Review materials of geography in grade one of junior high school

Chapter II Section 1 Asia and Europe

1, Hemisphere Location: Asia and Europe are located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.

2. Latitude: The northern part of Asia goes deep into the Arctic Circle, and the southern part extends to the south of the equator, spanning the cold and warm zones, most of which are in the north temperate zone. Most of Europe is located in the north temperate zone, and there is no tropical zone.

3. Geographical location on land and sea: Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest by the Suez Canal, and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.

(1) Asia:

1, topographic features:

① The terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with a high average elevation. ② The terrain is high in the middle and low around. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly.

2, climate characteristics:

① The climate is complex and diverse; ② The continental characteristics of climate are remarkable; ③ Typical monsoon climate.

3. River characteristics: Asian river characteristics: (1) There are many large rivers; (2) Most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain; (3) The internal flow area is vast.

Most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountainous areas and radiate to the surrounding sea. (related to high terrain in the middle and low terrain around)

(2) Europe:

1, European topographic features:

(1) Europe is dominated by plains; (2) Europe is the lowest continent in the world because of its low terrain; (3) European mountains are mainly distributed on the north and south sides; (4) The topography of Europe is deeply influenced by glaciation.

2, European climate characteristics:

(1) Europe is dominated by temperate climate; (2) Europe's temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate are the most widely distributed and typical in the world; (3) The climate in Europe has obvious maritime characteristics.

Section 2 Africa

1, the continent with the largest number of countries in the world-location characteristics:

(1) Latitude: The Tropic of Cancer runs through the north and south, and the equator runs through the middle, mostly in the tropics. (commonly known as "tropical continent") (2) Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the north; (3) Relative position: located in the western part of the old hemisphere, spanning the north and south of the equator.

2. Topography dominated by plateau topographic features:

(1) The terrain is mainly plateau (commonly known as "plateau continent"); (2) The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest ("the roof of Africa"-the Ethiopian plateau, the highest peak-Mount Kilimanjaro). Kilimanjaro is called "the equatorial snow peak" because of its high altitude. (3) The distinctive topographical areas are: Congo Basin (the largest).

3. Hot climate-climate characteristics: (65,438+0) Tropical climate is dominant (3/4, above 20℃) 2) The continent with the largest arid area in the world (3) The savanna area is vast (the largest in all continents) (4) The climate types are roughly symmetrically distributed in the north and south.

4. River: Nile, the longest river in the world.

5. Rich in resources-"fertile land" (1) has many kinds of mineral resources and large reserves (diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate); (2) Abundant animal and plant resources (tropical cash crops, forest resources and grassland resources); (3) There are many kinds and quantities of wild animals.

6. Economy in urgent need of development (1) The natural population growth rate exceeds that of other continents in the world (2) The continent with the lowest level of world economic development (3) Agriculture is the most important sector: corn has the largest planting area and is the staple food; Wheat and rice should be imported; Export tropical cash crops.

7. Clarify the logical relationship: (1) The population problem ―― large population ―― large food demand ―― reclaiming wasteland and overgrazing ―― destroying the environment ―― grain production reduction ―― the population problem is more prominent; (2) The reason why Africa has become the continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world lies in the following reasons: First, long-term colonial rule has resulted in a weak economic foundation and abnormal economic structure. Second, the natural population growth rate exceeds that of other continents in the world, and the burden of economic development is heavy.

Section 3 America

1, New World: (1) The American continent is divided into North America and South America by the Panama Canal. (2) the Americas south of the United States is called Latin America. (3) The United States and Canada speak English and are developed countries; Spanish and Portuguese are widely used in Latin America (Brazil)

2. Different natural environments in the north and south:

Project: North and South America.

Location in five zones: mostly in the north temperate zone, mostly in the tropics.

The longest mountains: the Rocky Mountains and the Andes.

The longest rivers: Mississippi River and Amazon River.

Main climate types: temperate continental climate, sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, tropical rain forest climate and tropical grassland climate.

The largest countries: Canada and Brazil

Main race: mainly white, mainly mixed-race.

Country Type: The United States and Canada are developed countries, most of which are developing countries.

3. The difference between Panama Canal and Suez Canal:

The name of the canal connects all continents (locations) and communicates with the ocean.

The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean between North and South America.

