Cultivation techniques of Illicium verum

Nursery is a special place to cultivate seedlings, and the condition of nursery land directly affects the growth of seedlings. When choosing nursery land, we should fully consider all aspects of comprehensive factors, in addition to considering the ecological environment suitable for its growth, but also consider traffic, communication and other conditions. If the seedlings are mainly traded in commodities, the nursery should be selected in a place with convenient transportation and communication. If the seedlings are raised in situ, the nursery should be selected in or near the afforestation site. The basic conditions for choosing a nursery should be the foothills near the water source, humid environment, deep soil layer, rich humus, well-drained or gently sloping wasteland with a slope below 20 degrees. Dry land, flat land, fields, steep slopes or octagonal woodlands with pests and diseases should not be selected. Nursery soil should be acidic or slightly acidic, and the optimum pH value is 5-5.5, with the maximum not exceeding 6.0 and the minimum not lower than 4.5. According to the research of Funing Illicium verum Research Institute, the optimum nutrient composition of soil seedling is: organic matter 2.0%, available nitrogen 100ppm, available phosphorus 30ppm and available potassium 90ppm.

Considering that Illicium verum seedlings cannot be exposed to direct sunlight and need shade, if there are sparse other woodlands or glades, it is best to choose nursery.

Establish a nursery

1, soil preparation

After the nursery is selected, it will be ready on June 5438+00- 1 1. The method is to cut off all the vegetation on the plot and spread it evenly on the nursery ground. When the vegetation is basically dry, it will be burned. When cutting off vegetation, if there are large sparse trees, they can be reserved for shade. Then, turn the burned nursery over more than 20 centimeters deep, break the clods and pick out the gravel. The width of the seedbed is1-1.2m and the height is 20cm.. The length can be long or short, depending on the actual terrain, which is suitable for convenient management. In order to facilitate management, there should be a 40 cm trail between cars. Nurseries with poor humidity should be divided into low compartments (that is, the surface of the compartment is sunken about 10 cm). After the seedbed is arranged, the soil on the compartment should be fully broken with tools to facilitate sowing and digging seedlings. At the same time, it is necessary to dig the drainage ditches around and in the middle of the nursery to avoid the seedbed being washed away by the flood in the rainy season and causing unnecessary economic losses.

2. Scaffolding

Illicium verum seedlings can't stand strong sunlight before 10 months old. During this period, without shade, the seedlings will be burned or even killed by the sun. Therefore, a shade shed should be built after the nursery is cleaned. Scaffolding materials mainly include shed column, shed pole (line) and shade. The traditional practice is generally to use Chinese fir piles or other wooden stakes with a tail diameter of 5-8 cm as shed posts, bamboo poles or small logs as shed poles, and leaves, grasses and ferns as shade. In order to avoid damaging the ecological environment, control the light transmittance, reuse the materials and reduce the cost, the materials used for connecting the shed have also changed. Generally, Chinese fir piles with a tail diameter of 5-8 cm are used (cement piles can be used for nursery under conditions or for a long time), the shed poles are replaced by iron wires for 8- 12, and black plastic with light transmittance of 20%- 10% is used for shading.

Shading shed requires stability and uniform light transmission, and the light transmittance is about 10%. It is appropriate for sunlight to form plum blossom shadow through the shade shed. The height of the shed should not be too high or too low. If it is too high, it will be difficult to construct and vulnerable to wind damage. If it is too short, it is not convenient for the application and management of seedlings. Generally, it is best to use 165 meters. The shed column spacing is 3m, and there are about 75 per mu. It takes about 700 square meters per mu to shade with sunshade net, and it takes 100kg per mu to make shed poles with iron wire.

3. Establish an irrigation system

The establishment of irrigation system depends on the type of seedlings, and the cultivation of nutrient bag seedlings and cutting seedlings consumes a lot of water, so it is necessary to establish a perfect irrigation system. For example, the water consumption of cultivating bare-rooted (ground) seedlings and grafted seedlings is relatively small, so irrigation systems can be built according to the situation to reduce expenses and costs, and generally ensure the normal water consumption of seedling growth.

