Geographical environment of Jinan

Jinan was formally established in July, 1929. Located at 36 degrees 40 minutes north latitude and 36 degrees 40 minutes east longitude. 1 17: 00, with Taishan Mountain in the south and Yellow River in the north, belongs to the continental monsoon climate zone in the north temperate zone, with four distinct seasons and abundant sunshine. The annual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius, and the annual average rainfall is 650-700 mm. It governs six districts, three counties and one county-level city, with a total area of 8,227 square kilometers. In 2007, Jinan had a registered population of 6.074 million and a temporary population of 855,000.

Geographical Overview Jinan is located in the middle and west of Shandong Province, where beijing-shanghai railway, Ji Jiao and Han Ji railways meet. It borders Mount Tai on the list of "World Natural and Cultural Heritage" in the south and the Yellow River called "Mother River of the Chinese Nation" in the north.

Jinan is located at the junction of low mountains and hills in central and southern Shandong and alluvial plains in northwest Shandong, with high terrain in the south and low terrain in the north. The terrain is complex and diverse, which can be roughly divided into three zones; The Yellow River belt in the north, the piedmont plain belt in the middle and the hilly and mountainous belt in the south. There are many rivers in Jinan, mainly the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River. There are also rivers such as Dasha River and Yufu River in the north and south. Lakes include Daming Lake and Baiyun Lake.

administrative division

Central area: with an area of 280 19 square kilometers and a population of 562,200.

Lixia District: area 100.89 square kilometers, population 598,700.

Huaiyin District: area 150 km2, population 347,000.

Tianqiao district: It covers an area of 249 square kilometers and has a population of 570,000.

Licheng District: area 1, 298.57 square kilometers, population 935 1.

Changqing district: area 1 178 square kilometers, population 530,000.

Pingyin County: covers an area of 826 square kilometers and has a population of 350,000.

Shanghe County: area 1 162 square kilometers, population 609,700.

Jiyang county: area 1.076 square kilometers, population 530,000.

Zhangqiu city: area 1.855 square kilometers, population 980,000.

Climatic conditions Jinan has complex and diverse terrain, with Mount Tai in the south and the Yellow River in the north, with high terrain in the south and low terrain in the north. Jinan is located in the mid-latitude, belonging to the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone. Spring is dry and rainy, summer is hot and rainy, autumn is crisp, winter is cold and dry, and the four seasons are distinct.

Jinan is located in the mid-latitude zone, influenced by solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and geographical environment, and belongs to the continental monsoon climate of warm temperate zone. Its main climatic characteristics are: the monsoon is obvious and the four seasons are distinct; In winter, Leng Xia is hot and the rainfall is concentrated.

The monsoon is obvious and the four seasons are distinct. China is a typical country with monsoon climate in the world, and Jinan is one of the regions with obvious monsoon climate. In winter, Mongolian high is formed in the northern part of Asian continent, and Jinan is controlled by denatured polar continental air mass and often attacked by cold air in the north. The weather is cold and sunny, with little rain and snow and northerly winds. In summer, influenced by tropical and subtropical ocean air masses, warm and humid air currents prevail in the ocean, with hot weather, abundant rainfall, abundant sunshine and southerly winds. Spring and autumn are the transitional seasons from winter to summer and from summer to winter, and the wind direction is changeable. During the year, in different seasons, the whole city is under the control of different atmospheric circulation, which constitutes a distinct climate change in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter in Jinan lasts 136 ~ 157 days, generally from the first ten days of 165438+ to the last ten days of March. Summer is 105 ~ 120 days, generally from late May to early September; Spring and autumn are the shortest, less than two months.

In winter, Leng Xia is hot and the rainfall is concentrated. In winter, Jinan is controlled by Mongolian cold high pressure, and the cold northerly wind blows. Generally, there is a cold air intrusion every 6 ~ 8 days, which makes the temperature drop continuously. In winter, the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, and the average extreme minimum temperature is below -20℃ (Pingyin county-18.9℃, Changqing county-19. 1℃, the northern suburb of Jinan-19.7℃, and the eastern suburb of Jinan-22. The maximum frozen soil depth is about 45cm, and the maximum snow depth is about 20cm. The winter precipitation is 20 ~ 25mm, accounting for only 3.0 ~ 3.7% of the total annual precipitation. There is little rain and snow throughout the winter, and the north wind is frequent, dry and cold. Summer is hot, the average seasonal temperature is around 26℃, the extreme maximum temperature exceeds 40℃, and the high temperature with daily maximum temperature ≥40℃ occurs in summer every day. Summer is not only hot, but also rainy and hot in the same season. The average summer precipitation in counties and districts of the city is over 400 mm, and 60% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in summer. The average precipitation days in July are about 15 days, and the rainstorm days with daily precipitation ≥50 mm are concentrated in July and August, accounting for 70% of the rainstorm days in the whole year.

Natural resources The total area of land resources in the city is 8 154 square kilometers. There are more than 3,000 square kilometers of mountains and hills and 5,000 square kilometers of plains. There are six soil types in this city: brown soil, cinnamon soil, fluvo-aquic soil, Jiang Sha black soil, paddy soil and aeolian sand. Clay, limestone and dolomite are of high quality and large quantity, but they have not been fully developed and utilized. Jinan black gabbro and Liubuhong granite have been exported to more than 30 countries and regions such as Europe, Asia and Africa, and the production scale needs to be expanded. Rich in mineral resources, mainly iron, coal, granite, refractory clay, copper, potassium, platinum, diamonds and other non-ferrous metals, rare metals and nonmetals. Limestone, in particular, has high grade and large reserves. Granite Black Granite is unique in China because of its pure texture. Forest resources are divided into trees and shrubs, with more than 60 families and more than 300 species. The southern mountainous area is rich in apples, pears, persimmons, walnuts, hawthorn and chestnuts. There are also many kinds of medicinal materials such as salvia miltiorrhiza, jujube, wild chrysanthemum and Cyperus tuber. The yield of red dates in the northern plain of the Yellow River is also very high. In addition, the output of white lotus root, green onion, rose, reed and other plants is also very high, which enjoys a high reputation both inside and outside the province. The amount of water resources is 65.438+0.59 billion cubic meters, and the available amount is 65.438+0.47 billion cubic meters.