The Suez Canal connects Asia and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

4. Topographic features: the terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland. The western part of South America is the Andes, and the eastern part is the alternate appearance of plains and plateaus. ?

5. The largest island in the world: Greenland.

6. The longest mountain range in the world-the Andes.

7. The wettest continent in the world is South America.

8, immigration and economy:

Chapter II Understanding the Region

Section 1 Southeast Asia

1. Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago.

2. The difference between Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago:

Characteristics of regional topography, climate and rivers

The tropical monsoon climate in Indo-China Peninsula is criss-crossed with mountains and rivers, distributed in columns, dominated by north-south flow and abundant water power.

The Malay archipelago is rugged, mountainous, volcanic and earthquake, and the tropical rain forest climate is short and turbulent.

3. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country".

4. The importance of geographical location in Southeast Asia:

Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation. The Malacca Strait between Malaysia and Sumatra is a natural waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and it is also an important waterway connecting ports along the coast of Europe and the Indian Ocean with ports in the Pacific Ocean.

5. Rich minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world.

The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world.

The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world.

Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world.

6. The largest overseas Chinese settlement:

(1) Southeast Asia is one of the densely populated areas in the world.

(2) The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains of large rivers, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.

(3) Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese in the world.

(4) Guangdong and Fujian are called the hometown of overseas Chinese in China.

Section 2 South Asia

1, South Asian subcontinent: the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.

2. Three terrain areas:

The northern part is the Himalayas, the central part is the Ganges Plain and the Indus Plain, and the southern part is the Deccan Plateau.

3. Tropical monsoon climate is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.

4. The main water source of agricultural production in South Asia is abundant rain brought by southwest monsoon. The arrival time and intensity of southwest monsoon are different, and the annual variability of precipitation is large, which is prone to drought and flood disasters and causes different degrees of damage to agricultural production.

5. Crop distribution: rice-northeast and western coastal areas of India and western Bangladesh; Wheat drought and little rain area in northwest China; Jute-the lower reaches of the Ganges; Cotton-the western part of Deccan Plateau.

6, religion and society:

(1) Origin: Buddhism (Sri Lanka, Bhutan), Hinduism (India, Nepal); (2) Islam: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives. (3) Taj Mahal-India

7. Population and economy: one of the densely populated areas in the world.

(1) The country with the largest population and the fastest economic development in South Asia: India (2) India's computer software industry occupies an important position in the world.

Part three? west Asia

1, the importance of geographical location in West Asia-the land of five seas and three states.

2. West Asia is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, between Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

3. Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: mainly animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

(1) Animal husbandry: a traditional economic sector in West Asia. (2) Agriculture and animal husbandry: valleys, plains and oases distributed in the desert; (3) Water-saving agriculture in Israel.

4. Arab countries-the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

(1) Christianity, Judaism and Islam all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

5, the world oil treasure house:

(1) The region with the richest oil reserves and the largest output. (2) The oil in West Asia is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas. (3) West Asian oil is mainly exported to Western Europe, the United States and Japan. (4) Important oil producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq. (5) Oil export routes:

(1) Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean-Atlantic-Western Europe, the United States.

(2) Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Cape of Good Hope-Atlantic Ocean-Western Europe, USA.

③ Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait-Pacific Ocean-Japan.

Section 4 Western Europe

Section 5 Arctic and Antarctic regions

1, Ice and Snow World:

Arctic region project Antarctic region

It covers the northern part of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia, North America and some islands, the Antarctic continent and its coastal islands and continental ice, and some sea areas in the South Pacific, South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean.

Location: The area with the highest latitude and the most cross-longitude and the area with the highest latitude and the most cross-longitude in the northernmost region and the southernmost region.

The distribution of land and sea is dominated by ocean (Arctic Ocean) and land (Antarctica).

Compared with Antarctica, the climate is characterized by higher temperature, more precipitation, less wind, cold, windy and less precipitation.

Represents animals, polar bears and penguins.

Resources petroleum, natural gas, fresh water coal, iron, petroleum, natural gas and fresh water.

2. In the Arctic Circle, the indigenous people are mainly Inuit and Lapp, while there is no country and settled population in Antarctica.

3. Polar scientific investigation: There are Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station in China in the Antarctic region; Yellow River Station in the Arctic.

