What is the relationship between non-toxic puffer fish culture?

Cultivation techniques of nontoxic puffer fish;

I. Daily management

1. Feed feeding

After the puffer fish enters the pond, the water temperature is 15 ~ 17℃, so it should be fed regularly. At the beginning of entering the pond, the puffer fish are lured to feed first, so that the puffer fish form the habit of feeding at fixed points. Feed wet pellet bait, now. The daily feeding amount is 0.5% ~ 3% of the weight of puffer fish, and it is fed 1 ~ 2 times a day. When the water temperature is lower than 65438 02℃, the food intake of puffer fish is obviously reduced. When the water temperature is 10℃, the puffer fish basically stops feeding and needs to stop eating. Try to let the puffer fish eat well when feeding, and remove the residual bait in time after feeding to prevent the water quality from deteriorating. A small amount of vitamins e and c can be added to the bait to prevent it from suffering from nutritional diseases.

2. Water quality management

When overwintering in high density, it is necessary to maintain good water quality, and it is best to use sterilized water. The water temperature is suitable, the puffer fish can still be eaten and needs feeding. Generally, the pond should be completely changed and constantly inflated. When the water temperature is low, the puffer fish stops feeding, and the water exchange rate can be reduced to 10% ~ 30% of the pool water, with intermittent aeration for 30 minutes each time and gas stoppage for 30 minutes. Strengthen aeration every night to prevent fish from dying due to lack of oxygen in the air. The feces, residual bait, water meter film and dirt in the pool should be cleaned up in time to prevent water pollution.

3. Prevention and treatment of fish diseases

The puffer fish overwinters indoors with high density, which is easy to get sick. Before the fry enter the pond, they should take a medicinal bath to remove parasites on the body surface and prevent the injured individuals from being infected with bacteria or water mold. The overwintering period is mainly prevention, and the body surface is disinfected with antibiotics every 10 ~ 15 days. You can also continuously feed bait containing antibiotics for 3 days every 15 ~ 20 days for disinfection in vivo. Ill fish should be fished out in time and treated in isolation to prevent the spread of fish diseases.

4. Water temperature control

During the wintering of puffer fish, we should always pay attention to the change of water temperature and weather forecast, and make full preparations before the cold wave comes to ensure that the heating equipment can operate in time. When the indoor water temperature is lower than 12℃, measures should be taken to increase the water temperature to about 14℃ and keep it constant.

5. Invert the pool and change the water

Changing water can reduce the number of metabolic wastes and bacteria in water and improve the water environment. Inverting the pond can thoroughly disinfect the fish pond regularly, kill harmful organisms and parasites in the pond, improve the water environment of the pond, reduce the occurrence of fish diseases and improve the survival rate of overwintering. Generally, once a month 1 time, the wintering pool is thoroughly disinfected. It is best to use the adjacent pond to reverse the pond, which can reduce the labor intensity. Siphon the upper pool water into the disinfection pool. Generally, sewage is sucked 1 ~ 2 times a day to suck pollutants such as feces and residual bait out of the pool to reduce water pollution. At the same time, change or replenish water every week 1 time, and the water change amount is 1/5 ~ 1/4 of the pool water. [3]

Second, reduce costs.

1. Reduce heat energy consumption

Waste heat, power plant cooling water, geothermal water and other resources can be used to reduce the heat input of aquaculture units; Strengthen heat preservation measures to reduce heat dissipation in the wintering pool, and control the wintering water temperature at about 65438 04℃.

2. Reduce power consumption

In winter, the dissolved oxygen in the pool is 6 mg per liter, and puffer fish can still eat and swim normally when the dissolved oxygen is 3 mg per liter, and there is no sign of hypoxia. Therefore, dissolved oxygen can be monitored and determined, and the time ratio between inflation and gas stop can be adjusted to save electricity. When the puffer fish overwinters indoors, it can be ventilated intermittently 1 hour and stopped for 3 hours.

3. Reduce the amount of seawater and brine.

The suitable salt content of puffer fish is below 20. After fish adapt to the overwintering environment, the salinity can be reduced by about 5 per time. Combined with changing water, fresh water can be gradually used, which can reduce the consumption of seawater and brine and prolong the water changing period.

4. Improve the survival rate

During the wintering period, 1 time of drug prevention and treatment is carried out every month to strengthen the prevention and treatment of fish diseases, and the sick fish are taken out in time for isolation treatment. From the aspects of temperature, salinity, water quality, dissolved oxygen, etc., create an environment that adapts to the wintering of puffer fish and reduce its illness or death.

Indoor wintering of puffer fish is not limited by geographical and climatic conditions, and it is a suitable wintering method for both north and south. Where conditions permit, cooling water from power plants and waste heat from factories, caves and tunnels can be used to overwinter puffer fish, which can achieve large-scale overwintering.

