What are the answers to environmental pollution and public health emergencies?

First, the significance of early warning of public health emergencies

1. Department level: By understanding and mastering the characteristics and influencing factors of public health emergencies, establish and improve forecasting and early warning technologies and methods, timely discover the abnormal dynamics of the occurrence and development of public health emergencies, help health departments to take scientific countermeasures in time, prevent and reduce hazards, and improve their comprehensive ability to deal with public health emergencies.

2. At the public level: Public cooperation is an important factor in successfully handling public health emergencies. Scientific and comprehensive early warning information helps the public to treat public health emergencies correctly, take appropriate self-protection measures, and consciously cooperate with professional institutions to implement prevention and control.

3. Social level: Early warning system of public health emergencies is an important part of social crisis management system. The establishment and effective operation of this system will help to stabilize social psychology, maintain normal social order, and improve the government's crisis management level and prestige in the international community.

Second, the classification of early warning of public health emergencies

Public health emergencies refer to major infectious diseases, group diseases with unknown causes, major food poisoning and occupational poisoning that occur suddenly and cause or may cause serious damage to public health.

Early warning of public health emergencies refers to collecting, sorting out and analyzing information related to public health emergencies, evaluating the development trend and harm degree of emergencies, and giving an alarm before or at the initial stage of the events, so that relevant responsible departments and target people affected by the events can respond in time to prevent or reduce the harm of the events. Some public health emergencies can show signs before they happen; However, some public health emergencies are difficult to find signs, and the control work can only be started at the beginning of the incident. Therefore, the early warning of public health emergencies can be divided into early warning and early warning of public health emergencies.

(1) Warning signs of public health emergencies

1. Early warning of public health status: the deterioration of public health status will cause health damage to acute and chronic people. The deterioration of water quality, unqualified food safety and hygiene indicators, air pollution and harmful working environment are common factors affecting health.

Early warning of water environmental pollution: Water environmental pollution has attracted great attention from all walks of life. At present, the long-term and potentially serious pollution of many water systems in China has not been cured, and sudden water environmental pollution incidents have occurred from time to time. Water pollution not only causes acute poisoning, but also causes long-term genotoxicity. Strengthening the monitoring and notification of water environmental pollution is an important part of early warning of public health emergencies.

Early warning of food pollution: Acute group food poisoning incidents caused by accidental pollution of pathogenic microorganisms and toxic and harmful chemicals often occur, and the chronic health hazards caused by residual pesticides and antibiotics in food are also very serious. When a toxic and harmful substance in food is found to exceed the national hygiene standards, corresponding control measures should be taken, and even relevant warning signs of public health emergencies should be issued. For example, in 2005, the relevant departments found the toxic chemical "Sudan Red 1" when monitoring condiments, pickled products and other foods, and issued an early warning to the society in time, asking the relevant departments to strengthen monitoring and remind the public to pay attention.

Air pollution warning: 1952 "London fog and haze incident" occurred, which killed more than 4,000 people in Greater London in just 4 days. The reason is that coal burning for heating in winter and smoke and dust emitted by industry are the fundamental reasons for the incident, and inversion layer phenomenon is the promoting factor. The terrorist attacks in the United States in 2008+0 "9. 1 1". The incidence of asthma in new york has increased significantly. At present, in order to cope with the impact of air pollution on public health, the United States and Europe have established similar air pollution early warning systems.

2. Early warning of epidemic factors of infectious diseases: (1) Early warning of vectors and host animals: Changes in biological vectors and pathogenic hosts that spread diseases can directly affect the occurrence and prevalence of specific infectious diseases. The density of host animals and vectors increased significantly, the pathogen carrying rate of host animals increased, a large number of host animals died abnormally, and rare pathogenic microorganisms were detected in host animals. It can be used as a sign of the possible epidemic of related infectious diseases. (2) Early warning of pathogen evolution: When the pathogen evolves, its virulence is enhanced, its adaptability to human beings is improved, or the original immune barrier of the population fails due to antigen variation, it is very likely to cause the outbreak and epidemic of infectious diseases. At present, the monitoring of strain variation is the key content in the preparation of influenza epidemic that attracts worldwide attention. The monitoring of dominant flora and drug resistance of flora can also provide early warning information for the epidemic of infectious diseases. For many years, the dominant flora of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (meningococcus meningitis) in China is mainly group A. If it is detected that group C meningococcus has become the dominant flora, an early warning of epidemic meningitis should be issued in time. And consider organizing the target population to be vaccinated with "A+C" meningococcal vaccine. (3) Early warning of population susceptibility: The level of population susceptibility is an important factor that directly affects the epidemic of infectious diseases. For example, monitoring shows that the measles antibody level of children in a certain area is generally low, so it is necessary to issue an early warning of measles outbreak in order to supplement measles vaccine in time.

3. Early warning of secondary public health emergencies: public health emergencies are intertwined with natural disasters, accidents and social security incidents and evolve with each other; Natural disasters, accidents and social security incidents often lead to public health emergencies.

Early warning of public health emergencies caused by climate anomalies and natural disasters: Common and influential climate anomalies include El Ni? o and La Nina. Climate anomalies have an important impact on the outbreak and epidemic of insect-borne and natural infectious diseases and water-borne infectious diseases. Scholars at home and abroad use meteorological and hydrological data to predict the epidemic situation of infectious diseases, and have accumulated rich experience, which proves that climate anomaly early warning is an important content and means of early warning of public health emergencies.

The occurrence of natural disasters is often related to climate anomalies. Drawing lessons from history, mankind issued an epidemic warning after similar disasters and took measures to prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases and poisoning incidents. During the period of 1998- 1998, the Yangtze River, Nenjiang River and Songhua River basins in China suffered catastrophic floods at the same time, and the relevant departments issued early warning for disease prevention in time. Public health measures have been taken, such as ensuring the hygiene and safety of drinking water and food, controlling vectors and animal hosts, properly handling garbage and feces, and maintaining environmental sanitation, which successfully prevented the pandemic after the catastrophe. After the Indian Ocean tsunami at the end of 2004, WHO and related countries successively issued early warnings of possible outbreaks of infectious diseases, and cooperated with Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Maldives and other countries. An early monitoring and early warning system for infectious diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, measles and dengue fever has been established, which has played an important role in finding cases of infectious diseases as much as possible, finding epidemic situations in time and controlling the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases in disaster areas.

Tian # Cat USA Import Puweixin Tip: Remember to protect yourself when traveling in foggy days.