The life story of President Roosevelt of the United States

The 1932 presidential campaign was conducted against the backdrop of a severe economic crisis. In November 1932, he ran for office as the Democratic presidential candidate and proposed a program of implementing the "New Deal" and revitalizing the economy. Political opponents often attacked him for his disability, which was something Roosevelt had to struggle with throughout his life, but he was always able to turn it into an advantage with his outstanding political performance, excellent eloquence and abundant energy. When he ran for the first time, he told people through his spokesman: "A governor is not necessarily an acrobat. We did not elect him because he can do a front roll or a back roll. He does mental work and finds ways to benefit the people." Relying on such perseverance and optimism, Roosevelt finally defeated Hoover with an absolute advantage in 1933 and became the 32nd President of the United States. In early 1933, when Roosevelt first took office as president, just as the storm of the Great Depression swept across the United States, Roosevelt was sworn in. Unemployment, bankruptcy, closures, and plummets were everywhere. The pain, fear, and despair of the United States could be seen everywhere. . Roosevelt showed an overwhelming confidence. When he was sworn in, he delivered a passionate speech, telling people: The only thing we fear is fear itself. (The only thing we have to fear is fear itself!) On that cold afternoon of March 4, 1933, the new president’s determination and light-hearted optimism “ignited the fire of a new spirit of national unity.” Policy guidelines aimed at achieving national rejuvenation and good-neighborly relations with foreign countries were put forward. After Roosevelt moved into the White House, he actively promoted the "Roosevelt New Deal" with relief, reform and recovery as its main content. The "New Deal" abandoned traditional laissez-faire, strengthened government intervention in the economic field, implemented deficit finance, and vigorously developed public services to stimulate the economy. In order to implement the New Deal, Roosevelt formed a think tank with a group of liberal lawyers, experts and scholars to consult on policy issues; through "fireside chats", he maintained close contact with the people and had a firm fight with the Supreme Court, which opposed the New Deal. fought and successfully reorganized the Supreme Court. From March 9 to June 16, 1933, the U.S. Congress held a special session at the request of President Roosevelt. Roosevelt has made various speeches to urge and guide the legislative work of Congress. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Industrial Recovery Act, the Tennessee River Basin Management Act, etc. at an alarming speed. The New Deal of 1933-1934 focused on "revival". The main measures were: maintaining bank credit, devaluing the U.S. dollar, stimulating foreign trade, restricting agricultural production to maintain agricultural product prices, and preventing farmers from going bankrupt; setting agreed prices to reduce competition between enterprises , the New Deal to prevent business failures from 1935 to 1939 focused on "relief" and "reform". The main measures were: more effective use of administrative intervention, implementation of slow inflation, extensive public construction and emergency relief, Implement social insurance to expand employment opportunities and improve social purchasing power; carry out tax reform, pay taxes according to tax payment ability, and levy corporate income tax and excessive profits tax at different levels. Roosevelt's New Deal restored public confidence in the U.S. political system and strengthened the institutions of the federal government. As a result, American industry and agriculture gradually recovered. In 1936, at the end of his first term, facing a 50% increase in national income, Roosevelt described it eloquently: “At this moment, factory machines are playing music in unison, the market is prosperous, bank credit is strong, and cars and ships are running back and forth loaded with passengers and goods. . ” Therefore, it is not surprising that Roosevelt was elected president again in 1936. In 1933, the Roosevelt administration recognized the Soviet Union and established diplomatic relations with it. At the same time, in order to improve relations with Latin America, it proposed the "Good Neighbor Policy." In 1934, the U.S. Congress repealed the Platt Amendment, which interfered with Cuba's sovereignty. U.S. troops withdrew from Haiti and Nicaragua, and the United States allowed the Philippines to become independent. Of course, while pursuing the good-neighbor policy, Roosevelt also had violent interference in Latin American countries. In the mid-1930s, German, Italian, and Japanese fascists became the source of war in Europe and Asia. However, isolationism was prevalent in the United States at this time. In 1935, the U.S. Congress passed the Pittman Resolution, which aimed to keep the United States neutral. The resolution stipulates that the United States is prohibited from exporting weapons, equipment and credit during wartime, and the "cash and carry" clause, which is valid for two years, authorizes the president to require belligerents that purchase non-military supplies in the United States to pay cash and ship them on their own ships. In the face of the aggression and expansion of fascist countries, isolationism and neutrality laws are tantamount to acquiescence and condonation of aggression and expansion. In order to guide the United States and its public to prepare for the anti-fascist war and strengthen the United States' defense capabilities, Roosevelt launched a resolute and artistic struggle against isolationism.

