How is the invisible combat effectiveness of the army formed?

The military field is a dangerous and complicated field full of terror and sacrifice. A cruel military history can be said to be not only a history of military strength, popular support and people's strength, but also a history of wisdom and ingenuity.

The military field is one of the cradles of creativity. The ingenious struggle is most fully manifested in the military. Wisdom is a thinking activity in the general's mind and an intangible thing. But its role is often unmatched by tangible power. It can really be said that "four or two thousand pounds, one seeks to top ten thousand soldiers" and "one person can beat ten thousand people with guns."

Guan Zhong's "whose hand will kill the deer" is a typical example of "one plan is worth ten thousand soldiers". Under Guan Zhong's rule, the strength of Qi increased greatly and conquered many vassal states. Later, only Chu did not obey the orders of Qi, and Qi had to conquer Chu if it wanted to become the overlord of the Central Plains. At that time, several generals of Qi well-documented to Qi Huangong, asking him to rate heavily to attack Chu. As the prime minister, Guan Zhong shook his head again and again. He said to the excited generals: "When Qi and Chu are at war, they are evenly matched, and they are bound to lose both sides. War will exhaust the grain and grass that Qi has worked so hard to save. What's more, when the war started, tens of thousands of people in Qi and Chu became bones! " People were speechless, but Guan Zhong took his time and led many people to see copper smelting. After a while, Guan Zhong sent more than 100 businessmen to buy deer in Chu. At that time, only Chu had deer, but people only regarded deer as a general food animal, and they could buy one with little money. Guanzhong merchants threatened everywhere in Chu: "Qi Huangong is a good deer, and he will spare no expense." Qi merchants began to buy deer, each with three coppers. After ten days, the price rose to five coppers. King Chu Cheng and his ministers were very excited when they heard about it. They think that the prosperous State of Qi is about to suffer, because Wang Wei Hao died ten years ago and is making the same mistake. They ate and drank in the palace, waiting for Qi to weaken and sit on the ground. Guan Zhong soon raised the price of deer to 40 copper coins. When the Chu people saw that the price of a deer was the same as that of a catty of grain, they stopped farming, made hunting gear and went up the mountain to catch deer. Even Chu officers and soldiers have changed into weapons and hunting gear and sneaked up the mountain. Within a year, the grain in Chu was barren, but copper coins piled up into mountains. Chu people want to buy food with copper coins, but there is nowhere to buy it. Guan Zhong has ordered the vassal states to ban trade with Chu. As a result, Chu Bing was hungry and thin, and lost his fighting capacity. When Guan Zhong saw that the time had come, he assembled an army of governors from all walks of life and headed for Chu. Chucheng was at home and abroad, so he had to make peace and agreed to be a vassal Guan Zhong subdued the powerful Chu State without a single shot, which achieved the hegemony of Qi Huangong and won a stable period for the countries in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Le Yi's failure to attack Qi is also a good example. In 3 15 BC, there was a civil strife in the state of Yan for the throne. The following year, the powerful State of Qi took the opportunity to attack the weak State of Yan, occupied the capital of Yan (now southwest of Beijing), and killed the Prince of Yan in just 50 days. Because the Yan people rebelled, the Qi army was forced to retreat. Since then, the contradiction between Yan and Qi has become increasingly acute. In 3 12 BC, after Yan Zhaowang acceded to the throne, he actively prepared to avenge his country. He recruited wise men, reformed politics, developed production, strengthened national defense, and made alliances with Qin, Zhao, Han, Chu and Wei. In 284 BC, Yan Zhaowang thought that the conditions for seizing Qi were ripe, so he appointed Le Yi as the general, and commanded the armies of Yan, Qin, Han, Zhao, Chu and Wei to seize Qi. After World War I in western Hebei (now Gaotang and Liaocheng in Shandong), the Qi army was defeated and had to retreat to Linzi (now Zibo North in Shandong). When Le Yi saw that the main force of the Qi army was completely annihilated, he jumped in and captured Linzi. At this time, Le Yi declared military discipline and prohibited looting while taking a break from the army. At the same time, he began to win over the elites with official titles and fiefs, reducing taxes and abolishing the cruel laws of the King of Qi, thus quickly receiving the effect of "the joy of Qi Min". After these efforts, it was decided to divide the troops and seize all the territory of Qi. Under the command of Le Yi, Yan Jun captured more than 70 cities in Qi in half a year, but only Juxian County (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) and Jimo (now southeast of Pingdu, Shandong Province) were not captured. At the critical moment when the Yan army besieged Ju and Jimo, Yan Zhaowang died and succeeded to the throne. Tian Dan, the general of Qi State, knew that King Hui did not agree to be a prince, so he made a diversion and said that he wanted to be king in Qi State. The newly established Yan Wanghui listened to rumors and relieved Le Yi of his military power. Le Yi's resignation not only made Tian Chan lose a powerful opponent, but also made Yan Jun soldiers indignant and demoralized. Tian Dan stuck to Jimo and deliberately threatened the Yan people in Qi to cut off the noses of the prisoners and put them in front to attack the force. In that way, people in Jimo city will fight in fear of the enemy, and the city will be difficult to protect. Hearing this, Yan Jun did. The soldiers and civilians of Qi in Jimo were furious and indomitable when they saw the enemy cut off the noses of prisoners of war. Then, Tian Dan sent a spy to Yan Jun and said, I am most afraid of Yan people digging graves outside Jimo, which makes people sad and depressed. Yanjun heard the news, dug up the graves of Qi people and burned the bodies for public display. Seeing this, the soldiers and civilians of the State of Qi on the head of the city wept bitterly and were filled with indignation, demanding to do or die with Yan Jun in succession to avenge themselves. Tian Dan saw the fire coming and prepared to launch a large-scale counterattack. First, he showed weakness in various ways to slack off the Yan army, then defeated the enemy with a fire bull array, and then pursued them to recover all the lost land.

