There was a man named Rest in Peace Empire in the Western Han Dynasty! Excuse me, which nationality are they and where do they live?

The establishment and expansion of the rest dynasty The rest recorded in Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records in Dawan is Parthia in western history books. Pattaya is located in the northeast of Iran and the southeast of Caspian Sea. It was first a dependency of the Mites and Persian empires, and later became a province of the Alexandria and Seleucid empires after the eastward invasion of Alexandria. In the middle of the 3rd century BC, bakht, Leah (Summer), Sogdia (Sogdia), Marguillard, Pattaya and other places in Central Asia launched a struggle against Seleucus' rule. The establishment of the rest country was the result of Parthian nomadic tribes' resistance to Seleucus' rule. Dakh, a nomadic tribe in Pataia, was originally nomadic in the grassland between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers east of the Caspian Sea. At the beginning of the 3rd century BC, it entered Pataia and merged with the indigenous people belonging to the North Iranian language, collectively known as Pataia. Its language is Parthian (Chinese Sanskrit is Borneo). Al Sassi, the leader of the Pale tribe, led the tribal people's uprising and became king in 247 BC, with the title Al Sassi I (247 ~? In), the Alsace dynasty was established, with its capital in Nisa (now northwest of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan), where the Parthians lived. Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records in Dawan called Al Sassi's country rest in peace according to his transliteration. In 239 BC, the governor of Ashton Parthia defeated the army led by Seleucus Ii Callinicus. Al Sassi died in the battle with Daxia. Its successor Tiridat (? ~ Before 2 1 1 year), the new capital, Dala, was built in Apa Oltner Mountain, but it was moved to Heka Copper Pailos ("the city of hundreds of doors") soon.

From the 2nd century BC to 1 century BC, the rest empire flourished. King Frayat I (176 ~ BC 17 1) occupied Lihaimen and nearby Lagos, and used the civil strife of Seleuc dynasty to expand westward. Around 155 BC, King Mitri Datti I (17 138 BC) occupied most of the Midi, captured Akbatana and the whole Midi in 148 BC, and moved the capital to Akbatana the following year. In BC 14 1 year, he occupied Seleucia, an important city in the two river basins, and built a military fortress on the other side, which later became the capital of rest, Taixi Peak. Babylonia was incorporated into the rest of the territory. In the East, he seized the city of Antioch (Muru) in Marguillard from Daxia, and established an empire from the southwest of Central Asia in the east to the two river basins in the west. In the late period of Mitridati I's rule, nomadic tribes in Central Asia invaded, and he divided the western regions into two parts: ① Some scholars thought that this city was a struggle in the biography of the western regions of Han Dynasty and a harmony in the biography of the western regions of Han Dynasty; However, some scholars believe that Fandou is the settlement of Nisa.

Toki will return to the east alone, fighting the invading Serbs, and never return to the west again. After his death, his son Flatt II (BC 138 ~ BC 127) succeeded to the throne. He spent most of his time fighting the Serbs, and his uncle Altabaznu II (127 ~ 124 BC) continued to fight the nomadic tribes after he succeeded to the throne. But at this time, it was not Serbs who fought against it, but Tuholo, assis and Ba Xianren, that is, the Yue people recorded in China's history books. The Vietnamese conquered Daxia before 128 BC. In 124 BC, Altabaznu II was defeated and died soon after. Nomadic tribes returned to Central Asia after looting a large area of rest.

Mitridati II (65438 BC+024 ~ 88 BC), son of Altabaznu II, was a great politician in peacetime. He abolished the cruel policy of his father, Altabaz Nu II, who ruled the two river basins, and carried out a comprehensive reform of the army. Before the reform, the rest of the army was primitive militia, with heavy infantry as the main force. After the reform, an army with heavy cavalry was established, which was called "fighters" or "invincible soldiers". In about 1 15 BC, he regained the city of Antioch in Magian. Since then, the city has been called Muru by Iranians. He forced Serbian tribes to turn to the south, settled in today's Sistan, and recognized the right to peace and rest. Surin, the leader of the Serbian tribe, became a rest aristocrat, second only to the rest king, and was the second person to rest in peace, and was granted the hereditary privilege of being crowned the new king and commanding the army. Rest occupied the Mulu Oasis, and the Amu Darya River basin became the rest territory. In 94 BC, it occupied Armenia in peace and expanded to the South Caucasus and a part of Asia, with a territory of 2 million square kilometers.