Three, pond seedling technology

1, small-scale fish farming

(A) pond selection

The pond requires sufficient water source, pollution-free water quality and small change of water temperature throughout the year. If brackish water or fresh water is used for aquaculture, the pond should be built in a place with convenient water lifting, short route and low lift. The bottom of the pool is basically water-tight and water-tight, making it easier to build dikes and open floodgates. In addition, convenient transportation and power supply are required, and there are no tall buildings around the pond, so it is not easy to be impacted by storms or floods.

(2) Cleaning and disinfection of ponds

Drain the water in the pond in winter or in slack season, dig out the mud at the bottom of the pond, and then naturally expose it. Before the fingerlings enter the pond, the pond should be cleaned with quicklime and bleaching powder for disinfection. The dosage of quicklime per mu is100 ~150kg, and the dosage of bleaching powder is 30 ~ 40 ppm. After a week, the fish will be stored in the water, and enough base fertilizer will be applied to promote the reproduction and growth of plankton.

(3) Fish stocking

The fingerlings were cultured indoors to 1.2 ~ 1.5cm, and released 1 ~ 20000 per mu. If the transportation distance is short, it can be transported by plastic bottled water. If the transportation distance is long, it should be transported in plastic bags with oxygen. Each bag contains 800 ~ 1000, and the survival rate can be guaranteed within 7 ~ 8 hours. The best transportation water is 3 ~ 5 ppm salt water, and the temperature should be above 65438 08℃ when stocking. Note that the temperature difference between inside and outside the package should not be too large.

(4) Bait feeding and water quality control

Before the total length of fingerlings is 3cm, feed soybean milk 1kg per mu of pond every day to breed plankton, provide sufficient bait for fingerlings, and pay attention to transparency, generally about 30cm; The water color is mung bean color, and the plankton in the water is rich, but it is not clustered and clustered, so it cannot be clustered and transferred in the water. If there are too many organisms in food, new water should be injected to reduce the biological density and keep the water fresh. By effectively adjusting dissolved oxygen and water quality, the specifications of most fish species can reach about 3 cm after 20 days in the pond. At this time, while feeding soybean milk to control the bait organisms, the eel feed was made into soft particles the size of soybeans, and one was fed on the beach every 1 m to domesticate the habit of eating eel feed. At this time, it is necessary to breed large-scale fish in batches.

2. Large-scale fish farming

(1) Transportation and stocking of fish species

In order to ensure the quality of the fish species, the oriental dolphin should be an authentic fish species. Individuals with strong physique, no disease damage, neat specifications and strong traceability are selected as stocking objects. Plastic bags are generally used to transport oxygen. Each bag contains 3 ~ 4 cm seedlings 100 ~ 150 plants, which can be transported for 5 ~ 8 hours and the survival rate is over 95%. Before stocking, it is best to use 5ppm bleaching powder or 1ppm malachite green for disinfection 10 minutes, and the temperature difference should not be too big when stocking. Oriental porpoises with dark stripes should be kept sparse. The stocking density of 3-5 cm seedlings in the pond is 2000-3000/mu. Ponds with sufficient water and good water quality can appropriately increase the stocking density to 3500-4000/mu. With the growth of fish, gradually catch the big ones, keep the small ones and raise them thinly.

(2) Localization

The domesticated oriental dolphin with black stripes can be fed with broken bait fish, shrimp, snail meat and mussel meat. Within one week of stocking, fresh and palatable fish, shrimp and shellfish are domesticated as open bait to gradually adapt to the culture environment and bait composition. After fugu is used to eating, it gradually mixes artificial feed into bait and gradually increases the amount of artificial feed. Before the artificial feed is completely eaten, it is the key to ensure the freshness of bait during domestication.

(3) Feeding

Eel is the main bait, and the daily feeding amount of bait accounts for about 3% ~ 7% of the fish's weight. Need positioning (fixed feeding position), quantitative (more feeding, less feeding, full fish), constant speed (slow-fast-slow feeding speed) and qualitative (palatable, fresh and clean bait). Usually feed it twice a day. It is best to set up a feeding platform in the pool to check the feeding situation in time. If there is still bait residue on the feeding table after feeding for two hours, the feeding amount should be reduced and the feeding table should be cleaned frequently to avoid the breeding of germs.

