About the climate in Asia?

(1) polar long-term cold climate (tundra climate)

The arctic coast of the Asian continent, including coastal islands, is polar north of the July 10℃ isotherm.

This land is long and cold. The annual net radiation here can reach 15-20kcal/cm2, which is roughly consistent with the northern boundary of the forest. moss

The primitive climate zone extends from east to west, and its width changes from north to south at the continental margin. Because of the land contour, topography and coast,

Due to the influence of ocean current, the southern boundary of this area obviously deviates from latitude, and many landforms appear in northeast Asia due to the approach of cold current.

Mountain, high altitude, the southern boundary of tundra climate can reach 60° N；; ; East Siberia is warmer in summer and July.

10℃ isotherm protrudes northward, which narrows the climate of continental tundra. In western Siberia, the southern boundary of tundra climate.

Consistent with the Arctic Circle, the climate of the continental tundra extends far to the north due to the northward extension of the Taimei Peninsula. Local reasons

Controlled by ice and ocean air mass, the winter is cold for more than 8 months, the summer is short, and the temperature in the warmest month is 10.

It's below centigrade. Due to its proximity to the Arctic Ocean, this area is characterized by heavy clouds, cloudy days, weak evaporation, high humidity and heavy annual precipitation.

Most of them are between 100-250 mm, and most of them are snowfall. Because the northeast wind (the wind speed often reaches 16-

40m/s), so the snow layer is thin (25-50 cm), the snow is uneven and the frozen soil layer is deep. This region is still Asia.

In the area where the length of day and night changes the most, there is a perpetual night in winter and a perpetual day in summer, which is particularly long.

Sunlight brings some warmth to the tundra. Compared with Europe, tundra is influenced by the North Atlantic Warm Current.

The climate zone is not wide from north to south, and the temperature and precipitation are higher than those on the east coast of Asia at the same latitude.

(2) Sub-frigid continental climate (sub-frigid coniferous forest climate)

South of the tundra climate zone, including West Siberia (except the south), East Siberia and kamchatka peninsula.

Peninsula, northeast China, Korea and Japan, 45 north latitude and other vast areas are all across Asia from east to west.

Nordic continental climate zone. Its distribution area in Asia is about 700× 104km2.

The northern boundary of this area is the hottest month in summer 10℃ isotherm (that is, the southern boundary of tundra climate); The southern boundary is roughly in years.

The average temperature is 4℃, which is parallel to latitude in the west, roughly equivalent to 50 N line, and along Mongolia in the east.

The mountains in the northern part of the ancient plateau extend northeast from the south side of Lake Baikal along the outer Xing 'an Mountains and reach the Okhotsk coast.

This climate zone belongs to continental cold and humid climate, and in winter, due to the expansion of polar high, ice ocean air masses can often

Invasion, the climate is cold, the winter lasts for 6-8 months, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is-15 to -30℃, which is absolutely the lowest.

Wenkeda -45 to -50℃ was formed in the northern half of Vilho Yansk-Oymyakan region in eastern Siberia.

The cold pole of the ball. The temperature rises in summer, and the average temperature in July is generally above 10- 12℃, and it can reach 18 in the south.

At 20℃, the individual daily maximum temperature can rise to 30-35℃. There are only warm and cold seasons throughout the year. After warm summer,

In severe winter, the climate is continental. Although the severe winter in this area is much colder than other areas in the same latitude, it is

In warm summer, the temperature is almost the same. The annual precipitation is 300-600 mm, decreasing from west to east, and the west is about

300-600 mm, about 300-400 mm in the east and about 200-300 mm in the northeast. Snow in the cold season, the ground

The snow formed on the surface is thick enough to prevent the soil from freezing deeply and prevent plants from freezing to death. Total Summer Precipitation in Western China

There is little difference in the amount of snow in winter, but the amount of rain in summer in the east is larger than that in winter, so the thickness of snow in winter is also from west to west.

The east is getting smaller.