The place with the strongest wind, the most storms and the least precipitation in the world is Antarctica.

Chapter three? Walk into the countryside

Section 1 Japan

1, East Asian island countries-geographical location, territorial composition, outline characteristics

Japan is located in the east of Asia, the northwest of the Pacific Ocean and the north temperate zone.

It is mainly composed of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.

Contour and population: the land is narrow and the people are dense.

2, the basic characteristics of physical geography:

(1) Mountain topography: mainly mountainous and hilly, with frequent volcanic and seismic activities. Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and a famous active volcano. (2) Warm and humid climate: it mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate, with obvious maritime characteristics. The river is short and urgent.

3. Fusion of East and West: In ancient times, Japanese culture was influenced by China. In modern times, European and American cultures widely influenced Japan.

4. Developed economies:

(1) Economic overview: The gross domestic product ranks second in the world after the United States.

Economic model: "import-processing-export" economy, relying heavily on the international market.

Main trade targets: USA, China and Europe.

(2) The favorable conditions for Japan's economic development: convenient shipping, advanced technology, high-quality labor force and efficient management.

Disadvantages: mineral resources are scarce, and most of them rely on imports.

(3) Industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Reason: These areas have many excellent harbors and convenient transportation, which are conducive to importing raw materials and fuels and exporting industrial products.

(4) Japan has a small area of cultivated land and insufficient agricultural labor force, but its agricultural production level is very high. It is the largest fishery producer in the world.

(5) Major cities:

(1) Tokyo, the capital of China, is the national political, economic, cultural and transportation center and one of the world's megacities.

② Famous ancient capitals and cultural tourist cities ―― Kyoto and Nara.

Tsukuba, a new science city

Section 2 Egypt

1. The land spans two continents: northeast Africa and Sinai Peninsula in Asia. The Continental Boundary between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal

Most Arabs here believe in Islam and speak Arabic. Capital: Cairo (Millennium ancient capital, the largest city in Africa).

Importance of geographical location: It is not only a land transportation hub between Asia and Africa, but also a shipping artery between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It holds the throat of the most important oil transportation line in the world and has a very important strategic position.

2. Deserts are widely distributed: northern Egypt has a Mediterranean climate; Most areas have a tropical desert climate. It is hot, dry and rainy all year round. ?

3. Egypt's "mother river"-Nile (the longest river in the world)?

4. Ancient civilization (the reason why Egypt's tourism industry is very developed): pyramids, majestic sphinxes, mysterious mummies, solemn temples, hieroglyphics and astronomical calendars.

5. Develop industry and agriculture: Agriculture is concentrated in the Nile Valley and Delta, which is the region with the highest level of agricultural modernization in Africa and is famous for producing long-staple cotton. The output and export of long-staple cotton rank first in the world.

6. The distribution of Egyptian monuments is concentrated on the banks of the Nile. To visit the main scenic spots, you should choose the right means of transportation, that is, the boat.

Part three? Russia

1, the largest country and the only country that spans two continents and the eastern and western hemispheres. Capital: Moscow

2. Russia is traditionally regarded as a European country: its capital is in Europe, and three quarters of its population is in Europe. Historically, political, economic and cultural centers have all been in Europe.

3. Characteristics of natural geographical environment:

(1) The vast plains are dominated by plains (70%), which are high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north. (3) The main topographical areas are Eastern Europe Plain (Ural Mountains), Western Siberia Plain (Yenisei River), Central Siberia Plateau (Lena River) and Eastern Siberia Mountain. Rivers and mountains have become important boundaries of large terrain areas.

(2) The temperate continental climate is dominant: winter is long and cold, summer is short and cool, and precipitation is scarce.

(3) Rich resources:

Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and the lake with the most fresh water in the world. ② The forest area accounts for about 1/3 of the land area, and there is the world's largest sub-frigid coniferous forest belt. ③ Oil production ranks third in the world, second only to the United States and Saudi Arabia. ④ Gold production ranks second in the world, second only to South Africa. ⑤ Non-ferrous metal-Ural Mountains.

4. Reforming the economy-an important industrial force.

(1) Energy, steel, machinery, chemistry, aerospace and other departments have outstanding positions.

(2) Industry is mainly distributed in Europe.

(3) Main industrial zones: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Urals and Novosibirsk industrial zones.