Before sowing, an irrigation system should be established, including reservoirs, watering pipes and nozzles. The watering pipe can also be connected to the sprinkler with a plastic pipe. The water pipe can be tied under the shade shed or laid underground. It is best to build an automatic sprinkler irrigation system in qualified places and long-term nurseries. The number and spacing of sprinklers can be determined according to the nursery area and actual needs. Nursery management

Nursery management mainly includes water, fertilizer, sanitation, plant diseases and insect pests, seedling hardening and other management. Its management directly affects the growth and quality of seedlings. As the saying goes, "three-point planting and seven-point management" shows the importance of management, so improving nursery management is the key.

1, water management

Nursery needs a lot of water from sowing to leaving the nursery, especially for bag seedlings. If the nursery is short of water, the seeds will not germinate and the seedlings will die, resulting in poor harvest. Water management refers to the management of the water needed by the seeds and seedlings after emergence.

Several key periods should be grasped in nursery water management. First, after the seeds are buried in the soil and before they are unearthed, this period is generally in a period of drought and little rain, and the drought is serious. At this time, water shortage affects the emergence rate. The more serious the water shortage, the lower the emergence rate, so it is necessary to water regularly to keep the soil moist and ensure the emergence rate. Second, the seeds germinate until the true leaves show their sincerity. This period is about April to May in the solar calendar. The weather is dry, and the seedlings are easy to die because of lack of water. Third, after the removal of the shade shed, it is in the winter and spring season, and most areas are dry and lack of rain, and seedlings are vulnerable to drought, especially bagged seedlings. At the same time, attention should be paid to the management of drainage ditches in rainy season to prevent seedlings from being washed away by floods and waterlogging in nurseries.

In seedling raising, the requirement of water for bag seedlings is higher and stricter than that for bare-rooted seedlings. Traditionally, bare-rooted seedlings are generally raised without considering the water source conditions, and only 1-2 times of water is poured at the emergence and seedling stage, and then it rains, so the water management is relatively extensive; When raising seedlings in bags, it is necessary to have good water source conditions and strengthen water management to ensure the success of raising seedlings.

2. Fertilizer management

Fertilization in nursery is to improve soil, increase soil fertility and make seedlings grow healthily. The management of nursery fertilizer refers to the process of rational fertilization of seedlings according to the abundance and deficiency of nutrients. Fertilization and non-fertilization have great differences on the growth of seedlings. Fertilized seedlings generally grow faster. Annual seedlings can reach 50-60 cm high when applied more, and 20-30 cm high when not applied.

In the fertilizer management of octagonal nursery, we should first apply sufficient fertilizer (that is, base fertilizer, which refers to raising bare root seedlings) and prepare nutrient soil (which refers to bag seedlings), which is the key to seedling raising. In the process of seedling growth, we should advocate watching seedlings fertilize, not applying more. Excessive fertilization, especially the partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, leads to tender stems and leaves when it grows too fast, resulting in low survival rate after planting and inconvenient to carry; If the nursery soil is rich in nutrients and the seedlings grow healthily, it is best not to fertilize. It is best to use NPK compound fertilizer for fertilization, and foliar fertilizer can also be sprayed. The standard of fertilization is that the annual seedling is about 35 cm high. At the same time, fertilization time should be sooner rather than later. For example, fertilization before leaving the nursery, because the seedlings grow rapidly after absorbing nutrients, and they are still very young when leaving the nursery, which also affects the treatment and the survival rate of seedlings.

3. Health management

The seedling stage of Illicium verum is the spring flowering season, and all kinds of weeds begin to sprout and grow, especially in hot and rainy summer. Weeds in nursery not only compete with seedlings for nutrients and water, but also cause diseases of seedlings. If weeds are not removed, the growth and development of seedlings will be affected. Nursery hygiene management refers to the removal of weeds in nurseries.