The north-south width of this climate zone is not consistent everywhere, and the difference between east and west is larger than that of tundra climate zone. such as

Compared with the sub-frigid climate of Eurasia and North America, the sub-frigid climate of Eurasia is narrow in the west and narrow in the east.

It is wide, while the sub-cold zone of North America is wide in the west and narrow in the east. The main reason for this difference lies in the terrain.

And ocean currents. Europe is flat, and there are no tall mountains to stop the moist air mass from moving eastward.

The warm current in the North Atlantic strengthens the influence of the ocean on the climate, thus promoting the southern boundary of the sub-frigid climate in Europe.

High latitude; But from here to the east, directly to the east of Asia, on the one hand, it is due to the enhancement of continental degree, coupled with cold ocean currents.

Function, so that the southern border of the sub-frigid climate is southern Europe. From the perspective of the whole North Asia, the central part of this climate zone is

It is the widest, with tundra extending to the south in the east, cold current in Leng Hai in the east and cold pole in the northern hemisphere, and it is prosperous to the outside world.

Due to the influence of Anling, the width has shrunk obviously. The difference between the eastern and western parts of the sub-frigid zone is also obvious, and it is still a sub-frigid zone.

For the European continent, the west of 60 E, that is, the west of the northern and southern Urals, is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.

Impact, the mainland weakened from east to west, and the precipitation increased from east to west. Ural mountains from east to Thailand.

Between the western slopes of Pingyang coastal mountains, it is mainly controlled by cyclone and anticyclone activities related to the North Pole Front.

Continental nature increases from west to east, and precipitation decreases from west to east. For example, the average monthly temperature in East Siberia 1 year is -20 to.

July -40℃, 18-20℃, annual precipitation of 200-400 mm, snow thickness of 50-80 cm. about

The climate in the Far East of the Soviet Union and the northern part of Heilongjiang Province in China has been affected by monsoon circulation, and the annual precipitation is average.

500-700 mm, the thickness of snow is only 10-20 cm.

monsoon climate of medium latitudes

The east coast of Eurasia in mid-latitude, south of the sub-frigid zone, north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, and temperate zone.

The area east of semi-arid and arid areas, including Northeast China, North China, North Korea and 37 N north of Japan.

Japan and the southern part of the Far East of the Soviet Union belong to temperate monsoon climate zone. The northern boundary of this area is the southern boundary of the sub-cold zone.

Taking the annual average temperature of 4℃ as the boundary; The southern boundary is based on the monthly average temperature of 9.5℃ for eight months throughout the year, which

That is, the northern boundary of subtropical climate zone. In China, this boundary is roughly equivalent to the Qinling-Huaihe line, and it is similar.

Consistent with the ribbon. The western boundary of temperate monsoon climate extends along the northeast of Daxing 'anling to the outer Xing 'anling.

East side. There are sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, temperate monsoon climate and temperate arid and semi-arid continental climate.

The boundary between drought and climate is relatively close. Influence of land and sea distribution and topographic structure in East Asia on temperate monsoon climate

The influence of climate is very large, such as the northeast-southwest mountainous areas, which can prevent the deepening of monsoon forces.

This climate zone is hot in Leng Xia in winter, rainy in summer and dry in winter, with four distinct seasons. Winter is affected by the strong Siberian high shadow.

It's very cold, with the average temperature of 1 month reaching -20℃, and cold waves frequently hit the mainland.

The soil is frozen, and there is snow in the north, but the thickness of snow is very small, except that there is precipitation in winter in western Japan.

Most areas are sunny and dry in winter. In summer, the southeast wind blows, bringing a lot of water vapor from the ocean.

Into a lot of precipitation, annual precipitation of 600- 1000 mm, the east side of the mountain windward slope, annual precipitation can be

As high as 1000mm (southeast slope of Changbai Mountain), the annual precipitation in the plain is also 500-700 mm, and the annual precipitation is 500-700 mm.

60-70% of precipitation is concentrated in summer, forming the same season of rain and heat (the average temperature in July reaches 20-25℃), which

The biggest feature of temperate monsoon climate is. In addition, there are some differences in this climate zone, such as

The continental part of this area belongs to the continental temperate monsoon climate, and the northern part is cold and long in winter, which belongs to the cool summer type and is eastward.

