Introduction and characteristics of organic agricultural greenhouse?

6. 1 technical scheme of cultivation facilities

6. 1. 1 construction purpose: to get rid of the dependence on the natural environment and carry out a new farming method of effective production, which has improved the land utilization rate, labor productivity, agricultural product quality and economic benefits.

6. 1.2 Garden facilities are divided into plastic greenhouses, multi-span greenhouses and energy-saving solar greenhouses. Multi-span greenhouse has high investment, large energy consumption and long investment recovery time, which is not suitable for our development status. Therefore, our company is not building or building less at present, mainly plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses.

6. 1.3 plastic shed construction:

(1) Plastic greenhouses are mainly cultivated in early spring and late autumn. Our company adopts the design scheme of unsupported steel pipe shed, which runs from north to south, with a span of 8m, a shoulder height of 1.6m, a ridge height of 2.8m, a shed length of 60-80m, a design life of 15 years, and no dripping heat preservation and anti-aging film covering.

(2) Semi-underground honeycomb greenhouse is mainly used to cultivate vegetables in early spring, late autumn and out of season in winter to realize the annual production of vegetables. In the north-south direction, the shed spacing is 1.8m, a wall with a height of 0.5m is dug underground, and 40*40 heat absorption holes are drilled in the wall, with a span of 8m, a shoulder height of 1m and a ridge height of 2.8m. The shed is made of steel pipes, with no support inside and covered with double membranes.

(3) The semi-underground energy-saving solar greenhouse with honeycomb steel frame is designed according to the incident angle of sunlight at latitude (33 degrees) and the solar altitude angle (winter solstice) in China. The greenhouse has a span of 8m, an illumination angle of 23 degrees, a back slope elevation of 42 degrees, a ridge height of 3.2m, a back wall height of 2m (including excavation depth), an excavation depth of 0.8m and a shed length of 60-80m.

6.2 Facility environment control technology

6.2. 1 Adjustment of lighting conditions

(1) Build greenhouse facilities with reasonable structure, strong light transmission, rapid temperature rise, good thermal insulation and easy management;

(2) Open the straw curtain in time to extend the lighting time; Wipe the film in time to keep the light transmission performance of the lighting surface;

(3) hanging a reflective film and laying the reflective film on the ground; Carry out north-south row and wide-narrow row cultivation;

(4) adjusting planting structure and density; Improve the photosynthetic efficiency of crops and select suitable varieties.

(5) Add lighting facilities (metal halide lamps) for artificial lighting.

6.2.2 Heat preservation and anti-freezing scheme

(1) Enhance the light transmittance, cultivate with ridges, cover with plastic film, seal tightly, and eliminate the gap heat dissipation;

(2) Increase the total thermal insulation of the covering layer and increase the heating equipment;

6.2.3 Control of air humidity in facilities

(1) Cover the whole area with plastic film, increase the temperature difference between day and night, and scientifically ventilate and dehumidify;

(2) scientific irrigation;

6.2.4 Air quality control and scientific fertilization

(1) Open the tuyere for ventilation at the right time.

(2) Apply more organic fertilizer to prevent soil salinization;

(3) installing EFQ-40 carbon dioxide generator, adding carbon dioxide,

Control quantity 1000— 1500hg/㎡.

6.3 Technical Specification for Organic Vegetable Production

6.3. 1 Organic heart-nourishing vegetables. Sedum notoginseng Technical specification for the production of Yangxin tea

(1) Variety selection: Yangxin vegetable.

(2) 3-5 days before soil preparation, deeply cultivate the soil, and apply 2,500 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer every 667 ㎡ before deep cultivation. When ditching, apply potassium mineral powder and phosphate rock powder in the middle of the cultivation row, each with a width of 1.4 m and a height of 25 cm.