(4) Water quality control

The puffer fish likes fresh water. Pond culture should be based on water color, water quality, transparency, dissolved oxygen and fish and shrimp activities, supplemented with fresh water irregularly, and changed once a month to improve water quality. Because the growth temperature of puffer fish is between 9℃ and 32℃, it is necessary to inject deep well water or river water with lower temperature to adjust the water temperature when the water temperature exceeds 32℃ in summer, and it is necessary to enter the greenhouse for wintering when the water temperature is lower than 9℃ in winter. In addition, the puffer fish has a high demand for dissolved oxygen. When the dissolved oxygen in the water is lower than 1.5g/L, it begins to float, and when it is lower than 1.3mg/L, it begins to die. Appropriate dissolved oxygen should be kept above 3mg/L, and oxygen should be increased by aerator or air pump when dissolved oxygen is insufficient.

(5) Separate supports with different specifications

The predation ability of puffer fish of different sizes is quite different. Large individuals often attack small individuals in the process of predation, which seriously affects the feeding and growth of small individuals. Therefore, individuals of different specifications are raised separately, usually once every 30 to 45 days. Ensuring adequate feeding, timely separate feeding and proper sparse feeding can effectively prevent fish from killing each other and improve the survival rate of culture.

(6) Daily management

Patrol the pond every week, observe the activity, food intake, water color and water quality of puffer fish, and check the breeding facilities. Physical and chemical factors of water body are determined regularly every day. Such as water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, COD, PO4-P, transparency, etc. And make daily records, sum up experiences and lessons, and guide future production. Measure the growth of fish every 10 ~ 15 days and record it as a reference for feeding. After 4 ~ 5 months' careful cultivation, the specifications of the fish can reach100 ~150g, and the survival rate can be stabilized at 85% ~ 95%.

Fourth, disease prevention and control.

1, white mouth disease

Viral disease white mouth disease is a viral infectious disease, which is popular in high temperature period. The sick fish are mainly fish under 1 year old, which can cause a large number of fish deaths and is the most important disease in puffer fish culture.

Symptoms: the diseased fish first turns black in the mouth, then turns into ulceration and albinism, and then exposes the alveoli of the upper and lower jaws, showing a "rotten mouth" shape. The internal manifestations are liver congestion and linear blood spots, and in severe cases, they are specific abnormal behaviors such as frantic swimming and mutual biting.

Etiology: The comprehensive experimental results show that the disease is viral infection. The route of infection is mostly cannibalism and contact infection.

There is no effective treatment, so prevention is the priority, and the secret is avoided in time to ensure the high quality of bait and timely feeding.

2. Parasitic diseases

1), filariasis

The disease is a common disease in puffer fish culture. It has been found in the early stage that the incidence rate has decreased in recent years, which is more common in puffer fish groups cultured in metal cages. The disease is non-explosive, with few deaths in a short time and only a small number of deaths every day for a long time.

Symptom: Allognathus feeds entirely on the blood of puffer fish. When the number of parasites is large, puffer fish will turn black and thin. The gill showed obvious anemia symptoms, became pale, secreted too much mucus, and the tissue where the gill flap came into contact with parasites collapsed and rotted. The sick fish lost their appetite, could not swim, and gradually weakened and died. It's difficult to diagnose the disease just from its appearance. If necessary, the gill should be examined by naked eye and microscope to diagnose the disease.

Etiology: It is caused by monogamous Fasciola parasitizing gill flap and inner membrane of gill cavity. The adult body length is about 1 cm, which can be clearly distinguished by naked eyes. However, the bug on the gill flap still needs microscopic observation to be diagnosed.

Prevention and control methods: General drugs (external use or oral administration) have poor anthelmintic effect, and practical experience is that it is better to prevent this disease without metal cage culture. In addition, the cultured seawater needs to be exchanged well.

2), the third generation worm disease

The disease mainly harms 1 year-old fish, and if it is not found immediately, it will increase the death. Therefore, early diagnosis of diseases is very important.

Symptoms: It is difficult to judge the appearance of early sick fish. This disease often occurs when the water temperature drops. If the fish is found to be inactive when playing and eating, the mucus on the body surface is white and turbid, and the pectoral fin is opaque. In severe cases, spots and congestion can be seen on the gill filaments, the edge of gill flap is gray, the fish skin is eroded, red, bleeding, fin damage, the sick fish is weak and eventually dies.

Cause of disease: It is caused by the third generation worms of Platymonas, Monomorpha and polychaetes parasitic on various parts of the body surface and the inner membrane of gill holes.

Precautionary measures: Because the spread of the third generation worm is the direct contact between river fish and puffer fish, the population density of the raised fish must not be too high.

Treatment: soak the sick fish/kloc-0 in 20ppm potassium permanganate for 5-30 minutes; Soak the sick fish in 200 ppm ~ 300 ppm formalin for 25 minutes, or 50ppm formalin 14 hours.

3), wheel disease

The disease is a common disease in puffer fish culture. In recent years, this situation has become more and more common due to the deterioration of seawater quality.