Geological hazard knowledge?

Geological disasters refer to the disasters that are induced by natural geological processes and human activities under the interaction and influence of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and cause losses to human life and material property or damage to the ecological environment. Let me introduce it to you below, hoping to help you.

First, what is a geological disaster? What geological disasters will mainly occur in flood season?

Both natural changes and human activities may lead to changes in geological environment or geological body. When this change reaches a certain level, its consequences will cause harm to human beings and society. Such disasters are called geological disasters, such as collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground fissures, ground subsidence, ground collapse, rockburst, tunnel water inrush, mud outburst, gas outburst, spontaneous combustion of coal seam, loess collapse, rock expansion, sand liquefaction, land freezing and thawing, soil erosion and so on.

Geological disasters in flood season are mainly sudden geological disasters such as collapse, landslide, debris flow and ground collapse related to rainfall.

Second, how to identify some common geological disasters in flood season?

1, how to identify possible collapse?

The possible collapse is mainly determined according to the topography and geological structure characteristics of the slope. Generally, the slope that may collapse has the following macro characteristics:

*** 1*** The slope is greater than 45 degrees, and the height difference is large, or the slope bends at the mountain pass, or it is a concave steep slope.

* * * 2 * * The internal cracks of the slope are developed, especially the steep cracks perpendicular to and parallel to the extension direction of the slope, and the cracks cutting the slope are about to penetrate, separating it from the parent * * * Mountain * *.

* * * 3 * * There is a clearing in front of the slope, or there is a collapse, which means that the collapse has happened before and may happen again in the future.

A slope with the above characteristics is a possible collapse. Especially when the upper tensile crack is expanding and widening, the speed suddenly increases, and small-scale falls appear constantly, which indicates that collapse is about to occur and it is in a state of explosive.

2. How to identify whether the landslide is stable?

In the field, the stability of landslide can be roughly judged according to some external signs and characteristics.

The old landslide with stable accumulation layer has the following characteristics:

*** 1*** The back wall is high and covered with trees, and no scratches can be found, which is very stable;

* * * 2 * * The landslide platform is wide and flat, with dense soil and no collapse;

* * * 3 * * The slope in front of the landslide is gentle, the soil is dense, the trees are covered, and there is no loose collapse. The front edge facing the river has traces of being washed by the river;

* * * 4 * * At present, the river is far away from the tongue of the landslide, and even there are floodplains and terraces outside the tongue;

* * * 5 * * The natural scouring ditches on both sides of the landslide cut deeply, even reaching the bedrock;

* * * 6 * * There is a clear spring flowing out of the tip of the landslide, and so on.

Unstable landslides generally have the following symptoms:

*** 1*** The overall slope of the landslide is steep, with a long extension time and uneven slope;

* * * 2 * * has a landslide platform, which is small in area, does not dip slowly and is uneven;

* * * 3 * * There are springs, wetlands and new gullies on the surface of the landslide;

* * * 4 * * There is a platform with uneven settlement area on the landslide surface, which is uneven;

* * * 5 * * The front of the landslide is loose, and small-scale collapse occurs from time to time, which is in danger of being washed away by the river;

* * * 6 * * There are no tall trees on the landslide.

3. What are the general conditions for the formation of debris flow?

Generally speaking, the formation of debris flow should meet the following three conditions at the same time: steep terrain, easy to collect water; Abundant loose matter; There is a lot of water in a short time.

3. How to prevent geological disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow in flood season?

*** 1*** Local governments at all levels and relevant departments should take serious measures to prevent geological disasters in flood season and effectively reduce disaster losses.

***2*** The masses should carefully read and understand the "Understanding Card" for the prevention and control of geological disasters issued by local authorities.

In the vast areas prone to geological disasters and dangerous areas, the local competent departments and the competent departments of land and resources have made "geological disaster prevention and control cards" for hidden dangers and dangerous points in the region, and distributed them to the units responsible for monitoring and the people threatened by disasters. You must read and understand the contents of the "Understanding Card" carefully.