Edit this paragraph for the second presidential term

In October 1937, Roosevelt delivered a speech when attending the inauguration ceremony of the new bridge in Chicago and pointed out: "When a certain infectious disease begins In 1937, when Franklin Roosevelt was re-elected and took the oath of office, in order to protect the health of residents and prevent the spread of epidemics, society permitted and strictly enforced isolation of patients, "Wars can spread. Countries and people far away from the original battlefield.

We are determined to stay out of war, but we cannot guarantee that we will not be affected by the disasters of war or avoid the crisis of being involved in war;. 'Quarantine speech' under fire. Even Roosevelt said afterwards without fear: "You want to take the lead, but when you look back, there is no one behind you. How terrible this situation is!" However, the "Quarantine Speech" after all pointed out to the American public the existence of the horror of war. . In January 1938, Roosevelt urged an immediate 20% increase in naval construction expenses in a special address. After intense debate, Congress passed the Vinson Navy Expansion Act in May, allowing US$1 billion to develop the navy. This fact shows that most serious thinking Americans have seen the threat of war and therefore agree to strengthen defenses. In December 1938, at Roosevelt's initiative, the Pan-American Conference adopted the Lima Declaration, which reflected the determination of American countries to fight fascism. In March 1938, after the German army entered Prague, the US Deputy Secretary of State, on behalf of the President, condemned Germany's "unbridled lawlessness" and "rampant tyranny." In September 1939, after the German-Polish War broke out, Roosevelt had to issue a formal declaration of neutrality and implement the Neutrality Act. At a special session of Congress on September 21, Roosevelt attempted to use the disaster that the embargo policy had brought to the United States—the partial burning of the Capitol in 1814—to persuade Congress to abolish the embargo clause. At the same time, he claimed, "Of course, in retrospect, This point is just a retelling of history." After fierce debates inside and outside Congress, Congress passed an amendment to the Neutrality Act, abolishing the embargo clause and implementing the cash-and-carry principle (cash purchase, transportation at your own expense). Roosevelt immediately signed it. In May 1940, the British and French forces were defeated by the Germans. Roosevelt asked Congress to increase defense funding and strengthen war preparedness. In order to gain the support of the Democrats, Roosevelt appointed Henry Stimson as Secretary of War and Frank Knox as Secretary of Navy. During the war, the successive Secretaries of War of the United States were Harry Woodring (1937 to June 1940) and Henry Stimson (June 1940 to September 1945). The successive Secretaries of the Navy were Claude Swanson (served until 1939), Charles Edison (1940), Frank Knox (June 1940 to 1944), James Forrestal (1944) year succession). At a time when Britain was facing danger, Roosevelt began to provide weapons and equipment to Britain.