In the dispute between Chu and Han, Liu Bang's weak victory also proved this point. In 204 BC, the Chu-Han War was still a situation in which Xiang Yu was strong and Liu Bang was weak. Liu Bang asked Chen Ping: The world is in chaos. When will it be solved? Chen Ping thinks that Fan Zeng, Zhong Limei, Long Qie and Zhou Yin are the only loyal ministers under Xiang Yu. The king can pay more gold to buy off the personnel of Xiang Yu's army, so that they can publicize that General Zhong Limei and others have followed Wang Xiang for many years and made great contributions, but there is no packet. They will plot with Liu Bang to destroy Wang Xiang, enfeoffment the land, and each will be king. Hearing these words, Xiang Yu really didn't trust Zhong Limei and other soldiers. Xiang Yu suspected his subordinates, so he sent messengers to find Liu Bingying to find out the truth and falsehood. Liu Bang prepared a sumptuous banquet. But when he saw the angel of Xiang Yu, he pretended to be surprised and said, I thought it was the angel of Dr. Fan Zeng. He ordered the banquet to be cancelled and replaced by coarse grains and rice. The messenger went back and reported to Xiang Yu, which made Xiang more suspicious of Fan Zeng and never listened to his advice again. Fan Zeng resigned in anger and returned to his hometown. He died on the way because of a poisonous sore on his back. Because Xiang Yu was trapped and listened to rumors, his counselor Jiang Yong was not reused, and some even defected to him, causing him to be defeated, leaving tens of thousands of troops with only 28 riders. In desperation, I still don't understand my intellectual failure. He also said: "I have been eight years old since I joined the army and have experienced more than 70 wars. I have been defeated by those who were attacked, and I have never lost. I used to dominate the world, but now I'm stuck here. It is not a war crime to die on this day. " Finally, he committed suicide in Wujiang (now northeast of Anhui County).

Before Li Yuan's departure, Liu Wenjing said to Li Shimin, "Today, Li Mi has surrounded Luoyi, and the Lord (Emperor Yang Di) has arrived in Huainan. There are thousands of thieves in Lianjun County. The thieves have blocked the mountains, but God will drive them away. " He analyzed the situation at that time and thought that as long as he could "conform to the people's hearts, raise the flag and shout, the four seas would be settled." He pointed out that the conditions for doing so are available. "Now people who avoid thieves in Taiyuan are all in the city. Quiet for several years, know its hero, once the noisy set, you can get 100 thousand people, and the government will lead tens of thousands of soldiers. Who dares not listen to you? Take control of the world with virtual portals. Within half a year, the emperor can succeed to the throne. " Liu Wenjing's plan not only effectively promoted Li Yuan's army in Taiyuan, but also used it as a strategy for Li Yuan to enter Guanzhong to establish the Tang Dynasty.