Industry is located near the origin of mineral resources.

(4) The Volga River Basin and the Don River Basin in Eastern Europe Plain are the main agricultural areas.

(5) Major cities:

(1) the capital Moscow-located in the eastern European plain, the largest city. ② St. Petersburg-the second largest city and important seaport in the Baltic Sea. (3) Vladivostok-a port on the Pacific coast. Murmansk-the main port along the Arctic Ocean (the only ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean).

5. Development of Siberia

Industry develops from west to east: in recent years, the development of the east has been intensified, and a Novosibirsk high-tech park and a series of industrial bases have been established.

Section 4 France

1, European economic power:

(1) Plains and hills account for 4/5 of the country.

(2) Topography: high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

(3) Climate:

① Atlantic coast-temperate maritime climate: warm in winter and cool in summer, with even precipitation-Paris Basin is an important wheat producing area in Europe (the country that exports the most wheat in Europe). ② Mediterranean coastal area-Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer, warm and rainy in winter-high temperature in summer, little precipitation, rich in grapes-wine is sold all over the world.

④ Capital: Paris, located in the Paris Basin.

(5) France's industry is also very developed, rich in coal, iron and other minerals, mainly automobile and aircraft manufacturing, with a high proportion of nuclear power.

2, culture and tourism:

(1) France has a long history and splendid culture. Fashion and perfume are world-famous.

(2) From 65438 to 0999, France received the largest number of tourists in the world. Tourism has become an important pillar of the French economy.

(3) Symbols of Paris: Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe and Louvre.

Section 5 America (Geographically Filled Atlas 26-27)

1, the territory of the United States-a country across North America and Oceania.

(1) Territorial composition: 48 states and the District of Columbia, and overseas states include Hawaii and Alaska.

(2) Latitude position: it spans tropical zone, temperate zone and cold zone, and most of the native land is in the north temperate zone (the Arctic Circle passes through Alaska and the Tropic of Cancer passes through Hawaii).

(3) Land and sea location: homeland: Atlantic Ocean in the east, Pacific Ocean in the west and Gulf of Mexico in the southeast.

(4) Relative location: Canada in the north and Mexico in the south.

2. Natural environment

(1) Terrain: There are three terrain areas in the north and south: the Rocky Mountains in the west, the plains in the middle and the Appalachian Mountains in the east.

(2) Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant.

(3) Rivers: Mississippi River and Great Lakes.

3. Highly developed economy

(1) America is a big agricultural country in the world.

Agricultural production specialization (mechanization of all links in the production process) and agricultural regional specialization (agricultural belt)

(2) The United States is the country that exports the most grain in the world, but tropical agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa and natural rubber need to be imported in large quantities (reason: most of the native land is in the north temperate zone).

(3) favorable conditions for agricultural production in the United States:

① Most of them are located in the north temperate zone, facing the sea, which is greatly influenced by the ocean and has good coordination of water and heat conditions; (2) The terrain is mainly plain, which has increased the vast cultivated land for American agricultural development; The Mississippi River and the Great Lakes provide convenient irrigation water sources for agricultural development in the United States.

(4) Main agricultural belts:

① Cow belt, corn belt, cotton belt and wheat area (the map of American agricultural belt will be filled in) ② Main influencing factors: influenced by climate conditions, soil and urban demand.

The dairy belt is located in the coastal areas of the Great Lakes, which is rich in water resources. The warm and humid climate is conducive to the growth of high-quality pasture, and it is close to the consumer market, because the Great Lakes is an industrially developed area in the United States with a large population.

(5) In the past, American agriculture used a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and reclaimed land, which caused environmental pollution and ecological balance destruction. There have been many "black storm" disasters in the United States. -control measures: implement rotation system and no-tillage method to protect cultivated land.

4. The United States is a high-tech industrial base in the world and a highly developed capitalist country, with the total industrial and agricultural output value ranking first in the world.

① It is an industrial power in the world. It has the most developed and complete industrial system. The research and development of information technology, aerospace technology, bioengineering technology and nuclear energy utilization in Northeast China, South China and West China all occupy the leading position in the world. Emerging industries with high technology as the core are developing vigorously. The United States is not only the country with the largest export volume of industrial and agricultural products in the world, but also the country with the largest import volume of automobiles, oil and textiles in the world.