It is the daily work of nursery hygiene management to remove weeds and exotic litter at any time. The period from emergence to the growth of two complete true leaves is the key period for weeding. At this stage, seedlings are easily covered by weeds and are most prone to diseases. At this time, it is very important to strengthen health management. During the whole process of seedling growth, the nursery should be kept clean at any time, weeding should be carried out in coordination with loosening the soil, and at the same time, care should be taken not to harm the seedlings and their roots.

4, hardening seedlings

Seedling hardening refers to the process of removing the shade shed and adapting the seedlings to the natural environment. Because the seedlings grow in the shade for a long time, all kinds of tissues are tender and can't stand the direct sunlight. If the seedlings are transplanted out of the nursery without hardening, it is not easy to survive. Therefore, the seedlings should be hardened before leaving the nursery. The hardening time of seedlings depends on the growth of seedlings and local climate conditions. Generally, when the seedlings grow to more than 30 cm or to ten months, or before they are ready to leave the nursery, they can go out of the shed for hardening. Harden the seedlings for at least 30 days. Pay special attention to frost when hardening seedlings. In winter (frost season), shading nets can be used to cover seedlings in sunny evenings.

5, seedlings out of the nursery

Seedlings can leave the nursery after a certain period of cultivation, and the time of leaving the nursery depends on the growth of seedlings, the requirements of afforestation for seedlings and the requirements of buyers. Generally, the standard of nursery seedlings is 30-45 cm high and 0.4-0.5 cm ground diameter. Two-year-old seedlings are 45-60 cm high and the ground diameter is more than 0.8 cm. Seedlings that do not meet this standard should be left in the nursery for cultivation or pottery elimination.

Tending management

1, guolin

(1) Management of young forest period (growth period)

The young forest period of Illicium verum refers to the period from the survival of Illicium verum planting to the beginning of a large number of fruits, that is, the first year to the tenth year of planting. This period is mainly to promote the rapid growth of Illicium verum and enter the fruiting period as soon as possible. At the same time, this period is the key period for Illicium verum to form a good fruiting crown. Therefore, the management of this period is very important, which directly affects the time when Illicium verum begins to bear fruit, the quality and output of Illicium verum after planting, and the life of Illicium verum. Therefore, the management of young forest period is the key to tending management.

① Soil improvement: After planting Illicium verum seedlings, soil improvement should be done before closing the plants. First of all, it should be deepened once in the first year of planting, intercropping leguminous crops such as soybeans and broad beans to increase soil organic matter. In the second year, beans, corn, melons and other crops or other crops that do not affect the growth of Illicium verum can be planted until the Illicium verum forest is closed to increase soil maturity and help Illicium verum grow.

② Fertilizer and water management: Illicium verum seedlings are not drought-tolerant, so root water should be poured in time after planting. If there is no water source, it is easy to survive in rainy weather when planting, otherwise the survival rate is low. Fertilize once a year in the first and second years after sowing. Before fertilization, it is best to test the forest soil, scientifically formulate fertilization according to the test results, directly apply farm manure or star anise fertilizer, or spray foliar fertilizer at the same time. Fertilization method is to dig holes around the trunk according to the terrain in the forestland with steep slope. The number of holes depends on the amount of fertilization. Fertilizer can be applied to the holes and covered with soil. On the gentle slope of the flat land, an annular ditch is dug on the drip line of the crown, and fertilizer is applied to cover the soil in the ditch. You can also spread it after the rain. Illicium verum can be fertilized twice a year from the third year of planting, that is, once in spring and once in autumn. The method is as above.

③ Intertillage and weeding: If intercropping between forest and grain is carried out in forest land, intertillage and weeding should be combined with planting crops and harvesting crops every year, not separately. If there is no forest land intercropped with forest and grain, intertillage and weeding should be carried out once a year to keep the soil loose and the forest land clean, so as to facilitate the root growth of Illicium verum and prevent weeds from competing with Illicium verum for nutrients.