With the expansion of the country, other countries moved westward one after another, in Nisa in the middle of 3rd century BC, in Hecartoon Pyros and EkPlatthana in the 2nd century BC, and it was not until 90 BC that the city of Taixi on the other side of Seleucia on the Tigris River was finally selected.

Political and economic rest is a monarchy in politics, and the kingship belongs to the Alsace family. The throne is inherited by the paternal line, but it is not customized. It will be passed on to sons, nephews and brothers. The king's succession to the throne must be elected by two aristocratic conferences (clan aristocratic conference and priest conference), and his power is limited by the two aristocratic conferences. Nobles, such as Karin, Surin and Ispapat, control military, political and economic power. Even after the Sabbath Dynasty was replaced by Sassanian Dynasty, they still maintained an important social status. Court officials include the Chief Executive (the "head of a hundred officials") and the head of the Royal Guards.

The administrative organization of the rest area is more complicated. China has many affiliated countries, such as Persia, Eremeda, Edesa, Misena, Artero, Patsmedia, Hekania, Segastan and so on. These countries are ruled by the imperial clan of rest or local hereditary dynasties. All countries are attached to the central government, but to different degrees. Other areas are divided into several provinces (18, 19 or more). The highest official in a province is the governor. Under the provinces, it is divided into districts, and under the districts, it is a fortified village. The district head and village head are called Kizpat.

During the rest period, the whole country is divided into four administrative regions, and each administrative region is under the jurisdiction of a chief executive (Marzban, meaning general or ruler), and the governors of provinces within the jurisdiction of a large administrative region must obey his command.

Rest cities are divided into two categories, namely Hellenistic cities and ancient oriental cities. Hellenistic cities, such as Seleucia on the Tigris River and Dura Oropos in the middle reaches of the Euphrates River. This kind of city retains a certain degree of urban autonomy (the establishment of parliament and people's congress), but the highest administrative power belongs to the generals (or governors) and mayors appointed by the king in his sleep, as stated in "The Biography of the Western Regions in the Later Han Dynasty": "Set up generals and supervise small towns". Ancient eastern cities such as Nisa and Muru. Such cities have no elected officials and autonomous institutions, but are directly controlled by governors, district heads and their subordinates sent by the central government. Both types of cities must fulfill their tax obligations. In terms of taxation, land tax is the main tax, in addition to poll tax, special tax, handicraft tax, housing tax, port tax, slave trade tax, pasture tax and so on. The army is the main pillar of this country. After the reform of Mitridati II, the rest were mainly cavalry, supplemented by infantry. The heavy cavalry is composed of nobles, while the light cavalry is composed of allied nomadic tribes. The rest cavalry has good mobility, is good at field operations, and is good at organizing group attacks and strategic counterattacks. In the war, the king turned to big noble to lead his soldiers to help him. This kind of temporary militia has poor discipline and fighting capacity. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the productivity was improved and the economy developed. However, like the ancient Persian Empire, the level of economic development in different regions is very different. Agriculture in Malgiannamulu Oasis in Central Asia is relatively developed. Crops include rice, wheat and grapes. "Biography of Historical Records of Dawan" said: "Its custom is that indigenous people cultivate fields and rice and wheat make wine." After the rest expanded westward, agriculture was called the developed two-river basin and became the economic center of the rest. In the grasslands and mountainous areas of Central Asia, the nomadic economy with the remnants of clan system prevails. There are backward nomadic tribes in the semi-grassland area on the south bank of Caspian Sea, and nomadic economy still occupies a very important position. Handicrafts in the two river basins and Iran have been developed since ancient times. Traditional skills are rich and colorful; Produce goods with rich patterns. Mulucheng is the handicraft center of oasis. There is a special handicraft industry area in the city, which is much more advanced than the neighboring areas. According to archaeological excavations, the earliest ironware can be traced back to before the 4th century BC, and the iron ore came from Tus (now northern Iran), indicating that it has a long history of ironmaking. The horn cup found in Nisa Palace (Square Palace) is a famous representative of rest handicrafts. Horn cups were originally made of animal horns, and later there were ceramic or metal imitation horn cups. The most famous is the Nisha ivory horn cup, which is made of several ivory aggregates, fixed with a metal frame and engraved with various patterns.