The northern edge of the sub-summer monsoon; South Leng Xia is hot in winter, which belongs to warm summer type, and North China becomes a warm temperate continent.

Sexual monsoon climate; As for the Japanese archipelago, most of them belong to the maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid and welcomed by the mountains.

The rainfall on the wind slope exceeds 2000mm. (4) subtropical monsoon climate

The southern part of temperate monsoon climate zone, mainly including central China and southern Japanese archipelago, belongs to subtropical season.

Wind climate. The northern boundary of this area is Qinling-Huaihe Line, the southern boundary is Nanling Mountains, and the western boundary is the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (105

E) Test. In winter in this area, Leng Xia has a hot climate and abundant precipitation, and the annual average temperature is higher than 9.5 for at least 8 months.

℃, but the absolute minimum temperature can be reduced to below-10 to -20℃, and the average maximum temperature is above 34℃. winter

In the season, before the continental high extends southward, there is a south branch jet descending from the sky, and the cyclone transits frequently and is cloudy.

There is more rain, and the precipitation accounts for about10% of the whole year; In summer, with the northward advance of the ocean monsoon and the northward retreat of the polar front, this

Meiyu area in the area also advances from south to north, and the Meiyu period generally lasts for 20-30 days, and the Meiyu precipitation accounts for about the cost.

The precipitation in June and July accounts for 70% of the total precipitation; 9. There is typhoon and rainstorm along the coast in 10; Visible low fever

The precipitation in monsoon climate is much richer than that in temperate monsoon climate, such as the annual precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

The volume is about 1000mm, and it can reach 2529mm in windward mountainous areas such as Guling.

In a word, subtropical monsoon climate is temperate monsoon climate (Leng Xia is hot in winter, dry in winter and rainy in summer, with the same rain and heat).

Season) and tropical monsoon climate (no winter all year round, clear dry and wet seasons, high temperature before rain).

(5) Tropical monsoon climate

South Asia and Southeast Asia, including the Indian Peninsula, the middle and lower reaches of the Ganges and the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in China.

South Peninsula and Philippine Islands belong to tropical monsoon climate, with 6-20 N as the most typical climate. distribute

In the wet season (June-September), the climate air mass in this area is equatorial air mass, Tage low pressure and equatorial westerly wind.

* * * Under the same action, the southwest monsoon is blowing, and the wind is stronger than the East Asian summer monsoon, bringing wet and rainy weather.

For example, 80% or even 90% of the annual precipitation in South Asia (western India) is during the summer monsoon. Dry season (1 1-4

June) is a tropical air mass, prevailing in the northeast monsoon, belonging to the tropical trade wind, accompanied by dry weather. In the southwest season

Before the wind is established, that is, before the rainy season comes, the Indian Peninsula and the Indian zhina Peninsula (except Laos and northern Vietnam).

Outside) is the period with the highest temperature-hot season (usually March-May, the hottest in May), and the hottest month has the average temperature.

25-30℃. The northern boundary of this area is equivalent to the position of summer tropical front, which is roughly the line of the most Leng Yue average temperature 18℃.

Consistent. Winter and summer monsoon alternate, and there are dry and wet seasons every year. The hottest month is before the warm season, and the summer monsoon is strong.

It has the characteristics of explosiveness, abundant precipitation but great changes. These characteristics are the same as those of tropical monsoon climate zone.

In particular, the rainy season in this climate zone is closely related to the establishment of the southwest monsoon in this region.

The beginning of the rainy season is the day when the southwest monsoon is established, and the end of the rainy season is the day when the southwest monsoon retreats.

For example, the rainy season in Myanmar began in mid-May, in Sri Lanka in late May, and in India, half of the rainy season began in late May.

The southern end of the island began in early June, and then rapidly pushed northward. By the end of June, the southwest monsoon was established in the whole inland of South Asia.

