Natural geographical environment of Wuluo town

1, geological and geomorphological conditions

Wu Luo is located at the northern foot of Fan Jingshan. There are various types of landforms, including mountains, hills, basins and valley terraces. These different types of landforms are not only different in morphological characteristics and altitude, but also different in composition and genesis. The Niufeng Mountain in China is dominated by metamorphic rocks, followed by erosive rocks. The strata strike north and south, and the dip angle is greater than 35 degrees. The mountain is high and steep, which is the watershed between Yuanjiang and Wujiang, with an altitude of 2063.6 meters. Affected by the uplift of Fanjing Mountain, the terrain is obviously uplifted, with the general elevation of 700- 1000m, the highest elevation of 1400m and the relative height difference of 300-700m m.. It is characterized by the development of folds and faults, complex erosion and dissolution landforms, large ground slope, valley depth of 500-700 meters, underground rivers and good drainage conditions. The landform type is mainly low-middle mountain, followed by limestone, dolomitic limestone and purple marl, and the shallow metamorphic rocks are scattered. High terrain, cool climate, rainy and foggy, rich in mineral and biological resources, it is the origin of timber forest, cash crops and medicinal materials.

2. Agricultural climatic conditions and climatic resources

Wuluo town belongs to the humid climate zone of mid-subtropical monsoon. Mild climate, abundant rainfall, four distinct seasons and obvious monsoon climate. It is characterized by less severe cold in winter, hot vinegar in ciel phantomhive, long frost-free period, uneven distribution of annual precipitation, more drought in summer, more rain and less sunshine in autumn.

Temperature: Wuluo Town is located in the high altitude area of Songtao County; With the increase of altitude, the temperature drops obviously; The annual temperature changes obviously; The most in Leng Yue in a year is 65438+ 10 month; The average temperature is 2.9 degrees. The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 24.7 degrees and an annual average temperature of 14.2 degrees. . Precipitation: Water condition is the basic life factor of crop growth and yield formation, and water is the raw material of crop photosynthesis. Therefore, crops depend on water to maintain their physiological activities, and they are highly dependent on precipitation. The annual average precipitation is 106.6mm, with the largest precipitation in May, with an average of 227 mm, followed by 2 15mm in June. The precipitation in 65438+February and 65438+1October is the least, with an average of only 35mm. There is more precipitation in spring and summer, which is beneficial to the growth and development of large-season crops. However, there are more sunny and hot weather in July and August, and summer drought often occurs. Sunshine radiation: Wu Luo is a cloudy, cloudy area with little sunshine, and the average sunshine hours for many years is about 1 220.2 hours. According to the seasonal distribution, the sunshine hours are less in winter10 ~ March, more in summer from April to September, and sufficient in July to August all year round. Due to the ups and downs in some areas of the town, most areas are sheltered. Lengjiaba, Zhongchang, Shitang and Banpotai villages are particularly prominent. Judging from the amount of solar radiation, the total annual radiation in our town is about 345.69 kJ/cm2, which belongs to the low-value area of the county. Seasonal distribution is the least in winter 12 to February, and the most in summer from June to August. Although the total solar radiation in our town is less, the growth and development of crops need more light from April to September, and the radiation amount is at a high value. Except Lengjiaba, Zhongchang, Shitang and Banpotai Village, other areas can basically meet the light energy demand of crops. ④ Frost-free period: The first frost period in Wuluo Town is generally in the middle of 1 1 month, the last frost period is in the middle of March, and the frost-free period is 238 ~ 266 days.

3. Soil and vegetation conditions

The formation of soil in Wuluo town is formed by the combined action of five natural soil-forming factors and human factors: biology, climate, topography, parent material and soil-forming time. For a long time, in order to survive, people have accumulated rich experience in understanding, utilizing and transforming soil in the process of fighting against nature and engaging in agricultural production. In order to improve soil moisture, dig drainage ditches, repair drainage ditches, improve swamp soil, build water conservancy projects, develop irrigation, expand paddy fields, plant trees on hillsides, level the land, build terraces, and prevent soil erosion, people use measures such as applying organic fertilizers, planting green manure, farming and irrigation to improve soil properties, such as structure, plowability, permeability and water and fertilizer conservation, so as to keep soil moisture, heat and fertilizer. Because of these human activities, the soil has evolved in the direction of human needs and developed in a direction conducive to production. However, unreasonable farming, steep slope farming, rough farming and abuse of chemical fertilizers have seriously hindered the improvement of soil fertility.