(4) Pruning: Pruning in young forest stage is the key to the formation of high-yield crown of Illicium verum. When the young trees grow to 1 m high, the terminal buds should be removed or truncated. When the new shoots grow to 30 cm, 2-3 strong and well-growing branches should be selected as the main branches, and the rest branches should be cut off. In the later growth process, it is necessary to cut off long branches and over-dense branches, promote the growth of lateral branches, and make the crown develop into an oblong shape with high yield. Pruning time should be carried out before spring bud germination.

(2) Forest period (full fruit period) management

The forest age of Illicium verum refers to the period when Illicium verum enters the full fruit period to the beginning of senescence period, which is generally 10 to 50 years, and some of them exceed 100 years, which is the period when Illicium verum bears a lot of fruits. Because Illicium verum is the same flower and fruit tree species, that is, Illicium verum blooms when it is picked in August of the first year, ripens in August of the next year, and flowers and fruits hang all year round. Good management in this period is the key to high, stable and long life of Illicium verum. Illicium verum with well-managed forest period can live for more than 100 years, otherwise it may only live for 20-30 years. For example, an Illicium verum tree named "Illicium verum King" in Pocun Formation, Xinhua Town, Funing County is 100 years old, but it bears more than 200 kilograms every year. Therefore, forest period management is an important link in Illicium verum planting.

① Soil improvement and fertilizer and water management in forest period.

After Illicium verum enters the forest period, flowers and fruits hang on the tree all the year round, which requires high soil conditions and requires a lot of fertilizer. If the management of this period can't keep up, it will cause soil hardening, poor ventilation and insufficient fertility, which will make Illicium verum bear fruit year after year, and some even bear fruit in the early stage, but not in the later stage, which will also affect the growth and life of Illicium verum.

The management of Illicium verum in the main producing areas is still in the era of slash-and-burn for a long time, and the management of soil, water and fertilizer in Illicium verum forest is not paid enough attention, which leads to a large area of low-yield forest and serious pests and diseases. Therefore, strengthening fertilizer and water management and soil improvement are the decisive factors of forest yield, that is, the economic benefits of planting Illicium verum.

The octagonal forest has been closed during the forest period, and various crops can no longer be intercropped between the forests. Woodland should be cultivated and weeded once a year, and combined with the results of soil analysis, fertilization should be carried out twice a year. Fertilizers can be prepared by themselves according to the lack of elements and nutrients, can also be purchased from specialized manufacturers, and can also be used as topdressing, such as farm manure and waste oil. Fertilization time is from March to April and from July to August each year, and the fertilization method is the same as that in the young forest period. Because there are many fruits of Illicium verum in this period, it is easy to lack trace fertilizer, which leads to the phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits. According to the analysis results, trace fertilizers such as calcium, boron and zinc are added appropriately.

② Pruning in forest period

Pruning in forest period is mainly to control the height of Illicium verum, promote the growth of lateral branches, increase the crown width of trees, make them form long oval high-yield crowns, promote the replacement of new and old branches and increase the number of fruiting branches. First of all, according to the growth of Illicium verum, one round of branches should be kept at a certain height, each round of branches should cross with the adjacent round of branches, and 3-4 branches with good growth should be left as the main branches in each round, and the redundant branches with excessive density should be cut off. When Illicium verum grows to 3-3.5 meters high, the terminal bud should be cut off or erased so that it will no longer grow upward, and the cultured lateral branches will grow horizontally. Third, prune the overgrown branches, pests and diseases, dead branches and aged branches every year during the whole forest period to promote the germination and growth of new branches. Since the fruiting branches of Illicium verum are 1-5 years old, especially the branches that are 2-3 years old bear the most fruits, special attention should be paid to the replacement of new and old branches when pruning, and too dense flowers and fruits should be thinned out at the flowering stage of Illicium verum, so as to avoid insufficient nutrition supply of too many flowers and fruits, resulting in small fruits and poor quality, which will also damage Illicium verum and affect the fruit yield in the next year. Pruning should be done every year after fruit picking and before spring bud germination.