Quiet cities are prosperous in commerce and foreign trade. Its commercial centers are Ruben in the east and Taixi Peak in the west. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Rest in Peace controlled the Silk Road and its intermediary trade, and gained huge profits. The Biography of Dawan in Historical Records says: Rest is "a country thousands of miles away", "the city of Dawan belongs to a hundred cities", "there are cities, people and businesses that travel to and from neighboring countries or thousands of miles away", "Who are they?" Be good at the market and fight for the Thai baht. "

The rest of the coins are mainly silver coins, which are divided into drachmas (about 4 grams each) and four drachmas (four times as much as drachmas). In addition, there are various sizes of copper coins as a supplement. The coin is round, without holes, with a statue of the king in the center of the front, inscribed in Greek or Polo, and surrounded by beads. Whenever a new king ascended the throne or celebrated, new coins were cast in the image of the king. "Biography of Dawan in Historical Records" contains: "Silver is money, like a king's face, and the king's face is more valuable when he dies", which is consistent with the coins found in archaeology. The inscription of the rest coin is an important material for studying the history of rest.

As for the land system, according to the land mortgage documents of Dura Orobos, the land sale documents of froman (an ancient town in present-day Hu Ze Stan) and the economic documents of the Nisa royal family, there are many forms of possession, such as royal land, Zoroastrian temple land, aristocratic land, village land and private land. The royal land is divided into many properties, and the size of the properties is related to the number of villages under its jurisdiction. Each manor is divided into several vineyards. There are various types of real estate and vineyards, and they pay different taxes. Royal land taxation is the responsibility of specialized officials and has a strict management system. The land of Zoroastrianism temple is a "sacrificial field" given by the royal family. These properties and vineyards are taxed to the king. The royal land is also divided into small plots, leased to hereditary tenants and cultivated according to the principle of permanent tenancy. These tenants are either freemen or slaves, and they must pay the rent on time. According to the law, its land can be transferred, inherited, leased or even sold. From froman's literature, we can know the land occupied by farmers in this village. Document (a) records that the land sold is a private inheritance share, which is shared by two brothers. This document confirms that the land occupied by the holder of the permanent lease right can be transferred to others. This shows that sharp division of property has appeared in other rural areas around BC 1 century.

/kloc-in the late 20th century, a middle landlord class composed of businessmen was formed in the two river basins. By buying, selling and borrowing, they annexed the land of many free farmers. With the rapid concentration of land, the forced large-scale slave labor was gradually replaced by the labor of slaves who settled on the land, divided farmers and free farmers. Nisa documents record that slaves were fixed on the land, cultivated the land and paid the rent. Document No.23 of Dura Oropos mentioned that land was sold with slaves. The big landlords began to release a large number of slaves and turned them into poor "free peasants", who either became employees or tenants. Slavery is disintegrating, and the feudal mode of production has sprouted and developed considerably.

Despite this, there are still a large number of slaves living in peace. Slaves can be roughly divided into two types: Bandak and Ansar Hlik. Bandak's original meaning is bound person, which is generally translated as subject and servant. It is a general term for slaves who rest in peace, but it still means submission. Ansa Hlik means foreigner, initially referring to prisoners of war slaves, and later designated slaves who lived in this land and enjoyed some independent economy. Slave labor exists in farms, mines, handicrafts and housework. The rest of the royal family, big noble, temples and officials, are all big slave owners. Rest in peace. The noble Surin was a famous slave owner. Slaves are regarded as the property of their owners and can be given, mortgaged or sold. Later, the difference between Bandak and Ansa Hlik became smaller and smaller. The document number Dura Oropos 10 also refers to the situation that farmers in village communities go bankrupt and mortgage all their property to become debt slaves.