It arrived in Pakistan in mid-July, after which the southwest monsoon reached its peak. Formation process of southwest monsoon

It also varies from place to place. In India, its establishment is explosive, while in Vietnam and Thailand, it is not like India.

This is obviously explosive. For example, the precipitation in April and May is 12 1 in Bangkok and 147mm in Mumbai.

It is 3 and 16mm, but the precipitation in Bangkok in June is 2 18mm, but it suddenly increases to 520mm in Mumbai. Southwest season

The wind receded in September 1, the northeast monsoon appeared in mid-June 10, and the northeast monsoon moved to India 165438 in early October.

In the southern part of the peninsula, it moved to Madras in 5438+February, and 65438+ 10 appeared in central Sri Lanka in early October. Tropical season

In windy climate area, the annual precipitation is 1000- 1500mm, and the side of the mountain facing the sea breeze can reach more than 2000mm.

There is tropical monsoon forest, but in the lee side and the lowlands in the inner plain, the precipitation is obviously reduced and the trees are sparse.

It's a savanna landscape. The similarity between tropical monsoon climate and tropical grassland climate lies in the tropical precipitation in summer.

Convergence zone, the rainfall in the driest month is less than 50 mm; ; The difference is the wind direction of Savannah climate in a year.

This change is not contrary to the tropical monsoon climate.

Due to the influence of geographical location, area and topography related to land and sea, the interior of tropical monsoon climate zone

There are some differences, which are divided into continental type and marine type. The former is located in South Asia.

Within the land and Indo-China Peninsula, due to the blocking of sea breeze by coastal mountains and the Indian Peninsula and Indo-China Peninsula,

Its base is close to the vast mainland, so the annual temperature can reach 20℃, and the dry season is longer than the warm season and the hot season.

Highlight. The latter is located in the Philippine Islands and the coast of Indo-China Peninsula, where there is more precipitation regardless of the winter and summer monsoon.

Rich, annual range and the diurnal range is smaller than that of the Indian Peninsula, and the dry season, especially the hot season, is not as prominent as that of the Indian Peninsula.

Compared with the monsoon climate in Southeast Asia, the tropical monsoon climate in the South Asian subcontinent has its own characteristics.

The characteristics of. 1) On the basis of dry and wet seasons, there are also outstanding hot seasons (March-May) every year, such as horses.

The average temperature in Dallas from April to August is over 30 degrees Celsius. The highest temperature in Alba reaches 50.6℃. 2)

The establishment of southwest monsoon is about 1 month later than that of Indochina Peninsula. 3) The rainfall varies greatly, such as the year of Ganges Plain.

The precipitation varies from150mm to1500mm.

(vi) Equatorial rainy climate (tropical rain forest climate)

This area is located in the southern part of Malay Archipelago and Malay Peninsula, close to the equator, and is influenced or changed by equatorial air mass all the year round.

Sexual tropical air mass control, high temperature and rainy, like summer all year round. The temperature is often 24-28℃, and the lowest temperature is at night.

Most of them are above 16℃, and the annual temperature difference is smaller than that of the same type of Amazon plain and Congo basin.

Below 65438 0.5℃, the maximum is not more than 3℃. The annual precipitation is mostly in 2000.

Mm above. Due to the adjustment of the sea breeze, there is no sultry feeling.

This climate zone lies between Asia and Australia, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, both of which are warm seawater.

Surrounded by broken mountains, islands or peninsulas, this special land and sea location and topographic factors make this

Compared with the climate of Amazon Plain and Congo Basin of the same type, the climate zone is characterized by high temperature, rainy and hot.

Besides being hot and humid, it also has more complicated maritime characteristics of monsoon. This is mainly reflected in the precipitation in this area.

Relationship between spatial distribution and monsoon.

The equatorial rainforest climate zone usually has two rain peaks, which appear at the direct point of the sun and cross the sky twice.

On the top floor, intertropical convergence zone transits twice, namely during the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox. But in this climate zone,

Rain peaks do not necessarily appear in the vernal equinox and autumn equinox, but often appear in the period when the monsoon prevails, and the precipitation areas are divided.