In the process of establishing the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's advisers played a key role. Among them, there are three most famous ones: the first time, Feng, an adviser, took the world from Zhu Yuanzhang's face, thinking that "Jinling is the capital of Wang Long, pulling it out as the foundation, and then going out to conquer, advocating benevolence and won the hearts of the people, not greedy for children's jade, and the world will be settled." It is pointed out that Zhu Yuanzhang set Jinling as the base area and learned the experience and lessons of the failure caused by the "hooliganism" of the peasant uprising army in history. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang's expedition to the east and the west benefited from this relatively solid foundation. Counselor Zhu Sheng proposed to Zhu Yuanzhang for the second time that "build a high wall, accumulate grain widely, and slow down to be king". This move avoids the situation that the tree catches the wind and is attacked by the crowd, secretly develops strength, hides the front, and attacks the enemy later. For the third time, Liu Ji put forward a major countermeasure for Zhu Yuanzhang, which was "Chen first and Zhang later". At that time, the territory of Zhu Yuanzhang was only "several counties in Jiangdong". "Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng are suffering from countercurrent. When there is an alarm, it is difficult to contain it first. I should be in the middle. "Fighting on both sides is not allowed by strength, and it is also unwise in the struggle strategy. So, should we attack Chen Youliang to the west or destroy Zhang Shicheng to the east first? Liu Ji incisively analyzed: "(Zhang) is sincere and self-sufficient. (Chen) My friend, I believe that ... the land is upstream, and I forget myself every day. It is better to find out first. Chen's downfall and Zhang's potential loneliness can be decided at one stroke. Then go north to the Central Plains, and Wang Ye can become a great instrument. " Liu Ji analyzed the strategic situation of Chen and Zhang, and thought that Zhang would be cut first, and Chen would attack later, and he was caught in a situation of fighting on both sides. If we attack Chen first, Zhang Shicheng will be short-sighted, and will make peace without sending troops to save him. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Liu Ji's strategy of "first Chen, then Zhang, first South and then North" and achieved great success.

Earlier, we mentioned Mao Zedong's political strategy in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. In fact, Mao Zedong's superb art of resourcefulness is not only manifested in the scientific assessment of the situation, but also in the ingenious creation of momentum based on the scientific assessment of the situation, that is, artificially creating local military advantages and destroying the enemy with cameras when the whole is at a disadvantage.

Mao Zedong's brilliant campaign in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is mainly manifested in four aspects: First, taking advantage of the enemy's gap to create a favorable situation for me. Mao Zedong pointed out that it is possible for a general who has never made a mistake since ancient times to take advantage of the enemy's gap. We should not only make good use of the enemy's mistakes, but also deliberately create the illusion of the enemy, mobilize the enemy to stay within our scope, and create a favorable situation for us. At the beginning of the war, Mao Zedong pointed out five weaknesses of the Japanese army in "On Protracted War": increasing strength, no main direction, no strategic coordination, losing strategic opportunity, encircling more and destroying less. He firmly grasped these five aspects, led the whole party to mobilize the masses, established many base areas and guerrilla zones in enemy-occupied areas, flexibly used guerrilla warfare and mobile warfare to attack the enemy, and created many local advantages in the overall disadvantage.

Second, he is good at promoting our strengths and attacking the enemy's weaknesses, which has created a favorable situation for me in the form of combat. According to the characteristics of the enemy, Mao Zedong insists on giving priority to mobile warfare. In the enemy's movement, it is often easy to disperse troops, regardless of the beginning and end, there is no danger to defend, and there are not enough reinforcements. Our army can suddenly surround him, take him by surprise, and quickly solve the battle. Another specialty of our army is guerrilla warfare, which is the biggest headache for the enemy. Guerrillas are rooted in the masses, easy to gather and disperse, flexible, familiar with the terrain and unpredictable. We can wipe out scattered enemies and lax enemies at any time. In this way, in the specific form of combat, our army has changed from a disadvantage to an advantage.

Third, we should be good at using our forces flexibly and concentrate our forces on attacking small enemy units in each battle, so as to gain the advantage of winning more than less in some areas. Mao Zedong stressed: "Flexible use of troops is the central task of war command and the most difficult to do well." Mao Zedong is good at judging the enemy's situation and expecting the enemy to be like a god; He is good at catching fighters, just right; He is familiar with the characteristics of the army and makes use of its advantages, thus creating many dramas with local advantages in strategic disadvantages. Mao Zedong's most commonly used and most wonderful guiding principle is to concentrate forces, split into two, win more with less, and make a quick decision. In this way, although our army is at a disadvantage in the overall strategic situation, in specific battles, it is like several big men hitting a robber and winning it in one fell swoop.