5. Major cities. The capital, Washington, is located in the District of Columbia.

New york-the most populous city in the United States, the largest port and the four largest financial centers in the world (Manhattan-the symbol of new york).

Los Angeles-the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast of the United States. (Hollywood, Disneyland)

San Francisco (also known as San Francisco), one of the financial, trade, educational and cultural centers along the Pacific coast of the United States, is also a famous natural harbor. The "Silicon Valley" Chinatown, based in Stanford University, is the largest high-tech industrial zone in the world.

Chicago-the transportation center of the United States; Detroit-the center of the automobile industry; Pittsburgh-Houston, the center of steel industry-the new center of aerospace industry. Chicago-Bulls; Houston-Rockets; Seattle-supersonic; Detroit piston

6. Race, nationality and population

(1) Race-country of immigration. ? ② Ethnic composition-white (80%), black, Indian and yellow.

(3) Population-population distribution is uneven, concentrated in coastal plains and near the Great Lakes, and sparsely populated in western plateaus and mountainous areas; ④ Language-English.

Section 6 Brazil-the country with the largest area, the largest population and the strongest economic strength in South America.

1, Amazon Plain and Amazon River:

(1) location: the equator passes through the north, and the tropic of Capricorn passes through the south, mostly in tropical areas. East of the Atlantic Ocean.

(2) Topography: Amazon Plain is in the north, accounting for13, which is the largest plain in the world; The south is the Brazilian Plateau, accounting for 2/3, which is the largest plateau in the world.

(3) Climate: The Amazon Plain has a tropical rain forest climate, which is the largest tropical rain forest area in the world and is known as the "world animal and plant kingdom". Brazil Plateau has a savanna climate.

(4) Rivers: The Amazon River is the river with the widest basin area, the largest water volume and the second longest length in the world, and is known as the "river and sea".

2. A rapidly developing economy;

(1) Economic status: the country with the strongest economic strength in South America.

(2) Industry: a complete industrial system with a relatively high level of development.

(3) Agriculture: With a high degree of mechanization, it is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world, with the largest output of sucrose, bananas and sisal in the world, and a large number of beef are exported.

(4) Resources: Iron ore reserves are large, most of which are rich in iron ore. Brazil is rich in hydraulic resources ―― Itaipu Hydropower Station.

3. Population and cities:

(1) Population distribution characteristics: mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, especially in the southeast.

(2) Major cities: Sao Paulo, the largest city; Rio de Janeiro-the largest seaport and the second largest city;

Brasilia-the capital (the reason for moving the capital is to speed up the development and construction of inland areas).

(3) Main races: Caucasian (50%) and mixed-race (40%)

(4) The proportion of urban population is large (above 70%)

Section 7 Australia-the only country in the world that owns the whole continent, and the largest country in Oceania.

1, there is a continent:

(1) Scope: including the surrounding islands such as the Australian mainland and Tasmania.

(2) Location: Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas; It faces the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west; It borders Asia in the northwest and the Antarctic continent in the south.

2, low flat terrain:

(1) Plateau dominated, accounting for 60%;

(2) The terrain is low and flat, which is the most gentle continent in the world, with high east-west and low central part;

(3) From west to east, it can be clearly divided into three terrain areas:

① Western Plateau (Ayers Stonehenge-the largest single rock mass in the world), ② Central Plain ("great artesian basin" and Ayer Lake), ③ Eastern Mountain (Great Watershed).

3. Ancient animals-Animal characteristics (ancient and endemic): kangaroo, koala, marsupial, platypus, emu, koala.

4. Developed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining:

(1) Economic status: a capitalist country with developed economy in the southern hemisphere.

(2) Structure of major departments:

(1) Industry and mining-"country sitting on a mine car": iron, coal and bauxite.

② Agriculture and animal husbandry-"country riding on sheep's back": the country with the largest number of sheep in the world, an important wool producer and an exporter of wheat and wool in the world.

5, population and city:

(1) Population distribution characteristics: concentrated in the southeast coast.

(2) cities:

Canberra-the capital; Sydney-the largest industrial center and port city; Melbourne, the second largest city.

(3) The common language is English.

6. The biggest river is murray river-it originated from the great watershed; From northeast to southwest, into the Indian Ocean.

7. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef group in the world, located in the northeastern waters of the Australian mainland.