In the 2nd century BC, there were three powerful countries in Eurasia: Rest in Peace, Han Dynasty in China and Rome in Europe.

At that time, the influence of Han Dynasty in China had reached Central Asia, which was related to rest in peace politically, economically and culturally. In BC 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to crusade against Xiongnu with Ren Yue. Although the mission didn't achieve its original purpose, he learned a lot about countries in the western regions, including rest in peace. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian went to the western regions for the second time and joined forces with Wusun to attack the Huns. His deputy arrived during the break. According to the Biography of Dawan in Historical Records, he was warmly welcomed at the rest border: "The rest king ordered 20,000 cavalry to meet at the eastern border. On the eastern border, it is better to travel thousands of miles to Wangdu than to dozens of cities. These people belong to many families. China's envoy returned, and then he and China's envoy came to meet the vast number of Han people and presented them with big birds' eggs and dazzling people in Li Xuan. The son of heaven is very happy. " The king of rest is Mitridati II. He was the first Iranian monarch to establish formal relations with China.

In the 2nd century BC, Roman troops invaded West Asia. Rome's expansion to West Asia has two goals: first, the two river basins, as the political and economic centers of West Asia, are rich in wealth resources; The second is Armenia south of Caucasus Mountain. Occupy this highland, commanding, you can sit back and relax. In order to counter the eastward expansion of Rome, Rest in Peace waged an intermittent war against Rome for 200 years.

In 65 BC, the Roman general Pompeii invaded eastward and fought against the remnants, and the remnants of the army once retreated.

From 54 BC to 53 BC, crassus led five Roman legions with more than 50,000 men, crossed the Euphrates River, occupied the rest fortress and pursued the rest cavalry. Surin, the Taiping general, adopted the strategy of luring the enemy in depth and flexible tactics. On May 6, 53 BC, he confronted the city of Carre in the upper reaches of the Euphrates River, defeated the Roman army and lost all the elite Roman brigades. After retreating from Kerry City, crassus was surrounded by the remaining cavalry on a hill. Crassus saw that there was no hope of breaking through, so he went down to negotiate. As a result, he was killed in the melee, the Roman army was almost completely annihilated, and the flag was captured. It is said that after the King of Rest got crassus's head, he was insatiable before his death and ordered his mouth to be filled with gold. He scoffed at this and said, "Suit yourself". This war prevented Rome from expanding to the Euphrates River, and shook Rome's dominant position in Asia, Syria and Palestine, thus establishing a balance of power between rest and Rome in West Asia. The battle of resting in peace to defeat crassus became a famous war example in military history, which lured the enemy into depth, made progress by retreating, organized counterattacks and won victory.

In 36 BC, the Roman general Antoine led an army of 65,438+10,000 troops and invaded again. King Vrayat IV (37 ~ 2 BC) vigorously counterattacked, and Rome was defeated and lost more than 42,000 people. However, Rome never stopped plotting to rest in peace, such as luring traitors to rest in peace and preparing for invasion. Rest in peace also took corresponding countermeasures to fight back.

From 5 1 to 63, Rome invaded Armenia eastward, which led to a peaceful war and fierce competition. Finally, the two sides signed a peace treaty, and the Armenian king was filled by the rest of the royal family and crowned by the Roman emperor. In fact, rest still prevails. From A.D. 1 14 to 1 16, the Roman emperor Trajan invaded Armenia and occupied the two river basins and Fengcheng in Taixi. But at this time, the Jews launched an anti-Roman uprising, and Trajan was forced to retreat and died in Silesia. Since then, the two sides often went to war, but there was no decisive battle, and the balance of power ended with the demise of the rest dynasty.