Fourth, be good at mobilizing the masses and creating the advantages of war reserve forces. At the beginning of the war, our real forces such as military and financial resources were at a disadvantage, and so were our reserve forces such as military and financial resources. Mao Zedong believes that in order to change the situation that the enemy is superior to us, we must make great efforts to turn the disadvantages of our reserve forces into advantages as soon as possible, and the methods are correct political mobilization and free mass mobilization. The people of the whole country have mobilized, so it is not a problem to supplement the troops, and the financial difficulties can be overcome. The successful implementation of this strategy greatly mobilized the people's anti-Japanese enthusiasm, made up for the lack of weapons and equipment, and threw the enemy into the sea of Wang Yang in the people's war. The advantage of our army's reserve forces has gradually changed into the advantage of defeating the real strength of the enemy. This strategy of military struggle not only made our army resist the crazy attack of the Japanese army and the destruction of the Kuomintang army, but also made the battlefield behind enemy lines play an important role in the main battlefield of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. At the same time, this military struggle strategy also made the Red Army grow rapidly, trained a large number of outstanding military talents, and laid a solid foundation for the victory of the later liberation war.

In World War II, although Hitler Germany was determined to attack the Soviet Union, before 1939 attacked Poland, Germany tried its best to take advantage of the weakness that Britain, France and appeasement policies could not negotiate with the Soviet Union in good faith to establish a collective defense system. Before the final attack on Poland, it signed a Soviet-German non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939, and then in September, 1939. After that, although both sides thought that there would be a battle between them, for various reasons, when the Germans attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, the Soviet Union still suffered heavy losses. Today, when summing up historical experience, people think that the Soviet Union's mistake lies not only in not hearing the exact date of the war when Germany was going to attack the Soviet Union from all sides, but also in not taking the correct military deployment after * * * carved up Poland. It is pointed out that Soviet troops should only set up warning posts within the actual demarcation line 100 km, such as mountains, forests, deserts, etc. 200 ~ 300 km away from the demarcation line, and create a large number of barracks, tanks, fighter planes and material bases to lure the Germans. Scatter and hide all the main forces and munitions outside the scope of German air strikes. In this way, from the German Blitzkrieg to approaching the Soviet main force, its planes must return, cars and tanks must refuel, and soldiers are temporarily tired and sleepy; The Soviet army has found out the enemy's situation and the main force has been assembled and prepared. The counterattack here and now can defeat the Germans in one fell swoop. This is the "giving way" in Sun Tzu's art of war, that is, attacking the enemy from behind. Unfortunately, however, the Soviet army put the main force and munitions in the direct range of German planes and tanks, so on the first day of the war, the Soviet army lost 1200 planes. Within a month, a large number of well-trained soldiers and a large number of military supplies were lost. Therefore, the defeat of the Soviet Union is that there is no room for space. On the other hand, the reason why the German army was defeated at the gates of Moscow was that there was no room for time. Because if the Germans want to get rid of the harsh winter weather in the Soviet Union, they must launch a blitzkrieg in spring and end with the best summer. However, the Germans chose June 22nd (summer solstice) to start the war, only to be blocked by the autumn rain and severe winter that came early in the Soviet Union that year, and finally defeated by the Soviet Union, which was used to severe winter. So the failure of the Germans left no room for time.

It is precisely because of the important role of ingenuity in the military field that all military generals throughout the ages have devoted their lives to the study of military ingenuity. The military significance of ingenuity is extremely profound in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "Go to the army and make good use of it, not defeat it;" Pull out the people's city instead of attacking it; Destroying a country does not last long. We must fight for the whole world so that soldiers can benefit from it without eating a meal. This is also the way to attack. "In other words, the best policy is to defeat the enemy's strategic plan ... Therefore, people who are good at commanding operations can make the enemy yield without hard fighting, capture the enemy's city without hard attack, and destroy the enemy's country without persistence. They must use the wisdom of a total victory to make the enemy completely submit to the world, so that the army can successfully win without setbacks. This is the method of attacking with intelligence.

There is a saying in "A Brief Training of Soldiers in the Quasi-South": "Virtue means that many people are better than few, while the enemy is stronger than fools, and when the situation is ripe, several people are captured." In other words, if the political conditions are the same, more troops will defeat the serenade; If the military forces are equal, the wise will defeat the fools; If the battlefield situation is the same, all efforts will overcome unprincipled. In the words of "Warring States Policy Woods": "Courage and timidity are in the plot, and strength and weakness are in the potential. If you can succeed, you will be brave; If you try to grasp the situation, brave people will be afraid. " The courage of officers and men depends on the level of strategy, and the strength depends on the situation. If the plan is successful and the situation is favorable, the timid will become brave; If the plan fails and the situation fails, the brave will also become timid.

Clausewitz put it well: "If we further study the requirements of war for soldiers, then we will find that intelligence is the main thing." "Superb wisdom and ordinary courage are more important than outstanding courage and ordinary wisdom."