(3) aging period management

The economic life of Illicium verum is very long, and hundreds of years old trees are still blooming and bearing fruit, so the management of Illicium verum in its old age (old forest) is also very important. Better management of the aging period of Illicium verum can prolong the life of Illicium verum, otherwise Illicium verum will age ahead of schedule and shorten the economic life. The role of tending management in aging period is to enhance the tree vigor, improve the physiological function of the tree and promote the growth of more branches and leaves. The main measures are fertilization, intertillage and pruning, and the methods are basically the same as those in the forest period, but to increase the amount of fertilization and strengthen pruning, fertilization depends on the growth of Illicium verum.

In a word, the tending management of Illicium verum is a complicated and important work. In management, we should adopt flexible management methods according to our family and economic situation, and pay attention to not planting widely and harvesting sparingly. If we plant too much, we will not be able to manage and get the due economic benefits.

2. Leaf forest

Leaf forest mainly collects anise oil from Illicium verum leaves, and its tending management is basically the same as that of fruit forest. Because there is no need for fruit, fertilization is less than fruit forest, and pruning requirements are not as strict and complicated as fruit forest. Illicium verum can be pruned according to its growth and its own needs, but it should be noted that it is not advisable to collect too many leaves at one time to avoid damaging the tree, and appropriate collection and pruning should be carried out according to the growth, management and site conditions of the tree.

3. Transformation of low-yield forests

Due to the traditional breeding and management methods, it has been poorly managed for a long time, and some of them have entered the aging stage. The soil is short of fertilizer, trees are weak, flowers and fruits fall, and the year is serious. Some of them didn't bear fruit for more than ten years, some of them got married a few years ago, and then they didn't. A large area of low-yield forest has been formed, with low economic benefits. This kind of forest is called low-yield forest. Transforming low-yield forests is a major task in octagonal production areas. The purpose of low-yield forest transformation is to take comprehensive forest management measures to increase soil fertility, transform forest environment, restore tree vigor, reduce flower and fruit drop, increase Illicium verum yield and delay Illicium verum senescence.

Reasons for the formation of (1) Illicium verum low-yield forest

The reasons for the formation of low-yield Illicium verum forest are complex, including genetic factors, climate factors, soil factors, management factors, pests and diseases and so on. Some people can't be changed, such as low yield caused by genetic and climatic factors. Some measures can be taken to transform low-yield forests caused by soil, management, pests and diseases. Therefore, in fruit forest afforestation, we should first choose good tree species, and then choose the most suitable ecological and suitable areas of Illicium verum.

The main reasons for the formation of low-yield Illicium verum forest are:

(1) Extensive management, woodland mixed with grass.

Because of the extensive construction of Illicium verum forest, Illicium verum is allowed to grow after planting and is in a semi-wild state. No intertillage weeding, fertilization and pruning were carried out, which made the soil under the forest hardened, lack of fertilizer and overgrown with weeds, and the roots of Illicium verum could not get a good growth environment. In addition, weeds compete with it for nutrients, which leads to the lack of soil nutrients. In the long run, this will affect the growth and fruit of Illicium verum.

② Stand density is too high, forest growth nutrient area is insufficient, and natural pruning is serious.

Traditionally, people in Illicium verum producing areas plant about 100- 150 Illicium verum plants per mu, and the spacing between plants is 2× 3m, which will lead to excessive stand density, fierce competition for space and nutrients among forest groups, and adverse phenomena such as crown tilt and natural pruning, which will greatly reduce the proportion of fruiting branches, consume a lot of nutrients and reduce the yield and quality of Illicium verum verum. Too dense stands are prone to diseases and insect pests because of insufficient light, dense and humid stands. Some afforestation has a low preservation rate and there are many open spaces in the forest, which reduces the land utilization rate. The forest is irregular, with strong sunshine and high wind speed, which can not promote each other among groups. Trees can't achieve the goal of high and stable yield without the microclimate environment of static wind and humidity.