(3) Seedling raising and field planting

Seedbed preparation requires a seedbed of 4 ㎡ per 667 ㎡ cultivation area, and the seedbed should be selected in a place convenient for vegetable seedling management and transportation. The seedbed should be loose vegetable garden soil with high terrain, good water source conditions, few weeds and high organic matter content. The seedbed should be leveled and thinned, with a bed width of 1.3 m and a height of 0.3 m. Before sowing, 30 kg of decomposed human excrement and urine and calcium and magnesium improver 1 kg should be applied to the seedbed every/kloc-0 ~13.

Stews should avoid strong light and long-term sunshine, and autumn vegetable seedbeds should be ventilated, shaded or covered with sunshade nets. When the average temperature of spring cabbage is below 5℃, it should be covered with plastic film to keep warm.

Accelerate germination. Before sowing, seeds can be soaked to accelerate germination, or dried seeds can be planted. Seeds soaked to accelerate germination should be planted carefully to prevent buds from being broken. In summer and autumn, the weather is hot, and it is difficult for lettuce seeds to germinate, so it is necessary to accelerate germination before sowing. The method of accelerating germination is generally low temperature. Soak Chinese cabbage seeds for 5-6 hours, clean them, wrap them in wet cloth bags, and put them in an environment of 15-20℃ to accelerate germination.

Sow in time. Seedbeds of12 ~15m2 should be prepared for planting 667m2, and the amount of seeds used per 667m2 should be 150~250g ~ 250g. After watering the seedbed, sow evenly, and cover 1 ~ 1.5 cm with fine soil. Generally, the sowing date of cabbage cultivated in greenhouse in autumn should be in the middle and late August, and the harvest period is from the end of 10 to l2. Before sowing, water the seedbed, mix the seeds evenly into the dry fine soil and scatter them evenly in the seedbed. After sowing, fine soil should be covered so that the seeds are not exposed to the soil surface.

Cultivate strong seedlings. On the15th day after the seedlings are unearthed, when there are 2-3 true leaves, the seedlings should be thinned with a row spacing of 5-6 cm. It is advisable to remove weak seedlings and over-dense seedlings and keep 1 m seedlings, which is beneficial to cultivate strong seedlings. Fertilize in time after thinning, and apply livestock manure and compost. In the rainy season when the temperature is high, protective measures such as rain protection and sunshade should be taken. The temperature of seedbed should be controlled at 18 ~ 20℃ during the day and 12 ~ 14℃ at night. When the seedling age is 20-30 days, 4-5 leaves can be transplanted and planted in autumn and 5-6 leaves in spring.

Water the seedbed 1 ~ 2 days before sowing, so as to get the seedlings. Choose cloudy days or afternoons, take seedlings with soil to avoid damaging the roots, make the clods flush with the ground, and plant seedlings flat and even. If covered with plastic film, seal the planting hole with soil after planting. Timely watering after planting is beneficial to slow down seedlings. Planting three rows with row spacing of 40 cm×35 cm and 667 ㎡ for 3000 plants. Water the roots in time after planting. 3 ~ 5 days after planting, the seedlings should be inspected and supplemented in time.

(4) Site management

Fertilization principle in the production of organic nutritious vegetables In the production of organic nutritious vegetables, we must adhere to the principle of using organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing, and implement soil testing, formula fertilization and balanced fertilization according to the technical requirements of organic product production. Before the application of organic fertilizer, it should be treated harmlessly and fully decomposed to prevent pollution to soil and agricultural products.

Topdressing seedlings should be topdressing in time after survival, with 2000 kg of human excrement and urine decomposed every 667 m topdressing 10%, then watering 100-200kg of livestock manure and its compost every l0 ~ l5 days in combination with irrigation for 3 ~ 4 times, and spraying 0.3% borate rock extract on the leaves at seedling stage and clumping stage 1 time.

Irrigation and intertillage irrigation combined with fertilization have different water requirements and irrigation methods in different periods. Dry and wet alternately to prevent seedlings from aging or overgrowth; Irrigation should be carried out around the evening in autumn and winter, and the accumulated water in the field should be removed in spring rainy days to keep the border dry. In order to produce irrigation water for organic nutritious vegetables, it is necessary to choose clean water sources, and all indicators of irrigation water should meet the national irrigation water standards. After the seedlings grow, combine the first topdressing and intertillage weeding 1 time, intertillage weeding for 2 ~ 3 times in the growth period, and stop intertillage in the later period.