The main distributed soils are: mountain yellow brown soil, mainly distributed in Niufengbao area of Lengjiaba village; Yellow soil and yellow soil are the main soil types in Wuluo Town, which are widely distributed in Shitang Village, Banpotai Village and Zhongchang Village. Lime soil is the main diagenetic soil in this town, which is formed by weathering carbonate rocks and mainly distributed in Qianxingcun, Lizhong Village, Yankou Village and xiaohe village. ④ Paddy soil is the cultivated soil in Wuluo Town. The distribution area is vast, and Wuluowanmuba, Xinmin area and Maoxi area account for the main soil components. Paddy soil is formed by hydroponic maturation of various zonal soils such as yellow soil and red soil. During the long-term hydroponic maturation, the original planting, topography and hydrological conditions of the soil have been changed due to a series of farming technical measures adopted for planting rice. On the one hand, it has the characteristics of material movement such as reduction leaching and oxidation deposition, on the other hand, it is different from natural soil or dry soil in the synthesis and decomposition of organic matter, leaching of double salt base and salt base, accumulation and loss of clay particles, and gradually produces new hierarchical differentiation. These layers include phreatic water layer, plough bottom layer, storage layer, potential layer and Shui Piao layer.

Wuluo Town belongs to subtropical evergreen and deciduous mixed forest belt. Due to the ups and downs of the terrain, the climate differentiation is obvious, the ecological environment is complex, and there are many kinds of creatures. There are about 232 kinds of trees in the town. Among them, there are rare tree species Davidia involucrata, second-class key protected tree species Fragrant Fruit Tree and third-class key protected tree species, such as Tsuga guizhouensis and Taxodium distichum. Lengjiaba Village, located in the mountainous area of Fan Jing, has a well-preserved virgin forest and 10,000 mu of bamboo forest. The forest coverage rate is over 80%. Because of its vast territory and sparse population, it has been well preserved so far and has not been destroyed. Most forest vegetation in other areas has been damaged to varying degrees, and most areas have become more potential secondary vegetation. These secondary vegetation are mainly derived forests or artificial forests, with conifers and cypresses as the main positions. The secondary vegetation of Gramineae is mainly fern, hemlock, oxtail grass, croton grass and thatch.

4. Resources

Land resources: Affected by the interaction of climate, landforms, rocks, soil, vegetation and hydrology, Wuluo Town is rich in resources, with large land area, concentrated contiguous land, high soil fertility and sufficient light and heat conditions. Among them, Wu Luo Dam, the resident of Wuluo Town Government, has a cultivated land area of10.2 million mu, mainly producing rice, rape, corn, soybeans and sweet potatoes. In particular, the potatoes produced are of good quality and high yield, which are very famous in the county and are the main producing areas of grain, oil and potato crops in the county.

Plant resources:

The wild animals in Wuluo Town are listed as national first-class protected animals, including Guizhou golden monkey, and the second-class protected animals are bear macaque, giant salamander and pangolin. The three types of protected animals are forest musk deer and rare birds and mandarin ducks. These wild animals are mainly distributed in Fanjingshan Nature Reserve in this town. There are also bamboo chickens, mountain spots, kingfishers, magpies, thrushes, crows, red-bellied pheasants, spoon chickens, spotted woodpeckers and green-backed tits in the town. Reptiles include Bungarus multicinctus, Agkistrodon acutus, iron snake, bamboo leaf green, black snake and so on. In recent years, due to the government's efforts to protect wild animals, the number of some animals with strong reproductive ability has greatly increased, especially the number of wild boar and wild goat. Crops planted by farmers in Lengjiaba Village, Zhongchang Village and Banpotai Village with good forest vegetation are often destroyed by these animals. Other wild animals, such as bears, leopards, wolves, tigers and other rare animals, are often found in the mountainous areas of Fan Jing, with historical records and ancient legends. In recent years, due to the growth of population and the development of tourism, forests have been destroyed and have been extinct or in the stage of extinction.