Edit this paragraph for the third presidential term

In the early days of the 1940 presidential campaign, Roosevelt focused all his energy on military expansion and war preparations. Under Roosevelt's influence, Congress approved the expansion of the army and navy. , the Burke-Wadsworth Selective Service Act was passed. On September 2, Roosevelt signed an agreement with the United Kingdom to transfer 50 destroyers to the United Kingdom, and the United Kingdom leased some naval bases to the United States. This agreement marked the end of formal neutrality and the beginning of limited U.S. participation in the war. When Democrats met in Chicago for their presidential nominating convention in July 1940, delegates still didn't know whether Roosevelt would seek a third term, unprecedented since President George Washington. In response, Roosevelt played a little trick. He issued a statement to the nominating convention through Senator Alban Buckley, declaring that he had no desire or purpose to serve as the next president and urging the delegates to elect whomever they preferred, but then through Senator Lister Hill added his name to the nomination list. However, Wendell Willkie, the Democratic presidential candidate, launched an attack: "Electing Roosevelt would mean sending their sons, brothers, and lovers to the grave." The convention began to prepare for a vote. When the list with Roosevelt as a candidate was submitted to the convention, the entire venue was in chaos, with delegates booing and booing in strong opposition. Roosevelt was forced to change his strategy and assure voters that he stood for peace, even making a promise: "Your children will not be sent to fight in any foreign war... The purpose of our defense is defense. Mrs. Roosevelt immediately flew from New York She went to Chicago and spoke inside and outside the conference, quickly changing the atmosphere. We should not quarrel over any other issue. "Mrs. Roosevelt's words touched the hearts of the delegates. Mrs. Roosevelt's speech was prominently published in newspapers that night, and the voters' sentiment suddenly turned towards Roosevelt. At that time, due to frequent world wars, in order to ensure the stability of U.S. foreign policy Americans, especially isolationists, did not approve of the change of leadership, so 55% of the voters chose Roosevelt. Therefore, Roosevelt finally broke the tradition established by President George Washington, the "Father of the Founding", and was elected for the third time. President of the United States. In December 1940, Roosevelt, who was touring the Caribbean, received an urgent letter from British Prime Minister Churchill, which stated that Britain needed a large amount of weapons and equipment to deal with German military power, but the British finance could not deliver cash for American weapons and equipment. Coming soon.