③ Pests and diseases are serious.

All kinds of pests and diseases have certain harm and influence on the growth of Illicium verum, and some pests and diseases can lead to the death of Illicium verum. After the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, the tree vigor is weakened and the yield is reduced until it does not bear fruit or even dies. See the next chapter for the harm of various pests and diseases to Illicium verum.

(4) Illicium verum is malnourished, which leads to poor growth of trees, especially in different years.

Illicium verum is provided with nutrients by soil fertility in the whole growth process. Due to the long life span of Illicium verum, flowers and fruits will not leave the branches for many years after entering the full fruit stage, which requires a lot of nutrients. The formation of soil fertility depends on the nutrients released by the soil during weathering, which is quite slow and takes several years, decades or even hundreds of years. Illicium verum absorbs nutrients for its own growth and fruit every year, and humans take the nutrients away by picking leaves and fruits. Therefore, soil fertility alone can no longer meet the needs of Illicium verum growth and fruiting, leading to abnormal differentiation of flower buds. Due to the traditional planting management habits of the masses, Illicium verum is not fertilized, which intensifies the contradiction of nutrient supply, resulting in insufficient nutrition of Illicium verum, and the output is declining year by year.

⑵ Transformation measures of Illicium verum low-yield forest

(1) Clean up the forest land, reclaim and prune it properly.

First of all, the uncleared forest land should be mowed and cleaned once, and reclaimed once at the same time. After that, the trees should be cared for twice a year, the first time in February-March and the second time in August-September, and reclaimed every three years. The depth of reclamation is 10- 15 cm, which is generally not suitable for comprehensive reclamation and reclamation with large slope. At the same time, after harvesting autumn fruits every year, cut off dense branches, long branches, unfruitful branches, dead branches and branches with pests and diseases.

(2) Sparse the dense forest, replant the sparse forest, and adjust the forest to a reasonable density.

For over-dense stands, the crushed and decayed plants should be cut off, and the superior and inferior plants should be kept, with 30-40 plants per mu, and the crowns should not overlap. For over-sparse stands with less than 27 plants per mu, replanting with soil should be adopted, and the replanting time should be carried out when there is sufficient rain in late autumn and early winter.

③ Scientific fertilization

Illicium verum is a flower and fruit all year round, which consumes a lot of nutrients. In order to make Illicium verum high and stable yield, it is not enough to rely only on the original nutrients of the land. The reason for the formation of low-yield forest is insufficient fertility, so it is necessary to fertilize and supplement the Illicium verum stand in the process of transformation. Fertilization should be combined with reclamation, and the fertilizer used should be determined according to the soil nutrient status, or the octagonal fertilizer should be used. Firstly, representative soil samples were taken from the forest for soil analysis (topsoil, 25 cm and 50 cm soil layers mixed), and then the fertilizer ratio and dosage were determined according to the nutrient status. collect

(1) Harvest period

The harvest period of Illicium verum is generally one month earlier than the seed collection period, so the harvested fruit does not need to be ripened, but Illicium verum must be ripened on the tree. Immature seeds can germinate, but they have too much water content, are easy to rot and lose their germination ability, and are not easy to be preserved before and after the Spring Festival next year, so they should not be preserved as seeds. Therefore, the early-maturing sporadic fruits and the fruits on the branches without seeds should be picked in advance before seed collection, so as to make the seeds more full and mature and facilitate harvesting.

The harvest time of star anise varies according to the use. The processed dried fruits should be harvested after the end of August, and completed in the middle and early stages of 10 to ensure the quality. 3-4 kg of fresh fruit can be processed into 1 kg of dried fruit, but 5 kg of fresh fruit can be harvested in June and July to ensure the quality and market reputation of star anise, so the quality is poor.