The cloth is more complicated, generally, it is rainy on the side facing the northeast trade wind and northwest monsoon, and the west island is more than the east island.

It is raining.

Due to the north-south opposition between Eurasia and Australia, the heat between the subtropical high in the old hemisphere

The north-south displacement of convergence zone1-July can reach 30 degrees north latitude, which not only forms the tropical season in Asia.

The windy climate zone makes the islands between Asia and Australia deeply influenced by the tropical convergence that moves north and south with the seasons.

Control of zonal and perennial equatorial westerly winds. The northeast monsoon and anticyclone from the Asian continent in June+10, 5438

The leading edge of the northeast trade wind from the eastern Philippines can reach the equator. And the southeastern part of the southern hemisphere.

The trade winds can reach about south latitude 12 degrees. The equatorial westerlies lie south of the equator. At this time, intertropical convergence zone in the north was connected.

Passing through central Sumatra near the equator, South Kalimantan and northwest Sulawesi, in this area.

The convergence of upper air flow is obviously enhanced. In addition, near 12 S (west section) to 15 S (east section), it is the northwest season.

The convergence zone of wind and southeast trade wind and equatorial westerly wind and southeast trade wind, so there are more in the west of the islands than in the east.

It is raining. In July, the equatorial westerly airflow obviously moved northward and expanded, and the southern convergence zone also moved northward. At this time, except for the equatorial region,

Sumatra is popular outside the southwest monsoon, and the rest is influenced by the southeast monsoon and the high pressure from Australia.

Influence of south wind turning to equator and southwest monsoon intersection. In the transition season of April and 10, red

The center line of the west wind is in the equatorial belt, and the northern convergence belt moves to the central Malay Peninsula and Kalimantan near 4 N.

In the north, the southern convergence zone moved to 5 south latitude and crossed the Indonesian archipelago. At this time, the equatorial region was undergoing north-south convergence.

The influence of belt and equatorial westerly wind.

It can be seen that the equatorial region of Asia is dominated by westerly winds, and the south of the equator is mainly affected by the southeast trade winds (June-August).

The north of the equator is influenced by southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon.

Coupled with the topographic effect of mountainous islands, the regional distribution difference of precipitation increases. North of the equator meets the northeast.

It rains on the monsoon side, such as Gualatingganu on the east coast of Malay Peninsula, with an annual precipitation of 3093mm, of which 1 1,

The precipitation in 65438+February is more than 600mm, while in summer it is only 130mm, which is on the northeast coast of kalimantan island.

The annual precipitation of Sandakan is 3650mm, 500mm more in February, 1 1, and 180mm in spring. The rainy side south of the equator welcomes the northwest monsoon, such as Wurong Pandang in the southwest of Sulawesi.

Northwest monsoon, backed by southeast trade winds, with annual precipitation of 2878mm, prevails in 65438+February and 65438+1October respectively.

597 and 676mm, but in July, August and September when the southeast wind prevailed, the precipitation decreased to 36, 10 and 15mm, and the weather was fine.

An obvious dry season. The area near the equator is rainy in the monsoon transition season, and the precipitation on the west coast is more than that on the east coast, such as

In Padang, west of Sumatra, the annual precipitation exceeds 4000 mm, while the annual precipitation in the neighboring areas of the eastern plain is only.

2573mm. Even near the equator, it's because of the winter and summer monsoon, such as Balobonian in Sulawesi.

The precipitation is only 550 mm, which is a semi-arid area on the equator. In addition, the Asian equatorial island forest region is also right.

One of the areas with the largest rainstorm flow, such as Bogor in the mountainous plateau basin where the leeward of the island is blocked, every

The annual thunderstorm days reach 332 days, and it is known as the "Thunder Capital".

(7) temperate continental semi-arid climate (temperate grassland climate)

This area is located in the temperate inland of Asia, bordering Daxing 'anling and Taihang Mountains in the east and coniferous forest climate in the north.