(5) Pest control

The main pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage are downy mildew, stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and aphids.

Natural pyrethrum, azadirachtin, rotenone, vegetable oil and its emulsion, azadirachtin extract and its preparation can be used for control.

(6) Harvest

The most suitable time for harvesting Chinese cabbage is "flat mouth", that is, the top of the main stem of Chinese cabbage is flush with the top of the highest leaf. At this time, the tender stems have advanced by leaps and bounds, not only with high yield, but also with high water content, crisp texture, sweet taste, good quality and commodity, so they should be harvested in time. The yield is low when harvested prematurely, but the flower stalk will be easily elongated, the fiber will increase, and the meat will become old, hard and even hollow, which will reduce the edible quality and commodity quality. When harvesting, use a sharp knife to cut flat from the connecting root, then remove the leaves at the base of the stem, keep 5-8 leaves at the top, and bind them according to the size.

6.3.2 Technical Specification for Organic Leek and Leek Production

The variety of (1) is Tongshan Sijijiutiaowang.

(2) Sowing in time Only sowing in time can leek seedlings achieve high quality and high yield. Judging from the climatic conditions, the average daily temperature in autumn is 20 ~ 22℃, which is suitable for planting leeks, and the seedlings can grow 6 ~ 8 leaves before overwintering.

(3) Reasonable close planting According to the characteristics of long growth period, large fertilizer demand, shallow root system and weak root absorption capacity, it is required to carefully prepare the soil before sowing, apply sufficient base fertilizer, and apply 5,000-8,000 kilograms of fully decomposed farm manure or compost and100-150 kilograms of cake fertilizer before sowing. When sowing, stick to planting along the furrow with a depth of 4-5 cm. In principle, the density is determined according to garlic seed size, soil fertility and sowing time. For leek, the soil fertilizer and early sowing can be thinner, otherwise it will be denser. Under normal circumstances, about 60,000 plants are planted in pure-bred fields or long-term corn interplanting fields, with row spacing 10cm and plant spacing of 3cm and 667㎡. Cotton interplanting, row spacing 8 cm, plant spacing 3 cm.

(4) Site management

Reasonable fertilization should adopt the strategy of "stabilizing phosphorus, controlling nitrogen and increasing potassium" in the total amount of fertilization, and the base fertilizer accounts for 70% of the total amount of fertilizer used. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be carried out according to the principle of "applying seedling fertilizer lightly, applying green fertilizer skillfully, applying bolting fertilizer again and supplementing topdressing". Seedling fertilizer should be applied at the 2-3 leaf stage, when the leek has entered the autotrophic growth stage, and it can be fertilized with 1 000 kg decomposed fertilizer according to the seedling condition of 667 ㎡. Green manure should be applied in mid-February, when the temperature rises gradually and the leek is about to turn green. Generally, 667 ㎡ is applied 150 ~ 200 kg of livestock manure and its compost, and 667 ㎡ is applied with 200 ~ 300 kg of base fertilizer, which is applied centrally in bolting fertilizer ditch. In mid-March, the sheath leaf (the last leaf) of leek was smeared. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in the field water system, ensure dry irrigation and waterlogging drainage, and meet the water demand of leeks at different growth stages.

Timely intertillage weeding intertillage is mainly divided into two stages: first, intertillage with a depth of about 2 cm is carried out twice from the three-leaf stage to the "great cold" to promote solid roots and cultivate strong seedlings. Second, three or four intertillages were conducted from beginning of spring to the vernal equinox, and the depth of intertillage was1~1.5cm. Intertillage does not need to destroy roots, seedlings and clean grass. After "Qingming", intertillage should be stopped to avoid damaging the root system and affecting the yield. If there are weeds, it is advisable to pull them out manually.