When harvesting, it is required to handle with care, so as not to damage the peel and sharp corners. It is forbidden to beat with bamboo poles, and be careful not to damage the flowers and young fruits on the tree. It is best to use soft sacks and cloth bags instead of rough bamboo baskets. Choose sunny days when picking, which is convenient for processing. Picking in rainy days is prone to mildew, deterioration and fever.

The main harvesting time of Illicium verum leaves is in autumn and winter, that is, from June 65438+1October to June 65438+1October of the following year. It is not suitable to pick leaves in spring and summer. Only old leaves and shoots can be picked together. When new leaves were not picked, the leaves did not exceed half of the whole leaves. In addition, old leaves that fall off when new leaves begin to sprout in February and March can also collect steamed oil, but don't dry the leaves. The dried leaves have volatilized oil.

(2) Seed collection period

Depending on the maturity of seeds, it is usually carried out in September of the lunar calendar. If the seeds falling from the trees are picked up in time to raise seedlings, the germination rate is high, but the seeds are too small to be collected easily. You can use this method when you need it urgently, and you usually pick it from a tree.

Seed collection should be carried out when a large number of Illicium verum fruits are ripe. At this time, the peel changed from green to yellow-brown. It has not cracked yet, but it is fully mature, with the strongest germination ability, less water content and convenient storage.

When picking star anise, it is best to hook the technical stick with a wooden hook, reach out and pick the fruit and put it in a small bamboo basket (or bag) that you carry with you. Because flowers, young fruits and mature fruits are hung on the branches at the same time, attention should be paid to avoid damaging the flowers and young fruits of the branches when picking.

therapy

Illicium verum leaves should be treated and processed in time after harvesting, so as not to reduce the quality.

First of all, after processing, that is, before processing, spread out the fruits and leaves, and never pile them up to avoid getting caught in the rain and causing fever and mildew; Fruits that are not completely dried into finished products should also be spread out. Fruit leaves are prone to mildew when they are wet, even in dry winter.

Traditional rough machining methods of Illicium verum include natural drying, oven drying and wood dry distillation.

(1) natural drying method

First, put fresh star anise in a boiling water pot for 5- 10 minute, take it out and spread it on a bamboo mat, or directly spread it on a threshing floor for 5-6 days, and dry it to get the finished product. The dried fruit obtained by this method is brownish red, bright in color, but slightly less fragrant.

(2) oven method

The oven is about 100 cm high, 250-300 cm long and 150 cm wide. The baking bed is made of barbed wire, and the octagon is laid on the barbed wire. The dried fruit obtained by this method will turn black if it is not carefully turned over, and it will be dried for two days and two nights. The dried fruit obtained by this method is dark red in color, slightly worse in color, but fragrant in taste.

(3) Wood dry distillation method

This is the most primitive and backward indigenous processing of raw fennel oil (star anise oil), which is still widely used at present. The method is as follows: first, build a big stove (made of earth or brick), put a big iron pot on it, and put a big wooden retort on it (the bottom mouth is big, the upper aperture is about 70-80 cm, and the lower aperture is about 80- 100 cm), then put the branches and leaves into the retort, and put an iron pot on it. The other ladle is installed in the distillation tank and connected to the bottom of the cooling tank. The handle of the spoon is tubular and leads to the outside of the retort. After installation, all joints are sealed with sticky mud or other materials. When distilling, put water in the pot on the stove, and the stove will burn fiercely, and the ceasefire can only be stopped after steaming in one breath. During distillation, fennel oil rushes to the bottom of the iron pan with steam, and is cooled by the iron pan. Oil and water drop into the ladle along the bottom of the pan, and then flow into the external collection bottle from the ladle handle. Finally, oil-water separation is carried out to obtain crude fennel oil. The advantages of this method are low cost and easy manufacture, but the disadvantages are poor coolability and low oil yield. On this basis, some areas have improved. The wooden retort is made of iron bottles, the retort cover is made of screws, and the joint is sealed with rubber bands, so it is not easy to scoop it inside. The gas pipe is installed on the bottle cap, and the gas pipe is connected to a multi-pipe cooler, and the cooled oil and water flows into an oil-water separator to obtain crude fennel oil.