***3*** Pay attention to weather forecast and geological disaster weather forecast.

* * * 4 * * Pay attention to the changes of sediment carried by the water flow in front of the house and in the ravine, report these abnormal situations to the relevant departments in time, and cooperate with * * * and relevant departments to take monitoring measures or take the initiative to take avoidance measures. Before the occurrence of geological disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow, there are different degrees of precursors, such as mountain cracks, falling rocks, mud springs, increased sediment carried by valley water, abnormal reactions of livestock and poultry, etc. When these situations are found, it is necessary to report to the relevant departments in a timely manner, and actively cooperate with * * * and relevant departments to take relocation and avoidance measures.

***5*** Don't engage in production and life activities that are easy to induce geological disasters in dangerous areas and frequent areas of geological disasters.

4. How to escape from geological disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow?

In the face of sudden collapse, landslide and debris flow, we should keep calm, first judge the threat range of collapse, landslide and debris flow, and then escape from the danger zone in time. Specifically, when collapses, landslides and mudslides occur, rolling stones, slopes or mudslides all move from high places to low places. Therefore, we should choose to escape from the danger zone in the left and right directions, rather than fleeing along the direction of rolling stones, slopes or mudslides. If you are on a moving landslide, you really don't have time to escape it. You can catch the big trees nearby to protect yourself.

Types of geological disasters

First, according to the dynamic genetic classification of geological processes causing disasters.

The geological processes that cause disasters are all induced by certain dynamics, both natural and man-made. Accordingly, geological disasters can be roughly divided into natural geological disasters and man-made geological disasters according to their dynamic causes. Some also divide natural geological disasters into two categories according to the dynamic causes: internal dynamics and external dynamics. The former is such as tectonic movement, magmatic activity and earthquake. The latter such as weathering, erosion, handling, deposition, etc.

The location, scale and frequency of natural geological disasters are restricted by natural geological conditions and have nothing to do with human development history and human will. Man-made geological disasters are restricted by human engineering and development activities, and often become increasingly serious with the development of social economy. Human activities have become a powerful geological force, participated in the evolution of the crust surface system, and brought great influence to the changes of the earth's environment. Human activities alone or superimposed on natural geological processes have aggravated and induced many geological disasters, so preventing man-made geological disasters has become a key aspect of geological disaster prevention.

Second, according to the occurrence and development of geological disasters.

The occurrence and development of geological disasters are gradually completed, while others are in expect the unexpected. Accordingly, geological disasters can be roughly divided into two categories: gradual geological disasters and sudden geological disasters. The former includes land subsidence, soil erosion, soil pollution, land desertification, sediment deposition and so on. The latter such as earthquake, collapse, landslide, debris flow, underground engineering disasters. Progressive geological disasters have obvious precursors and slow development. As long as people pay attention to them, their prevention and control can be carried out predictably and calmly, and their disastrous consequences usually only cause economic losses and few casualties. However, due to its slow development, the disaster consequences are not obvious in the short term, so it is often ignored by people. Over time, its disaster consequences are disastrous and it is quite difficult to control. Sudden geological disasters occur suddenly, develop rapidly and have poor predictability. Prevention and control work is often passive or emergency, and its disastrous consequences are not only economic losses, but also casualties. Sudden geological disasters are also the main types of geological disaster prevention and control.

Coping methods of geological disasters

1. Pedestrians and vehicles are not allowed to enter or pass through the landslide and collapse danger zone with warning signs.

2. When discovering the precursors of landslides and collapses, they should immediately report to the local authorities or other threatened people. We should be vigilant, pay close attention to observation and prepare for evacuation.

3. When you are on the landslide and feel that the ground has changed, you should leave immediately and flee to the stable areas on both sides as quickly as possible. It is dangerous to run above or below the landslide!

4. When you are in the middle of the landslide and can't escape, find an open area with gentle slope, but don't be too close to houses, fences, telephone poles, etc.

When you are at the front of the landslide or under the landslide, you can only escape to both sides quickly, and there is no choice.