Integrated pest control At present, the main pests and diseases in leek production are "one insect and two diseases", namely leek maggots, leaf blight and macular disease. In prevention and control, we must adhere to the strategy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control". To control leek maggots, organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed, and Azadirachta indica and its preparation can also be used. Natural pyrethrum (pyrethrum extract); Azadirachtin (Araceae extract); Prevention and control of rotenone. Prevention and treatment of bacterial blight and macular disease should be done well in crop rotation, field water system should be cleaned, timely sowing should be done, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied more, field management should be strengthened, and strong seedlings should be cultivated.

(5) The stem of leek harvested at the right time began to differentiate to harvest, which lasted for 20 ~ 25 d, and the growth was slow in the early stage, and accelerated after tail flick. When most of the leek stalks in the field are pulled out about 25 cm, the involucre turns white and the leek stalks just start to bend, they should be harvested in time. The early harvest yield of leek is low, the late harvest fiber is much, and the quality is poor. Generally, it is harvested in mid-March, and it can be harvested 1 ~ 2 times. Before bolting, it is necessary to stop watering at 10d, so that the stems and leaf sheaths of Chinese chives can be loosened properly to facilitate bolting.

Picking method: raise stubble with both hands, and it is forbidden to cut or shovel stubble with a knife. Simple packaging: bind with soft rope, each bundle is 0.5 ~ 1.0 kg, and put in a cool place after binding.

6.3.3 Technical Specification for Organic Okra Production

(1) variety selection

Choose mid-late maturity varieties with strong stress resistance, wide adaptability, good commodity, high yield, high quality and storage resistance, and don't use transgenic okra varieties.

(2) seed treatment

Put the seeds into warm water at 30 ~ 40℃ and stir for l5 minutes. Take out the shoulder pole, soak it in warm water for 5 hours, and then wash it with clear water.

(3) Raising seedlings

The sowing date depends on the time to market and the variety selected.

7 parts of fertile soil without cruciferous crops planted for 3 years, and 3 parts of high-quality manure that has been fully decomposed and screened by high-temperature fermentation. Add phosphorus ore powder or potassium ore powder 1.5 kg per cubic meter of nutrient soil, and stir evenly. With 8× 10 cm of vegetative body, put the nutrient pots in the seedbed, water the soles of the feet, cover them with a layer of fine soil after seepage, and put 2 seeds in each pot. Sowing is in the high temperature season, use sunshade net to shade the sun, and set up rainproof and insect-proof facilities. Uncover the cover in time after emergence, then sprinkle fine soil to make up the cracks and interplant the seedlings in time. Seedling age is about 30 days, and 5-6 leaves can be planted.

(4) Apply 4,000-500 kilograms of high-quality rot ring fertilizer to the fixed planting mu, plough deeply for 20 cm, turn the fertilizer into the soil, and then make it into high ridges. When planting, select strong seedlings, and the criteria are: thick stems, thick leaves, dark green color, developed roots, large plants, and no pests and diseases. 20 ~ 25 kg of phosphate rock powder or potassium mineral powder is applied to each mu of hole, and the density is 2500 ~ 2500 ~ 3000 mu. After planting, water is poured and sealed to buffer the seedling water.

(5) Site management

Water management: water 1 time in the morning and evening on sunny days after planting to promote survival; In the early growth stage after survival, water 1 time every day on sunny days. Plants need a lot of water, so the soil should be kept moist. In case of dry weather, they should be watered. Never dip or flood irrigation. And do a good job of ditching and drainage to prevent water accumulation in the fields in rainy days.