It is bordered by temperate desert in the south and grassland belt in southern eastern Europe in the west, including southern western Siberia.

Kazakh hills in Central Asia, Mongolian grasslands, Inner Mongolia in China and the middle reaches of the Yellow River all have humid climates.

The transition zone between arid climate extends from east to west, which is the main part of temperate grassland belt in Eurasia.

Points. The main feature of this type of climate is that there is little ocean moisture because it is located inland or blocked by mountains.

The annual precipitation is mostly 250-450 mm, mainly in summer, with heavy rain and large rainfall changes.

The rate is also high, evaporation may be greater than precipitation, and dryness is between 1.5-3.99. Continental nature of climate

It is strong, too. It is cold in winter, and the temperature in 1 month is mostly between-5 and-20℃. It is hot in summer, and the average temperature in July is higher than 20℃.

The annual temperature is mostly between 36-37℃. Turgay 1 month average temperature in Central Asia of the Soviet Union-17.8℃, 7.

The monthly average temperature is 23.7℃, the annual average temperature is 3.7℃, and the annual precipitation is 249 mm, including 79 mm in summer and 52 mm in winter.

The growth period is160-190 days. Another example is Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, which is also an obvious summer rain type, with precipitation all year round.

84%(208 mm) decreased for three consecutive months in summer.

(8) temperate continental arid climate (temperate desert and semi-desert climate)

Turan Plain in Central Asia of the Soviet Union, inland basin in northwest China, western Inner Mongolia and southeastern Mongolia.

Department, due to the deep inland, precipitation is scarce, the annual precipitation is generally below 250mm, the climate is dry and the temperature is low.

The change is extreme, with great annual and daily changes. For example, the temperate desert in Central Asia in the Soviet Union, 1 monthly average temperature-15.

To-10℃, July 25-30℃, annual precipitation 100-200mm. The annual decline in Turpan, Xinjiang, China

The amount of water is only 22.7 mm, with little snowfall in winter and high relative sunshine percentage (60-70%) throughout the year. In winter,

It is hot in Leng Xia in summer and the temperature changes rapidly, which are the main differences between the climate in this area and the tropical arid climate. Such as Turpan

Although it is located in 43 N, the average monthly temperature in summer from June to August is above 30℃, and the extreme maximum temperature was once.

It reaches 47.8℃, and the extreme maximum ground temperature reaches 75℃. It is the hottest place in China, and is called "Fire Island".

The temperature difference is also 43.5℃, which is 24.6℃ higher than the annual temperature difference (18.9℃) in Aswan, a tropical dry early climate zone.

℃。

(9) subtropical arid and semi-arid climate

From Arabian Peninsula to thar desert in the lower reaches of the Indus River, there are subtropical arid and semi-arid areas.

A dry climate. Because the vast land here is under the control of subtropical high, there are mountains on the ground.

Plateau and basin also contribute to the formation and development of desert climate. It's hot in summer and cold in winter here.

For example, the temperature in Baghdad can reach 49℃ in summer and -8℃ in winter. Karachi is 48℃, 4.

East of thar desert, the distribution of subtropical arid climate is gradually interrupted by monsoon. Asia Asia

Tropical areas are similar to southern Africa, but the terrain is not as flat as that of North Africa, and the terrain in the east is very uneven.

It also prevented the arid climate from spreading to the east. Thar desert area is due to: 1) prevailing in the southern margin of Iranian low pressure.

The eastward expansion of tropical continental air mass (Tc) prevented equatorial monsoon airflow (Em) from reaching the north.

2) The vertical thickness of southwest monsoon at its northern boundary is not thick; 3) In summer, the altitude of this area is

In the anti-cyclone situation, there is obvious thermal depression in the lower level, which is not easy to cause rainfall. Therefore, precipitation is scarce (75

-150 mm), forming a desert. The Iranian plateau is mainly a mountainous plateau surrounded by marginal mountains.

Compared with the basin, it is not as hot as India and Arabia in summer and not as cold as Central Asia in winter.

In fact, it has the nature of transition from temperate arid area to tropical arid area.