Therefore, Roosevelt did not mention the suggestion of loans from the United States to Britain or military supplies to Britain at the press conference. Instead, he talked about the ordinary analogy-"I" lent the garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire to help the neighbor put out the fire. After the fire, it was easy to discuss whether the neighbor would return the water pipes or compensate for the water pipes after the fire was put out. Then he declared in the fireside chat: "We must become a great arsenal of democratic countries" and "I ask our people to absolutely believe in our Communist Party members." The business will be a great success." The American public is in favor. In January 1941, Roosevelt asked Congress to "authorize and allocate sufficient funds to manufacture additional munitions and various types of military supplies for transfer to countries currently engaged in actual combat with aggressor countries." In March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act passed by Congress (the President has the power to lease weapons and equipment to countries related to U.S. security) was signed by the President and came into effect. (60% is supplied to the United Kingdom and 32% to the Soviet Union). The passage of the Lend-Lease Act put the United States in a non-belligerent state and was an important milestone in the United States' active intervention in the anti-fascist war. In June 1941, after the Soviet-German war broke out, Roosevelt condemned Germany's aggression and announced that the United States would assist the Soviet Union. In August, Roosevelt and Churchill held talks in Newfoundland and issued the "Atlantic Charter." The charter declares that the United States and the United Kingdom will not pursue territorial expansion, nor are they willing to make territorial changes that go against the will of the relevant ethnic groups, and respect the right of each ethnic group to choose its form of government. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War broke out. Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The United States declared war on Japan, Germany, and Italy, and officially participated in World War II. Lieutenant General Walter Short, commander of the U.S. Army in the Pacific, and Admiral Husband Kimmel, commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, who were responsible for the Pearl Harbor attack, were relieved of their duties on December 17. In February and March of the following year, Short and Kimmel retired with the rank of rear admiral and rear admiral respectively. In order to win the war, Roosevelt ordered the implementation of war mobilization and the reorganization of military command structures. Before the end of the war, the number of U.S. armed forces reached more than 15.14 million, including 10.42 million in the Army, 2.3 million in the Army Air Force (more than 70,000 aircraft), more than 3.88 million in the Navy (4,500 ships), and 59 in the Marine Corps. There are more than 10,000 people, and the Coast Guard has more than 240,000 people. The Scientific Research and Development Bureau, established in June 1941, is in charge of national defense science and technology research. Its main achievements include: the development of radar and electronic equipment, radio fuzes for rockets, bombs, missiles, etc. for actual combat, atomic bombs, etc. The Production Administration gradually completed the transformation of the United States into a wartime economy in the spring and summer of 1941. Thereafter, the Supplies Priority Distribution Committee, War Production Committee, Economic Stabilization Committee, and War Mobilization Committee (the agency functions were either overlapping or inherited) were responsible for the production and distribution of war materials and ensured the war needs of the United States and its allies. The Bureau of Censorship and the Bureau of War Information are responsible for U.S. news and propaganda. Since 1939, Roosevelt has implemented mandatory retirement for old and frail generals, and promoted personnel with strong combat command capabilities to the highest command level. In 1942, Roosevelt ordered the formation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (composed of Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, Chief of Naval Operations Ernest King, Army Air Forces Commander Henry Arnold, and Presidential Chief of Staff William Composed of Lehi) and exercise unified command over the armed forces. Roosevelt awakened U.S. foreign interventionism in the 1940s, and at the same time he decided to establish an organization to maintain world peace after World War II—the United Nations. In order to jointly study the military situation and formulate joint operational plans, Roosevelt and Churchill held the "Acadia" Conference (December 1941) in Washington. The main agreements reached were: U.S. production targets for 1942 and 1943; The "Military Supplies Distribution Committee" was established to coordinate the distribution of munitions, and the U.S.-British Joint Chiefs of Staff Conference was established to coordinate joint operations of the Allied forces; the U.S.-British-Dutch-Australian Allied Forces Command was established in the Pacific region; the China Theater was established (and the U.S. Commander of the China-Burma-India Theater was also established Ministry); reiterated the Allied strategy of "Europe First", that is, defeating Nazi Germany first; drafted the "United Nations Declaration". On New Year's Day 1942, under Roosevelt's initiative, representatives from 26 countries including the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and other countries signed the "United Nations Declaration" in Washington, and the International Anti-Fascist Alliance was formally formed. In the first half of 1942, the British forces in North Africa suffered repeated defeats, and the military situation faced by the Allies was extremely unfavorable. In order to get rid of the military dilemma and as compensation for the Allies not being able to open a second battlefield in Europe in 1942, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to implement the North African landing plan, regardless of Marshall's objections. The North African campaign wiped out the German and Italian forces in the area. In early 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill led relevant command and staff personnel to Casablanca, Morocco, to hold a military conference. The meeting decided to attack Sicily in 1943 and postpone the attack on France to 1944. Declared the principle of unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. At the joint press conference after the meeting, Roosevelt declared: "The fascist Axis powers must surrender unconditionally." "This does not mean annihilating all residents of Germany, Italy, and Japan, but it does mean annihilating all the inhabitants of these countries based on conquest." and the philosophies that enslave other peoples". In August, he held a meeting with Churchill in Quebec to discuss the Allied Forces' "Overlord" plan to open a second battlefield in France. Starting in 1943, the Allies shifted from strategic defense to strategic offense.