Regular topdressing, especially early-maturing varieties, should promote the vegetative growth of plants in the early stage. Because the growth period of this variety is short after planting, it can be harvested about 60 days after planting. Therefore, in order to ensure its growth into a strong and tall plant type, it is required to apply fertilizer first and then promote the end. After delayed emergence, topdressing with dry farmyard manure and dehydrated livestock manure; Plant ash, livestock manure and compost were used in the rosette stage, and water was used for topdressing;

Generally, the intertillage should be covered with grass before each fertilization, and the intertillage should be weeded 2-3 times before closing the plant, with intertillage fertilization 1 time. The height of intertillage should be controlled at 2 cm below the base of petiole, so that the plants are not prone to lodging, which can promote the germination of adventitious roots, cultivate strong roots, make the main stems strong and increase the yield. Covering the border with grass after soil cultivation can effectively reduce soil temperature in midsummer, keep soil moisture, reduce soil erosion and weed growth, loosen soil and increase soil organic matter content. Grass should be mowed before drought or covered with straw and wheat straw.

Neem extract and its preparation can be used for pest control. Natural pyrethrum (pyrethrum extract); Azadirachtin (Araceae extract); Rotenone (rotenone); Sophora flavescens and its preparation are used to control pests such as Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae.

(6) Harvesting standard: After it is fully developed and grown, harvesting will begin. In order to facilitate transportation and prevent wear and decay during transportation, the surface is wrapped with soft paper and packaged for transportation.

6.3.4 Technical Specification for Production of Organic Pepper, Tomato and Other Vegetables and Off-season Vegetables

(1) Variety selection According to consumption habits, select varieties with high yield, high quality, moderate light and heat resistance and marketable.

(2) Sow peppers and tomatoes in time, because they are not resistant to frost and afraid of high temperature, so we should master the planting date in autumn and avoid the hottest period. (3) The growth period of pepper and tomato with reasonable close planting is shorter than that in spring, with weak growth potential and less branches falling. Appropriately increasing planting density is beneficial to increase yield.

(4) Site management

Topdressing should be combined with weeding. Topdressing should master the principle of applying less fertilizer before flowering, applying more fertilizer after flowering, and applying it again at the peak of pod setting, from light to strong, generally 3 times. At seedling stage, the decomposed light human and animal manure water was applied for the first time 1 time, and 30% manure water was applied for the second time and the third time respectively at the peak stage and the later stage of pod setting, and calcium superphosphate 10 kg was added per mu. Pay attention to watering and drought resistance in the early stage. For plots that grow too fast or have poor ventilation, old leaves, yellow leaves or excessive L leaves can be removed to improve the pod setting rate and reduce abnormal pods.

Ventilation and light transmission promote flowering and pod setting. It should be done in the afternoon, so as not to break the vines easily due to water content.

(5) Pest control

Cultivation diseases mainly include rust, anthracnose and root rot; Pests are mainly pod borer and bean borer. High temperature and high humidity do serious harm to soybean moth, and high temperature dry moth occurs greatly. Prevention and control methods: remove pods and larvae in time, and set black lights in the bean field to trap and kill adults. Spraying buds and tender pods with 1000 times Bt emulsion or 2000 times 5% chlorhexidine from the early flowering stage to the full flowering stage.

(6) timely harvest

6.3.5. Technical specification for production of organic Elaeagnus Elaeagnus (tender stems, tender roots and Chinese herbal medicines)

(1) variety selection

Aralia elata (stems and roots of tender buds), Chinese herbal medicine.

(2) Raising seedlings

Seed treatment: use 50 ~ 75g seeds every 667m2. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 50℃ for 20 minutes (minutes) and keep stirring the seeds. Take out, dry and sow.

Seedbed preparation: Choose the fields with high and dry terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, fertile soil and no cruciferous vegetables planted in recent 3 years as seedbeds. Mix high-quality organic fertilizer into the soil where cruciferous vegetables have not been planted for 3 years, and the proportion of organic fertilizer is not less than 30%.

Sowing: Sowing from late September to 65438+ 10 in spring, and from late June to late August in autumn and winter. The seedbed should be drilled or hole-sown, covered with1-1.2 cm thick soil and compacted, and it is best to use a plug or a nutrition bowl to raise seedlings.