Illicium verum fruit should be treated in time after picking, spread indoors, or exposed to the sun for 2-3 hours in the morning and evening. Don't be exposed to the sun, turn over the fruit several times a day and pick out the fallen seeds at any time. No matter whether it is sown indoors or in the sun, there are always a few seeds that fall off by themselves, and most of them stay in the pods and will not fall off automatically. The seeds in the pod can be carefully selected with knives and other tools. Because after the fruit is dried in the sun, the seeds in the fruit are likely to dry up, produce oil and lose their germination ability. Therefore, the seeds should be taken out as soon as possible when the pods still contain more water, and it is best to take them out when the pods are fresh.

parcel

The moisture content of star anise dried fruit is very low, and the highest moisture content is not more than 14%. Generally, sacks with good air permeability are used as packaging bags instead of plastic bags, each bag is 60-70 kg.

store

Seeds should be stored in time after pod emergence, otherwise they will easily lose their germination ability. The results showed that the seeds lost their germination ability after half an hour to an hour in the sun and were not stored in a ventilated, dry and cool room. Oil production began after 5 hours, and most of the seeds were completely oily after 8 hours.

The seed storage and germination accelerating methods are as follows:

1, wet sand storage method to accelerate germination: this method is the most commonly used method and the most ideal method. Spread the screened fine wet river sand on the shady floor, or put it in containers such as wooden frame, wooden basin, plastic basin and porcelain bowl. Put the seeds that fall by yourself or are peeled off manually every day into the prepared wet sand. After all the seeds in the fruit are taken out, mix them with wet sand evenly, spread them on the floor or in a container according to the ratio of 1:3, and cover them with breathable sacks or grass curtains every morning and evening. At the same time, we should pay attention to maintaining humidity and watering in time. The humidity of the sand should be kneaded into a ball by hand, and it is advisable to spread it when touched.

During storage, the seeds should keep their original brown seed coat, not stick to sand, and have good gloss, which is basically consistent with the characteristics when they leave pods. If the seed coat is dark, it means there is too much water, and the light color means there is not enough water. In addition, pay attention to check the temperature. The sand temperature in the middle layer is about 65438 08℃. If you touch it with your hands, you should feel cold, not hot. After the seeds are stored, they begin to germinate around the lunar calendar 1 1 2, and can be planted when the germination reaches 50%.

2. Seed drying method: put the harvested fruit on a bamboo mat, cover it with cloth, expose it to the sun, and collect the seeds that have emerged every night when the fruit is harvested; Mix well in dry yellow fine soil or fine sand and pile it in a ventilated place. After 3-4 days, the mixed seeds and dry yellow fine soil (4-5 times more than the seeds) are compacted, stored in indoor dry holes, filled with dry fine soil, and then compacted again, and the hole is closed with wooden boards to reduce ventilation and prevent rodents.

When sowing, take out the dried seeds and spray water to accelerate germination (the method is the same as wet sand method). This soil storage method can properly control the respiration intensity of seeds, so that seeds have a short dormancy period. Seeds that germinate after dry storage emerge quickly and orderly, while seeds that do not germinate after dry storage emerge slowly and irregularly, but grow well and have strong seedlings.

transport

When seeds need to be transported for a long distance, a small amount of wet sand should be mixed and put into a well-ventilated cloth bag or sack with an open mouth for heat dissipation. The weight of each bag should be 10 kg, and the temperature should be checked every 4 hours on the way. Pay attention to heat, water and sun protection during transportation and keep cool. If the germinated seeds are transported far away, it is best to pack them in wooden cases and send someone to escort them. Illicium verum seeds are not suitable for mailing.