1 At the beginning of the century, Guishuang Empire rose. At the beginning of the 2nd century AD, due to the expansion of GuiShuang, the border of rest had retreated to Margi. Therefore, "The Biography of the Western Regions in the Later Han Dynasty" refers to the rest as Mulu City in the East. 163 ~ 165, Rome invaded eastward, captured Armenia and the two river basins, fell into Seleucia and Taixifeng again, and reached Medea. However, due to the plague in the Roman army, a large number of soldiers died and were forced to retreat. A.D. 166, Rome and Rest in Peace. Rest is the fatigue of long-term combat; The royal family fought for power and profit, and the political division intensified, and the rest of the dynasties became more and more like a federation. During the reign of Artabasnu V (AD 209-224), Rome invaded again. Although it defeated Rome and recovered its lost land, it was already facing a severe situation, and a new Sassanian dynasty appeared in Persia. In 224 AD, Artabasnu V was defeated and killed in the battle with Adahir, the prince of Persia. His son Atawahid (AD 227-228) retreated to the mountains in northern Iran, was captured in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and was sent to Taixi Peak for execution. The remaining dynasties were finally destroyed by Sassanian forces.

Iranian culture in the rest period has made remarkable progress in the rest period. However, due to the complex ethnic groups in the resting place and the uneven political and economic development in various places, its culture shows the characteristics of lack of unity; At the same time, due to the mutual contact and integration of all ethnic groups, there is a mixed tendency in culture.

At the beginning of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), a rest calendar was established, which began in 247 BC.

Greek was still one of the official languages during the Rest Dynasty, but Parthian was more widely used. The Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures was called bolo po (Za Agama) or bolo po (Peacock King Sutra). Polobo is a Parthian language, written in pictograph lamia. Add some complete lamia words, phrases and sentences to Polo's literature. Boluopo's words are written on scrolls, pottery tablets or stone tablets. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Dawan, "Painting the skin as a secretary" in rest is based on the vulgar words written on the scroll. Nisatao documents (about 2,500 pieces) discovered by Soviet scholars are important materials for studying Polobo. At the same time, lamia continued to use cuneiform throughout West Asia, and Babylon also continued to use cuneiform.

In addition to Nisa pottery literature, scholars also found that the laws and regulations of Midi agriculture written in Greek, letters from the king to various cities, epics and chronicles later became the blueprints of such works in Sasan Dynasty.

The art of rest in peace also has its own characteristics.

The buildings are mainly in the original local form, and most of them have absorbed the Greek form, but they are all transformed according to the rest form. Adobe is mostly used as building materials in the East, while bricks and stones are mostly used as building materials in the West. Architectural sites are quite rich. There are many kinds of sculptures. Colorful wooden frame clay sculptures are popular in the East (Nisa), representing the Central Asian style. It's a bit like summer, and it is also influenced by Greek culture. In addition, there are stone carvings and silver carvings, which are also influenced by Hellenism and Central Asian style. The bronze mirror for running deer from 2nd century BC to 1 century BC was influenced by the "animal style" in west Xu Ya. The horn cup (about 40 wine vessels) found in Nisafang Palace, among which the most famous ivory cup of Nisafang is an exquisite handicraft, engraved with the Olympic God 12, etc. , obviously influenced by Greek culture. A large number of seals were also found in Nisa.

Paintings include large temple murals, which are religious works. Decorative murals are popular in some cities, and now there are mural fragments of Dura Oropos.

Tiehua is famous for its superb technology and numerous relics.

Mixed doctrine is also manifested in religion. God worship is quite popular everywhere. The sun god is generally worshipped, but the names vary from place to place. Secondly, the worship of the goddess of fertility. In the city of Dura Oropos, Jewish temples, Christian churches, Greek temples, Semite temples and Suo Luoya-based temples coexist. There are Christian churches, Buddhist temples and Zoroastrian temples in Mulu City.

Although Zoroastrianism was not established as the state religion in the rest period, the King of Rest and the Iranians were Zoroastrians.

In the 1 century, rest was the earliest chapter of the Zoroastrian classic Avisto. In eastern Iran, besides the dominant Zoroastrianism, Buddhism is also very popular. Many Buddhists who came to China in the early days were idle or Iranian-speaking Central Asians.