In order to coordinate the combat operations of the Allies and discuss the Allies' post-war policies, Roosevelt held a series of important meetings with the heads of the Allies. In March 1943, Roosevelt discussed with Eden the establishment of an international organization to maintain world peace and security after the war. Thanks to Roosevelt's efforts, Congress approved the United States' participation in such international organizations. In May, Roosevelt, Churchill and relevant command and staff members held a "Trident" conference in Washington and decided to: seize the Azores Islands to provide a new naval and air military base; strengthen air strikes against Germany; instruct Eisenhower to seize Sicily immediately after occupying Sicily. Prepare to attack the Italian mainland; May 1st of the following year is the date for the implementation of the "Overlord" plan; make detailed plans to launch a new offensive in the Pacific region. After the collapse of Mussolini's fascist Italian government, Roosevelt and Churchill held a "Quadrant" conference in Quebec in August and decided to negotiate an armistice with the new government. However, the Allies were still fighting the Germans for Italy. In November, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek held the Cairo Conference in Egypt. The meeting discussed the military situation of China and Myanmar and decided to implement the "Anajim" plan, and signed the "Cairo Declaration" of the three countries. The declaration stipulates that the three countries aim to deprive Japan of all the islands it has claimed in the Pacific since World War I, return the territory Japan stole from China to China, and enable Korea to gain freedom and independence. Demand Japan's unconditional surrender. After the Cairo Conference, Roosevelt, Churchill and their entourage went to Iran to hold the Tehran Conference with Stalin, the Supreme Commander of the Soviet Union. The meeting mainly discussed the opening of the second battlefield in Europe, military operations in Italy and offensive operations in the Pacific, the Soviet Union's war against Japan after Germany's surrender, the Polish border, the disposal of Germany after the war, and the establishment of international organizations to maintain world peace and security after the war. question. The meeting reiterated that the Allies would implement the "Overlord" plan in May 1944. In order to keep Marshall in Washington, Roosevelt decided to appoint Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces to implement the "Overlord" plan. On June 5, 1944 (delayed from May 1 due to climate reasons), the Allied forces landed in Normandy, France, and implemented the "Overlord" combat plan, forming the second battlefield in Europe. In 1944, the Second World War reached its most critical juncture, and the U.S. presidential election was also approaching. American public opinion generally believes that it is inappropriate to replace executive heads at critical moments. The Democratic government of the United States warned voters: "It is best not to change boats when you are on the river."

Edit this paragraph for the fourth presidential term

Roosevelt selected Harry S. Truman to run for him partner. At first, Truman felt suddenly, thinking that he had never conducted such a campaign, and worried that it would not be helpful to Roosevelt's future. After Roosevelt's persuasion, he finally agreed. To win the election, Roosevelt rebutted the "tired old man" denunciation of Democratic presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey by releasing a medical report from his physician, Vice Admiral Ross McIntyre. testimonial scenario and demonstrative campaigning in inclement weather. On November 17, 1944, Roosevelt was elected President of the United States for the fourth time with 53% of the vote. In 1944, he held a series of meetings to implement relatively open policies in the fields of finance, trade, food and agriculture. In short, he has his eye on the United States, and he is the only one who can prevent the United States from making the mistake of isolationism again. In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin held the Yalta Conference in the Crimean Peninsula. The meeting mainly discussed issues such as the disposition of Germany after the war, the governments of Poland and Eastern Europe, the United Nations, and the Soviet Union's war against Japan. The conference reiterated that Nazi Germany must surrender unconditionally. During this term, Roosevelt only served for 73 days before passing away in Georgia. In this way, Franklin Roosevelt served four consecutive terms, 12 years and 39 days as president. He was the first president to serve more than two terms, breaking Washington's precedent. Due to the restrictions of Article 22 of the Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, he will be the only president in American history to serve four terms. Roosevelt was elected President of the United States four times. Apart from war factors, is there any secret to his success? The answer is yes. James Burns, Roosevelt's authoritative biographer, came to the following conclusions after extensive research: seizing public opinion; being good at choosing opportunities; caring about political details; paying attention to internal factional disputes; personal charm and political skills. Roosevelt's four consecutive terms as president were extremely important to the American political system and the world's anti-fascist war. Roosevelt was elected to an unprecedented four terms as President of the United States. The extraordinary state of World War II gave him tremendous power from the American people. After World War II, the strength of the United States reached its peak.