Seedling management: After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be interplanted in time to remove diseased seedlings, weak seedlings and miscellaneous seedlings, and then cover the seedlings with fine soil. The seedling length of Juglans mandshurica is long, and it should be inverted 1-2 times at seedling stage. At this time, the number of seedling leaves is 1-2 and 3-4 respectively. The transplanting distance is 6- 10cm. If the seedlings are cultivated in a plug or a nutrient bowl, when pulling the cross, the seedlings can be moved into the plug or nutrient bowl. Manage the seedbed shed in summer in the field, and prepare sunshade nets and films. In sunny and hot days, use a sunshade net to shade the sun from morning 1O to 3 pm, water 1 time every 1 ~ 2d (days), and cover the rain with a film in rainy days.

(3) Colonization

Soil preparation and fertilization require deep ploughing and fine raking, and there is no large area of soil. Under the condition of medium fertility, combined with soil preparation, 5 000kg of high-quality decomposed pig manure, 90 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P205) (750 kg of converted calcium superphosphate) and potassium fertilizer (K2O) (converted potassium sulfate 180kg) were applied per mu. Ridge height, ridge width 1.4 ~ 2m, ridge height 15 ~ 20cm, and ridge width of 40 ~ 45cm.

Sowing date and density, 6-7 leaves for early-maturing varieties and 8-9 leaves for middle-late-maturing varieties. The plant spacing of early-maturing varieties is 10cmx 10cm, middle-maturing varieties are 10cmx 12cm, and late-maturing varieties are 10cmx 13cm.

Fertilizer and water management, watering immediately after sowing 1 time, is beneficial to the whole seedling. Stop watering five days before harvesting. The soil is dry and wet at seedling stage and clumping stage, and it remains wet at fruiting stage. When new roots appear after seedling planting, apply seedling fertilizer. Thin manure is generally used. Water and fertilizer combined with topdressing 1 time at the heading stage, and nitrogen fertilizer was applied 45 kg/hm (97.5k hm in terms of urea) each time. 0.7%% calcium chloride can be sprayed 2-3 times during the nodulation period to promote nodulation and prevent dry heartburn.

(4) Pest control

The main diseases of Aralia elata in Liaodong are downy mildew, black spot, virus disease, black rot, powdery mildew, soft rot and so on.

The main pests of Aralia elata are black cutworm, grub, aphid, cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, beet armyworm and Spodoptera litura. Pieris rapae: Bt wettable powder (about 1 000 spores /ml) can be used at the peak of egg incubation. Plutella xylostella: 1 000 times Bt wettable powder can be used at the peak of egg incubation.

(5) Harvest

In the off-season of vegetables in early autumn and early spring, Aralia elata leaves can be harvested in time according to market demand.

6.4 pest control technology. Taking prevention as the priority and comprehensive prevention as the means, we will establish an early warning mechanism for pests and diseases, adopt physical, biological and agricultural prevention and control, implement the practical technology of "three avoidance", and purchase insect nets, insect traps, insect boards, pyrethrum, quicklime, garlic, etc. And implement the corresponding technology to produce organic vegetables as soon as possible by using the new technology of "catalytic nano-active water". Through the above measures, the quality of vegetable products is ensured to meet the national regulations.

6.5 Organic fertilization technology. Using soil testing formula and balanced fertilization technology to meet the normal growth needs of vegetables. Disinfected sweet potato residue, chaff, mushroom residue, plant ash and feces are used as main fertilizers, supplemented by organic and inorganic fertilizers and trace fertilizers, so as to block the application of chemical fertilizers as much as possible, control the salt content in soil and minimize the nitrite content in vegetables.

6.6 Variety selection. Selecting excellent varieties with disease resistance and high yield is the internal guarantee to determine the quality of vegetables. It is necessary to speed up the introduction of famous and famous vegetable varieties at home and abroad to carry out experiments and demonstrations in demonstration bases, screen new varieties suitable for planting in our county, and accelerate the pace of upgrading vegetable varieties in organic greenhouses.