Around 1 century, the rest dynasty entered the period of "anti-Hellenization". Some cities have abolished foreign names, such as Marguillard's Antioch changed to Muru, West Asia's Alexandria, and Alako changed to Pat (from the local name Panzheweiyi). At the end of 65438 BC+the 0 th century BC, the resting coin drachma was renamed Zujin in the literature. During the reign of Vologasi I (5 1 ~ 79), the inscriptions on coins were written in Polo rather than Greek.

Rest culture is the link between the past and the future, inheriting the ancient cultural traditions of Central Asia, Persia, Babylon and Seleucus. At the same time, it opened up the later cultures of Armenia, Sassanian Dynasty, Persia and Central Asia, thus occupying an important position in history.

2. Big bowl pot

It shows that the biography of Dawan is a biography of historical facts of various countries in the Western Regions. Among them, there are detailed records in Dawan, Wusun, Kangju, Chae Yeon, Yueshi, Rest, Tiaozhi and Daxia. Attached to the nine countries: Yi, Yu, Loulan, Gu,,,, Dayi,; Occasionally, I was involved in the affairs of ten southwest countries, such as Yi, Ran, Migration, Qiong, Bo, Yi, Kun, Dian and Yue, and mainly focused on the affairs of Dawan and Wusun, starting with the affairs of Dawan and ending with the affairs of Dawan, hence the name "Biography of Dawan". This paper describes the products and customs of the countries in the Western Regions, focuses on Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions, shows the subtle relationship between the Han Dynasty and the countries in the Western Regions, and shows that China has a long history of economic and cultural exchanges with the countries in the Western Regions, and there are political and personnel exchanges. In the narrative, Sima Qian implicitly expressed his sarcasm and sigh at the successive use of troops by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and his great success. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty insisted on sending Zhang Qian to open up the road to the western regions and tried to control the Hexi Corridor, which made great contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Central Asian countries and played a positive historical role in maintaining the unity and strength of China.

This article has appropriate details and combines narration with discussion. "It's a good article, either by preface or by preface, with clear paragraphs, elaborate ideas and fantastic structure" (Wu Jiansi's Historical Records Paper).

Dawan was discovered by Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian, a native of Hanzhong, was a Langguan in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140- 145). At this time, the son of heaven asked the surrendered Huns, saying that the Huns attacked and defeated the Moon King and used his skull as a wine vessel. The Vietnamese fled, so they often resented the Huns, but they had no friends to fight with them. At this time, the Han Dynasty was trying to attack the Huns. Hearing these words, it wants to send a special envoy to contact the Vietnamese. However, going to Yueshi had to pass through Xiongnu, so I recruited people who could do the task. Zhang Qian responded as Langguan, defected to Yueshi, and left Longxi with Ganfu, the former slave of Xiongnu from Tangyi. When passing through Xiongnu, he was caught by Xiongnu and turned to Khan. Khan kept Zhang Qian, saying, "Yueshi is in the north of us. How did the Han Dynasty send envoys? " ? If you want to send a special envoy to South Vietnam, can the Han Dynasty promise? "He detained Zhang Qian for more than ten years, married him and had children, but Zhang Qian kept Jeff, the special envoy of the Han Dynasty, and did not lose him.

Zhang Qian stayed in the Huns, and the Huns gradually relaxed their care for him. Zhang Qian was able to escape to Renyue with his entourage, and ran to the west for dozens of days to reach Dayuan. Dawan heard that the Han Dynasty was rich and wanted to communicate with the Han Dynasty, but failed. Now I am very happy to see Zhang Qian, so I ask Zhang Qian, "Where do you want to go?" Zhang Qian said, "I was sent to Yueshi for the Han Dynasty, but I was stopped by Xiongnu. Now that we have escaped from the Huns, I hope the King will send someone to lead the way and escort us to the Moon people. If we can really reach the Yue family, we will return to the Han Dynasty. The property given to the king by the Han Dynasty cannot be said in words. " Dawan thought Zhang Qian's words were true, so he let Zhang Qian set out, sent him a guide and an interpreter, and arrived at a comfortable home. Kangju sent him to Da Yue again. At this time, King Yue had been killed by Xiongnu and made his prince king. The king conquered the summer and lived here. This place is rich and fertile, rarely invaded by the enemy, and has a comfortable and happy mood. I think I am far away from the Han Dynasty, and I have no intention of taking revenge on the Huns. Zhang Qian didn't get the clear attitude of Yueren to the attack of Huns in Han Dynasty from Yueren to Daxia.