There are more than 1000 kinds of wild plants in Wuluo town. According to the survey, there are more than 200 species of arbor plants and more than 400 species of medicinal plants. Its wild Osmunda japonica, Phoebe bournei bamboo shoots, auricularia, shiitake mushrooms, Nostoc commune, tremella and so on. It is a more popular family food. Wild fruit trees mainly include kiwifruit, thorn plough, wild sugar plough, August melon, wild pestle, loquat, wild grape, wild cherry, pecan, milk, litsea cubeba and so on. It has high economic value and rich vitamin content, and is a good wild nutritious food. There are abundant medicinal plants, and the commonly used medicinal materials are Gastrodia elata, Eucommia ulmoides, Notoginseng Radix, Flos Lonicerae, Fennel, Coptidis Rhizoma, Poria, Cortex Phellodendri and Magnolia Officinalis. Common folk herbs include snow in snow, snake lotus, Dysosma, etc. Aromatic plants include osmanthus fragrans, litsea cubeba, honeysuckle, pepper, valerian and so on. These plants are mainly distributed in Lengjiaba Village, Shitang Village, Zhongchang Village and Banpotai Village at the foot of Fanjing Mountain.

Mineral resources:

Wuluo Town is rich in mineral resources. The proven minerals are manganese, gold, copper, iron, phosphorus, barite, fluorite and titanium. Its manganese resources are one of the nine largest manganese mines in China, with proven reserves of more than 24 million tons, and it has the reputation of "Manganese Capital". Small-scale mining of manganese ore began in 1980s. At present, there are seven large-scale mining enterprises in our town, namely County Manganese, Yuxin, Taifeng, Hong Qing, Joint Venture, Songtai and Jin Rui. The annual mining output is 6.5438+200,000 tons, with a total output value of 48 million yuan, which has effectively promoted the development of local economy. Other mineral resources are mainly distributed in Lengjiaba village, which has not been developed and utilized at present because it is now classified as Fanjingshan reserve with inconvenient transportation.

5. Major natural disasters

Fish swimming in Wuluo has complex terrain, high altitude and poor temperature stability. The crops planted are often attacked by spring cold, hail, summer rainstorm and drought, and autumn low temperature and rainy weather. Summer drought: According to the seasonal drought, it can be divided into spring drought, summer drought, autumn drought and winter drought. Summer drought has a great influence on agricultural production in our town, with a wide range, long duration and serious disaster. In all kinds of disastrous weather, drought is a common and universal disaster, among which summer drought occurs most frequently from June to August every year, at the latest at the end of July, and sometimes lasts until September. According to the statistics of civil affairs department, from 1986 to 2006, there were severe droughts in eight years. Hail: Hail is a kind of local disastrous weather, which is fierce, small in scope and short in time, often accompanied by strong wind and heavy rain, and is extremely harmful to rice seedlings, rape, corn and crops to be planted. It often appears in March-May in spring, especially in April, with the highest probability of 40%. According to the statistics of civil affairs department, from 1986 to the middle of 2006, there were *** 17 hail disasters. Although the probability of hail occurrence is small, it is extremely harmful. Late spring cold: Late spring cold, commonly known as "rejuvenation", is a disastrous weather when rice seedlings are raised and rape blossoms and pods are set in spring. From March to April every year, affected by the cold air in the north, the average daily temperature is lower than 10 degrees, lasting for more than 3 days, often accompanied by rainy weather, which is called "rejuvenation". This town has an average of three or four times in the first year, once every seven to nine days. Generally, the average daily temperature drops by 5 to 10 degrees, and the average daily temperature drops by more than 15 degrees. Rice seedlings and rape are often frozen, which affects the growth and yield. For example, from March 26th to April 3rd, 265438 199 1 day, the average daily temperature dropped from 18.3 degrees to 3.6 degrees, and there was rain and snow, which caused all the early rice seedlings in the town to be frozen and suffered huge losses. (4) Autumn wind: from August to 10 every year, it is attacked by cold air from the north to the south, and the daily average temperature is below 20 degrees for more than three consecutive days, accompanied by continuous rainy weather. My town usually appears in mid-August, and it first appeared in late July. Due to the influence of autumn wind, rice heading and Yang Shuhua suffered and caused losses.