The figures on this page are all 1985 land census data. From 65438 to 0985, the total area of Jinan was 5633.78 square kilometers, including 2684 square kilometers of cultivated land. The cultivated land rate in the city is 47.6%, which is higher than the provincial level of 47% and the national average of 10.4%. Cultivated land in southern mountainous areas of Pingyin, Changqing, Licheng and Zhangqiu 1508.3 square kilometers, accounting for 56.2% of the total cultivated land area. Due to the high terrain, fragmented farmland, poor quality of cultivated land, difficult farming and low crop yield. There are 7 10.9 square kilometers of cultivated land in the northern plain, accounting for 26.5% of the total cultivated land area. The soil in this area is rich and deep, and it is a high-yield area of refined grain and vegetables. Due to the sewage discharge from towns and industrial and mining enterprises, the soil is polluted to varying degrees. The low-lying cultivated land along Huangqing is 465 square kilometers, accounting for 17.3% of the total cultivated land area, and the waterlogging is serious. The per capita arable land in the city is 0.07 hectares, which is lower than the provincial average of 0. 1 hectare and lower than the national average of 0. 13 hectare. The city's urban industrial and mining traffic land is 842 square kilometers, accounting for 15% of the total area. Woodland covers an area of 736.4 square kilometers, accounting for 13. 1% of the total area, with a per capita area of 0.02 hectares. The area of barren hills and wasteland is 949.8 square kilometers, accounting for 16.9% of the total area.

The total amount of natural water resources in the city formed by precipitation and lateral seepage of the Yellow River is 65.438+60.7 billion cubic meters. Among them, the surface water is 64 1 100 million cubic meters, accounting for 38% of the total; 966 million cubic meters of groundwater, accounting for 62% of the total. Under the existing water conservancy facilities and their normal operation conditions, combined with the characteristics of natural water resources, the water storage capacity, that is, the average available capacity for many years, is11920,000 cubic meters. Accounting for 74.2% of the total natural water resources; Among them, 429 million cubic meters of surface water and 763 million cubic meters of groundwater. 1985, the actual water demand of all sectors of the national economy is124.8 billion cubic meters. Among them, industrial production and urban domestic water consumption is 330 million cubic meters, accounting for 26.4%; The water consumption for agricultural irrigation and rural life is 894 million cubic meters, accounting for 7 1.6%? ; Other water consumption is 24 million cubic meters, accounting for 2%.

The distribution characteristics of natural water resources in Jinan city are as follows: the annual precipitation and surface runoff in metamorphic mountainous areas and Pingyin mountainous areas in the south are larger than those in plain areas; From the mountainous area to the plain, the annual precipitation decreased from 7 10 mm to 645mm；; The annual runoff depth is reduced from197mm to 80mm. The steep water loss on the high hillside becomes the poor water area of the city. The central piedmont plain is rich in groundwater and numerous springs, which are naturally discharged in the form of springs before being exploited in large quantities. There are abundant guest water resources (Yellow River water) along the Yellow River in the north, and shallow groundwater is also abundant. Development and utilization of water resources in Jinan: the coastal areas of Xiaoqing River and Pingyin Basin in the middle are industrial and agricultural production bases in Jinan; Because groundwater has higher reliability and stability than surface water, groundwater has long been regarded as the main source of highly concentrated exploitation. Especially in the urban areas, the daily production increased from100000 tons in the 1950s to about 700000 tons in the 1980s, which led to the imbalance between mining and compensation and the spring failure. However, in the first line of Xiaoli and Xusi in Changqing County, the old county town of Pingyin County and Dong 'atiao area, the groundwater resources are rich and good, which need to be developed urgently. The development and utilization of surface water is restricted by engineering application conditions, and the pollution of surface water also hinders its further development and utilization. Surface water in China is mainly used for agricultural irrigation. The surface water irrigation area is 263.8 square kilometers, accounting for 2 1% of the city's irrigation area. Due to the shortage of water resources and serious pollution in Xiaoqing River, irrigation tends to divert water from the Yellow River to the green. Since 1965, under the guidance of active and prudent policies, the Yellow River has given full play to its advantages in water resources and provided high-quality water sources for agricultural irrigation and urban water supply.

Traffic conditions Jinan enjoys an excellent geographical position and developed traffic. By the end of 2006, the city's highway mileage was 9833. 1 km. At present, Jinan has Jinan-Qingdao Expressway in the east, Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway in the south, Beijing-Shanghai Expressway in the north and Liaocheng Expressway in the west. The Ring Expressway surrounds Jinan, and the national highways 104, 105, 220, 308, 309 and 16 cross Jinan. The status of Jinan expressway network center and expressway hub has been established. In 2007, with the gradual completion and opening of key projects such as Jihe (Jinan-Heze) Expressway, Jilai (Jinan-Laiwu) Expressway and Dabei Ring Expressway, the access depth and collection and distribution capacity of Jinan Highway will be further improved.