Zhang Qian lived in Yue for more than a year before returning to China. He marched along Nanshan and tried to return to Chang 'an from where the Qiang people lived, but he was caught by the Huns. After living in Xiongnu for more than a year, Khan died. The Xiongnu King Zuo Guli attacked the Prince for Khan, which led to chaos in the country. Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape to the Han Dynasty with his wife and Tang Yi's father. In the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was made a doctor in Taizhong, and the father of Tang Yi was made a monarch.

Zhang Qian is strong, broad-minded, honest and trustworthy, as savage as he is. Tang Yi's father is a Hun. He is good at archery. Whenever he is poor and dangerous, he shoots birds and animals for food. At first, Zhang Qian had more than 100 followers when he went to China. Thirteen years after leaving the Han Dynasty, only he and Gan Fu returned to the Han Dynasty.

Zhang Qian went to Dayuan, Da Yue, Daxia and Kangju. It is said that there are five or six big countries next to these countries. He always put the situation to the emperor, said:

Dawan is in the southwest of Xiongnu, just to the west of Han Dynasty, about one Wan Li away from Han Dynasty. The local custom is to settle down in one place, cultivate fields and grow rice and wheat. Produce wine. Good Madoff, sweating profusely, ancestors are the sons of Tianma. There are walled houses, which have jurisdiction over more than 70 towns and villages with hundreds of thousands of people. Dawan's weapons are bows and arrows, and people ride horses and shoot arrows. Its north is Kangju, west is Da Yue, southwest is Daxia, northeast is Wusun, and east is Shuiwan and Qin Yu. To the west of Ji 'an, rivers all flow westward and pour into the West Sea. Rivers east of Yujian all flow eastward, and salt is injected. The water in the salt marsh flows underground, and the south of it is the source of the Yellow River, from which the Yellow River water flows. Jade is abundant there, and the Yellow River water flows into China. Loulan and Gushi towns have battlements, which are close to Yanze. Yanze is about five thousand miles from Chang 'an. The right side of Xiongnu lies to the east of Yanze to the Great Wall in Longxi, and the south side is connected with the Qiang people's residential area, blocking the road to the Han Dynasty.

Wusun, about 2000 miles northeast of Dawan, is a country where people live in different places. People migrate with the need of grazing, which is the same as the custom of Xiongnu. There are tens of thousands of brave soldiers. Originally belonging to the Huns, when it became strong, it took back the hostages bound in the Huns and refused to worship.

Kangju, about two thousand miles northwest of Dawan, is a country where people don't live in the same place, which is mostly the same as the customs of the Yue people. There are 890 thousand soldiers fighting with bows, and Dawan is a neighboring country. The country is small, the south is forced to serve the Yue people, and the east is forced to serve the Huns.

Chae Yeon, located about 2000 miles northwest of Kangzhou, is a country where people don't live in the same place, and most customs are the same as Kangzhou. More than100000 soldiers fight with bows. It is close to a big flood, with no boundary and no coast. Probably the North Sea.

Dayue's home is about two or three thousand miles north of Guishui and west of Dawan. It is summer in the south, rest in the west and comfortable residence in the north. This is a country where people don't live in one place. People migrate with the need of grazing, just like the custom of Xiongnu. There are also1200,000 soldiers fighting with bows. Once upon a time, when he was strong, he despised the Huns until he became Khan and defeated the Vietnamese. When the Huns were old enough to go to Khan, they killed the King of Yue and used his skull as a wine vessel. At the beginning, the Yue people lived between Dunhuang and Qilian. After being defeated by the Huns, most people left here far away, passed the Dawan, attacked Daxia to the west, defeated it, and made it surrender to the Yue people. So they made their capital in the north of Guishui and made it Wang Ting. The remaining small number of Vietnamese who can't leave, keep the place where Nanshan and Qiang people live, and are called people.

