two definitions of "bear": "shoulder to shoulder" and "bear"; In Xiuning dialect, "bear" means "take" or "take".

Give me a book (show me a book).

I told you to bring it right away.

2. Yes

"Shi" is an identity verb in Mandarin, but in Xiuning dialect, "Shi" sometimes means "Shi" and has a definite tone.

Mom is sleepy in the house.

Your sister is in the stadium, so you can find her there.

3. Mainly engaged in automobiles)

"Peugeot" is synonymous with "beauty" and "beauty" in Xiuning dialect.

In ancient times, "Peugeot" originally referred to the ideological content of an article. For example, "Wei Shu" has "a masterpiece from the Jin Dynasty and a book by Tessa, all of which are logical and full of beauty". "Peugeot" can also refer to literary talent. Yu Jiwen has the words "Talk more when you are beautiful". Xiuning dialect is extended to beautiful posture. If someone is beautiful, call him "beautiful", which is used by both men and women.

The word "Peugeot" is also found in other local dialects and is very common in previous works. For example, the drama Dream of Yuanyang: "I heard that he has a beautiful young lady", A Dream of Red Mansions: "(Xiangling) became an outsider for Xue, becoming more and more attractive", and Warning: "When Tian saw Sun's talent and beauty, he moved his heart of admiration". Sometimes in modern works, such as Mr. Fujino by Lu Xun, it satirizes those "foreign students": "Some of them have broken braids and are flat-headed ... really beautiful."

In Xiuning dialect, "Peugeot" is not only used to describe people's beauty, but also to describe many things, such as colors, flowers, clothes and so on. It can be used more widely than other local dialects.

4. Yes

I also reluctantly accept some unpleasant things. Xiuning dialect is called "Hui", which has such a meaning. For example, "Just wear this old dress!"

"Hui" can be found in the Book of Songs. Zhou Song, visiting the fallen, "will give it and obey Jude's judgment", which means that you will reluctantly obey it, but I am afraid that you will be separated and won't get everything. Later generations combined "Jiang" and "Jiu" into the word "Jiang".

"Descending" is found in dialects all over the country, and there are also a few examples in ancient works. For example, "I'm your biological father, I'll deal with you" and "I'll deal with him now." "Jiang Jiang" is followed by an object and used as a verb, which is somewhat different from the usage of Xiuning dialect.

Step 5 commemorate

In Xiuning dialect, "Bei" means "sign", "secret code" and "sign". It's called "back", which is a noun.

Everyone has something. In order to avoid making mistakes, or to claim them easily after they are lost, people should make a secret sign on their belongings where people don't pay attention, which is called "making a note". Some babies have a mole or scar somewhere in the fetus, which their families think is the symbol of their children. For example, "I have a memory behind my ear." In the long-term feudal society, children were often scattered from childhood due to natural and man-made disasters, and lived with their families again by virtue of their physical characteristics-"memory" when they grew up.

The word "back" appeared earlier in ancient books. For example, a story in the Tang Dynasty was recorded in the notebook "Wang's Experience": "Let people ask you in detail what the record of his male body is and say,' There is a sunspot on my son's toe, and I don't remember it'". The word "back" here is a near sound word for "back". In addition, such as "The Scholars" for the third time: "Take a pen, point it at the end of the paper and make notes", and Li Yu's "Liancheng Wall": "There are many bazi, and each has its own notes. This is small and ripe, can't you recognize it? " Here: the words "remember" are all good examples of making secret signals in articles.

6.[ie42]

Modern Chinese Dictionary: "Nebula, scar left by corneal lesion." In Xiuning dialect, "Meng" means that melons and fruits are not sick for a long time, and it also means that people are sick and underdeveloped when they are young. Such as: "What a pity that the little loofah collapsed!" He added, "The Lao Zhang family across the street is fifteen years old. Is this the only size? I'm afraid I'm stuck somewhere? "

Guang Shang Yun Pingsheng Volume 1: "Removing, Shielding, and Cutting." "Shuo Wen Jing Xun Ding Diao": "Mood, borrow it." Poetry Ya Di Yi: "There is a beast, which is flat." Mao Zhuan: "If you die, you will die." Lu Deming's Interpretation: "Yi, man." "Six Books of Confucius' Family Language": "Don't avoid it. "

It can be seen that the word "Meng" has followed the ancient meaning in Xiuning dialect, and its meaning is very different from that in Mandarin.