Rest in peace about a thousand miles west of Da Yue. Their custom is to settle in one place, cultivate fields, grow rice and wheat and produce wine. Its town is like a big source. It governs hundreds of towns, and Fiona Fang is the largest country with thousands of miles of territory. There is a market near Guishui. People transport goods by cars and ships for business transactions, sometimes to nearby countries or thousands of miles away. They used silver as coins, and the coins were cast to look like the king's face. After the king died, they changed coins because they wanted to imitate the king's face. They draw horizontal lines on leather as words. It has a branch in the west and Chae Yeon and Li Xuan in the north.

The branch is thousands of miles west of the rest, near the West Sea. It's hot and humid there. People farm fields and grow rice. There is a big bird whose eggs are as big as an urn. There are many people, and some places often have small princes, which are under the jurisdiction of rest services. Consider it a peripheral country. The governor is good at magic. The rest of the old people are said to have weak water and queen mother, but they have never seen them.

Summer is in the south of Guishui, more than 2000 miles southwest of Dawan. Its custom is that people live in one place with towns and houses. It's the same as the custom in Dawan. There is no great monarch, but often every town has a little monarch. The army of this country is weak and afraid of war. People are good at business. When Dayue moved west, it defeated Daxia and ruled the whole Daxia. There are many people in summer, about one million. Its capital is called Blue City. There is a trade market here. Sell all kinds of goods. There is a drug country in the southeast in summer.

Zhang Qian said, "I saw Joan's bamboo palm and Shu Bu in summer and asked them,' Where did you get these things?' People in Daxia said,' Our merchants bought it in the country where they were poisoned. The drug country is about thousands of miles southeast of Daxia. The custom there is that people live in the same place, which is almost the same as summer, but the terrain is low and humid and the weather is hot. Its people ride elephants to fight. There is one near the flood. I estimate that Daxia is twelve thousand miles away from the Han Dynasty, in the southwest of the Han Dynasty. The poison country is thousands of miles southeast of Daxia, and there are Shu County products, so it is not far from Shu County. Nowadays, if you go to the summer, if you pass through the Qiang people's residential area, the terrain is dangerous, and the Qiang people hate it; Go further north and you will be captured by the Huns. It should be a straight road from Shu, and there are no intruders. "The son of heaven heard that Dayuan, Daxia and Rest in Peace are big countries, producing many strange goods to live in, and the people settled in one place, which is quite similar to the life of the Han people, and their troops are weak and attach great importance to the property of the Han Dynasty. There are Yueshi, Kangju and other countries in the north. Their army is very strong, but they can be induced to worship Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty by giving gifts and benefits. Moreover, if we can really get them and make them belong to us morally, then we can expand the territory of Wan Li, attract people with different customs through translation, and spread the prestige and kindness of Emperor Wu throughout the world. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was happy and thought that Zhang Qian was right, so he ordered Zhang Qian to send a secret agent from Shu County and Qianwei County, and set out at the same time in four ways: all the way from Yan State, all the way from Ran State, all the way from immigrant country and all the way from Qiong State, which covered a thousand miles. As a result, the road to the north was blocked by Di and Ru, and the road to the south was blocked by Yi and Kunming. Countries like Kunming have no monarch, are good at robbing thieves, and often kill and rob envoys of the Han Dynasty, but the envoys of the Han Dynasty failed to pass after all. However, it is said that there is a country where people ride elephants more than 1000 miles west of Kunming, called Dianyue. Some merchants who smuggled goods from Shu County have been there, so the Han Dynasty began to communicate with Dianyue because they wanted to find a way to summer. At the beginning, the Han dynasty wanted to open the southwest, which wasted a lot of money and gave up without opening the road. Wait until Zhang Qian says you can go from the southwest